Chapter Twelve: Building, but at a price
The period between the two wars witnessed many economic and political achievements and the development of architectural and technological scenes, regardless of the political developments that ravaged this period.
Petrograd and Moscow, along with other Russian cities, witnessed many development projects that positively affected the Russian economy, such as the Moscow Development Plan of 1935.
Which built new buildings in Moscow in the Art Deco style with the expansion of the subway and skyscrapers, which led to making Moscow a city on the level of New York, London and Paris
moscow in 1935
But the new regions annexed by Russia are the biggest beneficiary of the growth of the Russian economy, and it is they who have pushed the wheel of development there.
Tsarigrad (Constantinople in Russian) witnessed a great development, as projects were built to modernize the city, where new buildings were built in the style of Art Deco and Neo-Baroque, as well as the renovation of Dolmabahcet Palace to make it fit
For the Russian emperor, where they became similar to the Winter Palace and Versailles, while preserving the Ottoman buildings, and Constantinople became a mixture between its Byzantine and Ottoman past and being currently a Russian city.
The Church of Hagia Sophia and the mosque similar to Hagia Sophia (where Muslims were compensated with a mosque similar to Hagia Sophia in exchange for converting Hagia Sophia into a church again)
Hagia Sophia was converted into a church, where the first mass was held there since the fifteenth century, although it is now a Russian church, unlike its previous status as a mosque and a Greek church
Anatolian lands witnessed the movement of Russian immigrants (mostly villagers and Cossacks) to the Anatolian countryside, in addition to the movement of some middle class to Smyrna and Saluynik
And Constantinople and Trabzon
In addition to Anatolia, the Balkans witnessed an economic and cultural recovery, as the Balkans and Anatolia were linked to Russia by railways, factories were built and modern agriculture was encouraged there.
Budapest, which was considered one of the capitals of the ancient Habsburg Empire, became a symbol of the greatness and might of the Russian tsar, as the Russian emperor was crowned as the Apostolic King of Hungary.
The Tsar being orthodox and the nation Catholic, but the Hungarian aristocracy, fearing the loss of the territory of Greater Hungary and the loss of what was left of their influence decided to tolerate the king's religion
The famous Hungarian crown where Tsar Kirill was crowned King of Hungary and the first Hungarian king from the Romanovs and the first non-Habsburg king
But an important resource came that made Russia a huge influence economically, which is oil
Besides Baku, huge quantities of oil were discovered in the Arab lands that were under Russian rule, especially in Kirkuk and Jubail
Where huge quantities of oil encouraged the acceleration of industrial and armament projects, linking new lands to Russia, and modernizing the Russian state and its lands.
The twenties witnessed the completion of the construction of the Bering Bridge, which will connect the Siberian Railway with Russian America, which was delayed due to the Russian Constitutional Revolution and the First World War, which will contribute to the expansion of trade between
Russia, the United States, and Canada significantly increased cooperation and close relations between Russia and the United States
That Athens became along with Belgrade, Bucharest, Thessaloniki, Sofia, Smyrna, Thessaloniki, Constantinople, Trabzon and
Warsaw, Budapest, Kaliningrad (Kenigsburg), Damascus, Alexandria, Erzurum, Hainan, Jerusalem, Helsinki, besides Moscow and Petrograd
Major cities of the Russian Empire
These cities have become the embodiment of the coexistence and cultural blending between local and Russian cultures and examples of tolerance and diversity that characterize Russia in a scene different from the former Russia.
With the abolition of anti-Semitic policies, Jews in Russia witnessed a tremendous revival, a cultural and religious revival and a return to Jewish influence, along with the emigration of Jews from other countries to Russia
Because of Russia's encouragement and support for Zionism in order to benefit Russia economically
In addition to the economic development, the Russian Imperial Army has witnessed a huge increase in its military equipment and development and modernization projects, as it has become a force to be reckoned with greatly, although it
Still greatly dwarfed by the armies of the British Empire
But things were not quite nice for Russia, as there were rebellions here and there on their lands, especially the new ones.
So much so that there was a five-year crisis known as the Secession Crisis, as several open rebellions erupted there simultaneously in late 1917.
And it continued until 1921, when the rebellions were put down hard with concessions to the subjects of the empire. These rebellions played a huge role in the rise of the coalition to rule Russia.
The British Empire experienced further prosperity with the adoption of the Imperial Confederation, which made movement and trade easier and more equal throughout the empire.
But nevertheless, the tensions within the colonies began to ferment little by little, despite the attainment of Dominion status and equality within the empire.
However, the radical movements for complete independence began to brew little by little, especially in the two crown jewels of India and China
Where the independence movements rose under the leadership of the Indian National Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohandas Gandhi famous for Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose along with Muslim leaders
Like Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Hussain Shahid Al-Sahraudi and others
In addition, the Chinese independence movement witnessed a similar rise, as figures such as Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek emerged as leaders of the Kuomintang party demanding the independence of China.
The 13th Dalai Lama, who was ostensibly a pro-independence advocate but co-operated with the British (and the Russians secretly) to preserve and protect his people from an independent Chinese state
Even if it cost him submission to a foreign power and made Tibet not independent
Sun Yat-sen and Mahatma Gandhi
In 1927, King Fernando VIII of Spain died and his son, Prince Carlos of Asturias, was crowned as Carlos VII. This new king will not know that he will be the last of his dynasty
Where all political factions hated the king for being too interfering in politics and trying to establish a new authoritarian rule and trying to play the factions against each other
Carlos VII and Miguel Primo de Rivera
To the extent that his support for the coup of Miguel Primo de Rivera made him hated in the eyes of the Spaniards to
The side of his scandalous life to the extent that the monarchy was almost abolished, but it was removed from power, and Spain was declared a kingdom without a king, ending the political stability and prosperity that Spain experienced since the sixties of the nineteenth century, to be crowned in the end
During the Spanish Civil War, he turned the page of the Spanish Hohenzollern
picture of Spanish Civil War
The civil war began between the republicans, communists, anarchists and separatist movements against the conservative forces, some of which wanted to restore Hohenzollern and the Karlist
And who wanted to restore the rule of the Bourbons with the support of the Empire of Mexico, whose ruler, Emperor Alfonso II, wanted to restore the rule of the country of his ancestors, where he negotiated with the nationalists led by Sanjuro
To make his son Juan, Duke of Guadalajara king of Spain, despite the nationalists' reluctance to do so, but they agreed anyway, and his title became Infante Juan, Duke of Barcelona
Juan, Duke of Guadalajara (king juan iv of spain after civil war)
The United Kingdom of Peru, Colombia and Bolivia, which gained independence from Spain in the late nineteenth century, had taken the same measure as Spain, where they declared themselves a kingdom without a king, despite the fact that there were calls to turn it into a republic
Or granting the throne to one of the princes of Brazil or Mexico, but these ideas were eventually avoided
The Second Republic, known as the People's Republic of France, had largely recovered from World War I, under the leadership of President Jean Jaures and his successor Sebastien Faure.
Many reforms and laws inspired by the French Commune and the First Republic, to the extent that there is a saying about France (From there human freedom was born, and from there nationalism was born, and now workers’ rights were born in France)
Despite the enormous legacy of the Second Republic, it will not live long to last as it was plagued by political violence, especially from conservative factions that would eventually culminate in the 1934 coup that heralded the Third Republic known as the fascist era.
The crisis of 1934 culminated in the end of communist rule and the beginning of the fascist era
Days will reveal what you have in store for the world
end of chapter
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