The Warlord Atlas

[Linbot]

NOTICE:
The maps shown here, as well as the Q&A, are outdated. The new series can be accessed through the threadmarks.

The Warlord Atlas is a history of the Republic of China, running from 1910 to 1958 (although the latest maps I've produced yet are 1939). It is meant to be used a reference for basemaps, a source of inspiration for people creating alternate history, and a general learning tool.

This project is currently a work-in-progress that will be updated whenever I have the time to make a new map. If you notice something that doesn't seem right, or don't understand something then please point it out and this atlas will be better for it.

If you want to use my base maps yourself, then they can be found in later posts. Feel free to use them for any purpose.

Colour Scheme:
Basic Colour: Polity Proper/Crown Colony
Lighter #1 - Viceroyalty/Personal Union
Lighter #2 - Military Administration/Subject Warlord
Lighter #3 - Puppet/Satellite
Darker #1 - Territory/Colony
Darker #2 - Protectorate/Autonomous Government

Q&A:
Q: Why are all of the names wrong?
A: This atlas is in Wade-Giles (because that is the transliteration that was used in the early 20th century) and it will stay that way.

Q: Why didn't you add the Indian princely states [or any other such feature]
A: This is an atlas of China, and although it mentions some events outside China, and you can see countries that are not China (see list 2a "Countries that are not China") on the periphery, they are not the main focus. Also I can't find any re-projection software.

Q: What sources do you use to make this?
A: Wikipedia, some other sites, and the relevant books I have at my disposal.

Q: What program do you use to make your maps?
A: GIMP

And without further delay, here is the atlas:

Spoiler

Wuchang Uprising

• A - China occupies Tibet (Feb 12 1910)
• B - Japan annexes Korea (Aug 29 1910)
• C - Wuchang Uprising; A Tangmenghui insurrection triggers the Chinese Revolution (Oct 10 1911)

Defense of Yangsia

• A - Revolutionaries in Shensi and Hunan revolt (Oct 22 1911)
• B - First stage of the Battle of Yangsia (Oct 26-Nov 1 1911)
• C - Provinces begin to secede from the Qing (Oct 29-31 1911)
• D - In a futile attempt to preserve itself, the Qing state becomes a constitutional monarchy with Yuan Shikai as its premier (Nov 2 1911)

Battle of Nanking

• A - Southern China joins the revolution (Nov 4-11 1911)
• B - Revolutionary forces advance on Nanking (Nov 8-11 1911)
• C - Qing forces attack Hanyang (Nov 21 1911)

Mongolian Revolution

• A - Qing capture Hanyang (Nov 22-27 1911)
• B - Khalkha Mongol insurrection (Nov 28 1911)
• C - Qing governor of Mongolia flees (Nov 30 1911)
• D - Revolutionaries capture Nanking (Dec 2 1911)
• E - Great Mongolian State established (Dec 29 1911)

Republic of China

• A - Republic of China established (Jan 1 1912)
• B - Qing emperor abdicates (Feb 12 1912)
• C - Tannu Uriankhai separates from Mongolia (Feb 15 1912)
• D - North-South Compromise: Yuan Shikai inaugurated as President of the Republic of China (Mar 10 1912)

Second Chinese Revolution

• A - Tibet declares independence (Apr 4 1912)
• B - Mongolia occupies Chakhar and Suiyuan (Feb 2 1913)
• C - Yuan Shikai accused of abusing his power (May 20 1913)
• D - Second Chinese Revolution: Five southern provinces rebel against Yuan Shikai (Jul 10 1913)

Kiangsi Campaign

• A - Kuomintang defeated at Nanchang (Aug 1 1913)

Outbreak of the Great War

• A - Nanking falls; Kuomintang defeated (Sept 1 1913)
• B - Tannu Uriankhai accepts Russian protection (17 Apr 1914)
• C - The First World War begins (Jul 28 1914)
• D - Japan declares war on Germany (Aug 23 1914)
• E - Japanese capture the German colony of Tsingtao (Nov 16 1914)

Japan's Twenty-One Demands

• A - Japan presents its Twenty-One Demands (Jan 18 1915)
• B - A treaty implements thirteen of the demands, and clarifies the status of Mongolia (May 25 1915)

Empire of China

• A - Empire of China founded by the Hongsian Emperor (formerly Yuan Shikai) (Dec 12 1915)
• B - National Protection Army established by governor of Yunnan Tsai E to combat Hongsian’s monarchist aims. (Dec 25 1915)

National Protection War

• A - National Protection Army victory in Szechwan (Mar 6 1916)
• B - Six provinces join the National Protection Army (Mar 15 1916)
• C - Republic of China restored (Mar 26 1916)

Qing Restoration

• A - February Revolution establishes a provisional republican government in Russia (Mar 16 1917)
• B - Yuan Shikai dies; his government begins to fracture into the Fengtian, Zhili, and Anhui cliques, of which the latter is the most powerful for the moment (June 6 1916)
• C - National Protection Army dissolved (Jul 14 1916)
• D - United States declares war on Germany (Apr 6 1917)
• E - General Chang Hsun proclaims the restoration of the Qing dynasty (Jul 1 1917)

Asia in the Great War

• A - Qing restorationists defeated (Jul 12 1917)
• B - Siam declares war on Germany (Jul 22 1917)
• C - China declares war on Germany (Aug 14 1917)

Constitutional Protection Movement

• A - Constitutional Protection Junta established in Canton by Sun Yat-Sen, supported by Yunnan, Kwangsi, and Hunan (Sept 1 1917)
• B - October Revolution in Russia; leads to civil war (Nov 7 1917)
• C - Armistice between the Beiyang government and the Constitutional Protection Army after a failed attack on Hunan (Nov 23 1917)

Kuomintang Retrenchment

• A - Constitutional Protection Army defeated in Hunan (Apr 23 1918)
• B - National Pacification Army established in Shensi (May 1918)
• C - Japan seizes the Chinese Eastern Railway (Aug 15 1918)

May Fourth Movement

• A - Armistice ends fighting in Europe (Nov 11 1918)
• B - Paris Peace Conference over the post-war settlement in Europe begins; Chinese representatives are not invited (Jan 18 1919)
• C - Allied powers confirm Japanese ownership of Tsingtao (Apr 30 1919)
• D - May Fourth Movement begins in protest of the trampling of Chinese interests (May 4 1919)

 

[Linbot]

The problem is that, as I said, doing that for so many text boxes just isn't worth it.

Is this satisfactory?

October:
On October 10 an uprising occurred in Wuchang, initiating further uprisings in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Shaanxi. Shanxi, Jiangxi, and Yunnan also declared independence in support of the Tongmenghui revolutionary alliance.

November:
Although Qing armies were able to capture Wuhan from the revolutionaries the spread of revolution continued unabated. Six more provinces declared independence and Tongmenghui forces attacked Nanjing. At the same time Mongolian leaders overthrew the Qing military governor in Urga.

December:
Although anti-Qing forces had solidified their control over much of China the Qing army was still superior to its opponents in the field. An armistice was put into effect. Qing garrisons and administrators also withdrew from Outer Mongolia, effectively conceding that nation's independence, but Inner Mongolia remained under Chinese administration. Forces loyal to the new Great Mongol State would stage raids and invasions into the region but ultimately Inner and Outer Mongolia would remain separated.

 

[Linbot]

Okay, this one has significantly lower quality, since I can't find any way to import the full image. So here's 1912:

January:
On January 1 Sun Yixian was declared Provisional President of the Republic of China, with his capital in Nanjing. However, although rebellions in Xinjiang attempted to spread the revolution there, his control was limited to areas that had rebelled against the Qing government last autumn.

February:
Prior to this point the New Army under Yuan Shikai had been the only thing propping up the Qing. This ended on 12 February, when Yuan decided to align himself with Sun's government and depose the last Qing emperor. Meanwhile the Tannu Uriankhai region of Mongolia seceded and declared itself a Russian protectorate, although Russian troops would not arrive until 1914.

March:
Yuan and Sun agreed to the North-South Compromise in early April: Yuan agreed to join the new Republic and be declared its president, but the capital of China would be moved to Yuan's power base at Beijing. Almost immediately the seeds of the later warlord era were planted, with most provinces being put under a dual military-civilian leadership that allowed many military officers to achieve a high level of autonomy under the government in Beijing.

April:
Chinese military rule in Tibet had been decidedly precarious following the unrest during the Xinhai Revolution, and in early 1912 the Tibetan leadership officially declared independence, with official recognition from the fellow secessionist government of Mongolia and de facto recognition by the United Kingdom. The Ma Clique that had risen to prominence in the late Qing Dynasty also established itself in Kansu under the new regime.

September:
Tan Yankai establishes a Xiang Clique in Hunan and is appointed as both military and civil governor of the province.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1913:

1913, Unknown Date:
Suiyuan was split from Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang fell under a warlord regime, and northern Shaanxi fell outside government control. Beiyang invaded Jin and took control of most of the province.

April:
Sichuan and Henan fell under warlord regimes. Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Clique and president of China, was accused of abusing his powers after assassinating several opposition leaders.

May:
Zhejiang fell under a warlord regime.

July:
On July 10 Sun Yixian declared the Second Revolution, this time against the authoritarian government controlled by the Beiyang Clique. His new political party, the Guomindang, formed the core of the revolt. By the end of the month six provinces in the South had joined him, including the powerful Gan Clique under Li Liejun. Additionally, several military commanders in Sichuan launched a revolutionary in Chengdu in support of Sun.

August:
However, Sun and his allies were unable to sway a critical mass of support. Their troops were unable to effectively defend against attacks by Beiyang and pro-Beiyang forces. Ultimately, the battlefield inferiority the revolutionaries had experienced in the First Revolution now became the decisive factor. Then, the main enemy had been the weak Qing government, but with the Second Revolution directed specifically against the Beiyang, Yuan turned his full strength against the revolutionaries. Li Liejun and Chen Jiongming, leaders of the Gan and Yue Cliques respectively, were defeated in early August, with Beiyang forces then moving to attack Hunan and Nanjing.

September:
Nanjing fell on September 1, with Sun's remaining allies capitulating later in September, with Sun Yixian fleeing abroad again. Although Zhe had not joined the Second Revolution, Yuan Shikai decided to depose its KMT-aligned governor anyways. Qian also became a separate clique from Dian.

November:
Sikang fell under a warlord regime.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1914:

1914, Unknown Date:
Xing'a split from Heilongjiang. Inner Mongolia was dissolved. Hubei became a warlord. Jin Clique reconciled with Yuan Shikai.

April:
Russian troops moved into Uriankhai.

July:
Anhui was taken over by the central government. Simla Accords between China, Tibet, and Britain attempts to define status and boundaries of Tibet.

August:
The First World War began in Europe.

September:
Japan occupied Jinan and besieged German Kiautschou Bay concession.

November:
Germans at Kiautschou Bay surrendered to Japan.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1915:

1914, Unknown Date:
Shaanxi and Zhejiang fell under warlord regimes. Hubei was placed under direct government administration.

January:
Japan presented its Twenty-One Demands to China, proposing terms that would place China effectively within Japan's sphere of influence.

May:
Japan, China, and Russia agreed to a modified version of the demands put forth in January.

October:
Qinghai and Chahar fell under warlord regimes.

December:
Yuan Shikai, previously President, declared himself the Emperor of a new Empire of China. However, this was a very unpopular move, both among the Chinese people and his own generals. Thirteen days after the proclamation, Cai E, the warlord of Dian, declared independence and declared the National Protection Army.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1916:

1916, Unknown Date:
Tarbaghatay province was dissolved.

January:
Chengdu and Qian joined the National Protection Army.

February:
The National Protection Army began offensive operations against Imperial Forces. Although he had an enormous numerical superiority, Yuan Shikai found his troops highly unreliable and was unable to defeat the National Protection Army.

March:
Gui Clique declared independence. Yuan Shikai agreed to restore the Republic. However, by this point his position had so deteriorated that this was unacceptable and the war continued.

April:
Two additional provinces joined the National Protection Army. Zhang Zuolin used the chaos to effectively establish Fengtian province as an independent state, although he continued t support Yuan Shikai.

May:
Cai E established the Military Affairs Council as a provisional military government recognized by the other National Protection Army members. Shaanxi and Sichuan were lost to the National Protection Army.

June:
By early June the northern government had effectively collapsed. Yuan Shikai died, and Li Yuanhong became president. The Beiyang Clique fractured into factions, the most influential being the Anhui Clique, which effectively controlled the government.

July:
Considered their objectives achieved, the southern warlords dissolved the Military Affairs Council, although most remained outside government control.

September:
A Beiyang faction led by Cao Kun established itself in Zhili Province, and was henceforth known as the Zhili Clique.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1917

1917, Unspecified Date:
Tibet invaded Xikang. Zhili clique assumed control in Jiangsu.

April:
Yue Clique broke away from the Gui Clique. Dian Clique lost control in Sichuan, but no central provincial government was formed.

June:
Fengtien Clique overthrew the governor of Heilongjiang.

July:
Zhang Xun declared the restoration of the Qing Dynasty in Beijing, but his army is defeated within the month.

August:
Zhili Clique seized Jiangxi. China declared war on Germany.

September:
Southern warlords and the Kuomintang cooperated to form the Constitutional Protection Army.

November:
Anhui Clique invaded Hunan but its defeat there led to a truce.

December:
Chengdu faction in Sichuan declares for Anhui Clique. Yu Clique declared for the Zhili Clique.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1918

1918, Undetermined Date:
Tibet annexes Maniganggo.

January:
Dian Clique forces defeat the Anhui Clique but are unable to capture Wuhan.

March:
Anhui Clique resumes direct control in Chahar. Hunan leaves the Constitutional Protection Army. Fengtien Clique takes over Jilin.

June:
Chengdu defeated by Chongqing. Uriankhai declares independence from Russia.

July:
Whites invade Uriankhai.

August:
Chinese forces intervene in Priamurye.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1920:

1920, Undetermined Date:
Chinese troops withdraw from Russia.

January:
Fengtien secures control over the northeast. Chinese troops invade Uriankhai. Old Gui Clique occupies Guangdong and expels the Guomindang, ending the First Constitutional Protection Movement.

April:
Anhui loyalists set up a military base in Wuchang.

July:
Chen Jiongming's Yue Clique revolts against the Old Gui Clique. Zhili and Northeast Army troops attack the Anhui Clique in Beijing, beginning the Zhili-Anhui War. In 13 days of combat Zhili troops decisively defeated the Anhui Clique and the victors occupy Beijing. Concurrently Zhili troops retake Wuchang. The Northeast Army also moves into the northwest. Across China the Anhui Clique's authority begins to fall apart.

August:
The Yue Clique declares for the GMD, beginning the Second Constitutional Protection Movement.

September:
The governor of Anhui province is overthrown by the Zhili Clique.

October:
Old Gui Clique is expelled from Guangdong.

November:
The Xiang Clique's leadership is deposed by a new clique that recognises the Zhili Clique.

December:
Ma Clique breaks up.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1921:

January:
Russian troops invade Mongolia. Zhili Clique takes Xi'an.

February:
Russians capture Urga.

March:
Russians attack Choir.

April:
Chinese troops withdraw from Mongolia.

May:
Hui governor established in Suiyuan.

June:
Yue Clique invades Guangxi.

July:
Sichuan accepts the authority of the Zhili Clique.

August:
Yue Clique destroys the Old Gui Clique.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1922:

February:
Yue Clique launches a GMD-supported invasion of Hunan. Washington Naval Conference restores Shandong and Qingdao to China.

April:
Yue Clique withdraws from Hunan. New Gui Clique established in Guangxi. Qian Clique accepts Zhili authority. Zhili Clique destroys Shaan Clique. In late April the Northeast Army attacked the Zhili Clique, beginning the First Zhili-Fengtien War. Zhili forces were defeated and the NE Army captured Tianjin.

May:
Northeast Army defeated at Tianjin. Their forces are there expelled from Zhili province.

June:
First Zhili-Fengtien War ends with the Northeast Army withdrawing from Zhili, Beijing, and the Northwest. Yue Clique rebels against the GMD, expelling Sun Yixian from Guangzhou.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1923:

January:
Guomindang forces establish themselves in Canton. By this time the GMD leadership has developed a notably authoritarian slant, although the right wing has yet to secure control. Meanwhile the Anhui governor of Fujian is overthrown by a Zhili-backed warlord.

March:
Fujian integrated into the Zhili Clique.

April:
Dian Clique leader Tang Jiyao conquers Guizhou. Its former leaders seek refuge in Sichuan.

October:
A rapprochement between the Zhili and Anhui Cliques is sealed by the transfer of Shandong to the Anhui Clique. The Zhili Clique, now without a major rival outside of the margins of the country, secures control of the presidency.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1924:

1924, Indeterminate Date:
Old Gui Clique returns to Guangxi but is unable to defeat the New Gui.

August:
New Gui Clique aligns with the Guomindang.

September:
Second Zhili-Fengtien War begins. Northeast Army advances into Rehe and Zhili but after suffering heavy casualties they are unable to advance further.

October:
Being Coup: Zhili troops under Feng Yuxiang defect from Wu Peifu's army and found the Guominjun. With the advance of NE Army forces Zhili troops in northeastern Zhili are encircled and surrender. Old Gui Clique defeated by the New Gui.

November:
Jin and Anhui Cliques intervene in Zhili. Zhili Clique is forced to retreat from the province into Central China. Sun Chuanfang's United Provinces faction splits from the main Zhili Clique, although they continue to cooperate closely. A new Anhui Clique government is formed in Beijing. Henan defects from the Zhili Clique in support of the Guominjun but authority there is contested between Hu Jingyi and Liu Zhenhua.

December:
Guominjun takes over most of Zhili province. Jin Clique aligns with Guominjun.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1925:

Early 1925, Unspecified Date:
The Guominjun assumes control of Shaanxi and Jehol. Yulin joins the Guominjun. The Ngoloks revolt against the Ma. Guizhou becomes independent from Yunnan and takes control of southern Sichuan.

January:
Guominjun takes over Suiyuan. Anhui Clique takes over Jiangsu with the support of the Northeast Army.

February:
Liu Zhenhua, the Guominjun commander of Kaifeng, revolts against Feng Yuxiang and defeats pro-Guominjun factions in the province at Luoyang.

March:
Guominjun retakes Luoyang. The death of Sun Yixian, the leader of the Guominang, sparks a civil war between his former followers. Tang Jiyao, the governor of Yunnan, cooperates with the Yue Clique to overthrow Hu Hanmin (the new leader of the GMD) and Li Zongren (the leader of the New Gui Clique).

April:
Feng Yuxiang and Hu Jingyi defeat Liu Zhenhua. Hu Jingyi's clique becomes the Guominjun-supported authority in Henan. The Anhui Clique shifts south as they continue their advance against the United Provinces under Sun Chuanfang. Zhang Zongchang, a general of the Northeast Army, becomes the governor of Shandong.

May:
GMD forces led by Jiang Jieshi, and loyal to Hu Hanmin, extinguish the Yue Clique. Tang Jiyao abandons his war against the Gui Clique.

August:
The Northeast Army assumes control of Jiangsu. The United Provinces retake Anhui province. The Anhui Clique still exists, but only as a weak government in Beijing. Meanwhile the Guominjun defeat the Hui leaders of Kansu.

October:
The Anti-Fengtien War begins with Guo Songling, a Northeast Army general, defecting to the Guominjun. The southern factions remain initially neutral.

November:
The Zhili Clique aligns with the Northeast Army. Guo Songling besieges Mukden, the capital of the Northeast Army. The United Provinces army seizes Jiangsu but does not align with the Guominjun. The Jin Clique breaks its alliance with the Guominjun.

December:
Guo Songling is defeated and executed by the Northeast Army. Anhui province secedes from the United Provinces in support of the Guominjun, drawing another faction into the Northeast Army's alliance.

 

[Linbot]

The Republic of China in 1926:

1926 (Unspecified Date):
Shanghai is returned to Jiangsu. Sun Dining establishes himself in Bozhou, cooperating with the Lu Clique and the United Provinces. Sichuan's Zhili-appointed governor is overthrown by a pro-GMD officer.

March:
Tang Shengzhi seizes power in Hunan in support of the GMD. However, Zhili forces still control Changsha. Zhili Clique invades Hebei. Jiang Jieshi, a GMD general, becomes the leader of the organisation. Sun Yue rules Hebei as a semi-independent clique from the Guominjun.

April:
Jehol, Beijing, and Hebei are taken over by the Northeast Army. Zhang Zuolin, its leader, establishes the Fengtian Government under NE Army control.

May:
Guizhou withdraws from Sichuan.

June:
Liu Zhenhua besieges Xi'an in support of the Zhili Clique.

July:
The Guomindang and its allies launch the Northern Expedition, an attempt to overthrow the northern warlords. The Guominjun attacks Beijing in support of GMD campaigns further south.

August:
Zhili Clique expelled from Hunan. Northeast Army takes over Chahar.

September:
Gui Clique forces besiege Wuchang. GMD forces invade Jiangxi but are repulsed. Jin Clique seizes control of Suiyuan. Liu Zhenhua defeated.

October:
GMD forces make another attack into Jiangxi and Fujian. Guizhou joins the Northern Expedition. Wuchang falls. Zhejiang secedes from the United Provinces, but is defeated.

November:
Xiang takes over most of Jiangxi.

December:
Wuhan Government set up by left-leaning GMD leadership. Zhejiang secedes from the United Provinces a second time. Fujian taken over by the GMD.

 

[Linbot]

1927 (Unspecified Date):
Sichuan Clique breaks up.

January:
United Provinces invades Zhejiang. However, they are unable to conquer it entirely. NRA troops break through in Fujian and extend their control over Zhejiang. Guizhou ends its alliance with the Nationalists.

February:
United Provinces troops withdraw from Zhejiang.

March:
Nationalist troops under Jiang Jieshi and the Xiang provincial army under Tang Shengzhi invade Anhui and Jiangsu. With Communist support Jiang captures Shanghai; he then attacks Nanjing and captures it as well. Jiang moves his base of operations to Nanjing, solidifying his position as an alternative centre of power to the official GMD government in Wuhan. Jiang's relocation northwards allows the Gui Clique to assume power in Guangdong.

April:
The discord between Jiang Jieshi and Wuhan erupts into a conflict, with the GMD's left wing (including the Communist Party) aligning with Wuhan and the right wing with Nanjing. In response Jiang purges Communists in Shanghai. The warlord factions aligned with the GMD mostly align with Jiang Jieshi, except for Tang Shengzhi's Xiang Clique, probably rescuing the Wuhan Government from destruction as otherwise it has no military. In the chaos Sun Chuanfang launches a counterattack against the GMD and retakes much of Anhui.

May:
Though split from each other, both GMD factions commit to continuing the Northern Expedition. Wuhan advances into Henan, while Jiang Jieshi leads a counteroffensive towards Xuzhou. The Guominjun also invades Henan and captures Luoyang. With most of his remaining domains fallen to the NRA, Wu Peifu resigns. His remaining army joins forces with Northeast Army troops entering the province to arrest further NRA advances.

June:
The Guominjun takes Zhengzhou and Jiang takes Xuzhou. The Guominjun, ostensibly neutral in the Wuhan-Nanjing conflict until this point, negotiates with both factions but ultimately aligns with Nanjing. The Guominjun refrains, however from military action in accordance with this.

July:
Though heavily shaken by its recent defeats, the United Provinces army (though now with all of its provinces defected to or seized by the Nationalists) still remains in the field. With assistance from the Northeast Army and support by Japan, Sun Chuanfang begins a counteroffensive. He succeeds in driving the NRA back and advances on Nanjing. The Chinese Communist Party, previously an ally of the Wuhan Government, are expelled by it, ending the First United Front.

August:
Communist forces attempt to seize Nanjing from the Xiang Clique, but they are unable to hold the city and retreat to the Hunan-Jiangxi border. On August 12 Jiang Jieshi agrees to resign his position as commander-in-chief of the Nanjing GMD, ending the conflict between the two sides. Sun Chuanfang's counteroffensive reaches Nanjing, but he is unable to take the city. Most of his troops are trapping g south of the Yangtze and surrender, marking the beginning of the end for Sun Chuanfang. At the same time, the Guominjun invades Shandong.

September:
The Guominjun is unable to continue its advance in Shandong and retreats back to Henan. The Wuhan government agrees to dissolve itself and merge with the Nanjing government, with the Xiang Clique moving its base of power to Wuhan. A new GMD government is formed under the leadership of the New Gui Clique. At this juncture, Yan Xishan's Jin Clique declares its allegiance to the Nationalist cause. Tang Shengzhi refuses to recognise the new government, however, and his Xiang Clique becomes a major threat to the newly reunited GMD.

October:
The Jin Army engages with the Northeast Army in Hebei. Though its military success is limited, the Northeast Army is unable to defeat it and forced to divert troops northward to counter the new threat. GMD troops attack the Xiang Clique, which begins to collapse under the pressure.

November:
The Xiang Clique is defeated by the Nationalists and its territory falls under the New Gui Clique's authority. With their troops freed up from the southern campaign, the Nationalists launch a new offensive against Sun Chuanfang. Communist uprising in Guangzhou.

December:
Communists in Guangzhou are defeated and retreat into the mountains. The Nationalists capture Xuzhou, forcing Sun Chuanfang to retreat into Shandong.