Stefan IV Dusan - Constantine XI

Bulgaria at this time is under Ivan IV Alexander, so it's actually doing okay. If he somehow dies though, Bulgaria is probably going to politically disintegrate like it did in OTL to a point. Not to mention the Golden Horde raiding from the northwest. Personally I'd predict a Turkish incursion that retakes Aydin or maybe the former Ottoman lands while the Serbs are engaged in subduing Bulgaria. This since Bulgaria while not great militarily right now seems to be so fragmented it would take significant time to subdue.

I'd rather keep Bulgaria around for a while longer. Although they traditionally have been a thorn in the Byzantine's sides, they do provide an important buffer from the likes of Hungary or the Golden Horde.

Speaking of Which, I can see Hungary being one of the empire's staunchest foes in the centuries to come.
 
CHAPTER X - INVADERS FROM THE NORTH

By 1362, Dusanes was equally proud of and alarmed at his general Michael Aidinoglu's success. The Sultan had put this Christian Turk at the head of many Germiyan soldiers, so that his army now included both the Roman Turks and their Eastern counterparts. In 1361, Michael had defeated an Eretnan army near Ancyra and killed (some say in single combat) the eldest son of bey Muhammad I. Meanwhile, the Sultan's two other generals, Kemal Gursel and Mehmed Tagmec, made incursions into what was left of eastern Eretna. In March of 1362, Michael lay siege to Ancyra, and was soon joined by Tagmec (Gursel was to take Sevasteia). The poor bey Muhammad I was never much of a warrior, he preferred to write poetry while his son Ali took care of the matters of state. But now Ali was gone, and so were most of the beylik's most prominent cities. As he sat in his palace in Ancyra, the bey knew he had few options. He could either surrender the city or wait until the enemy had penetrated the walls, and then fought the enemy with his personal guard to the death. The bey was never much of a hero - in May 1362, he surrendered the city, and the beylik of Eretna was no more. The fall of Sevasteia followed in June, but none of this could have been much consolation to the ailing Sultan. The old man was in very poor health, and he had no heir to succeed him. The generals Tagmec and Gursel were already eying his throne. For his part, Michael was already back on his way to Constantinople - Rhomania had been invaded by the Bulgars.

The so-called tsar of Bulgaria, Ivan Alexander, died of unknown causes in 1361. Some say that he was poisoned, others that he died of the plague or some other sickness. In any case, the tsar was survived by his sons Michael Asen IV and Ivan Sracimir. Relations between the two brothers had soured by the 1350s, possibly due to the younger co-emperor's jealousy. Michael Asen was loved by his people, but Sracimir remained an obscure figure. Shortly after their father's death, Sracimir accused Michael of treason and various other crimes, and had his older brother imprisoned in Tarnovo. Displaying his increasing megalomania, Sracimir announced his intention to conquer Constantinople and to take the Roman throne. He appealed to Servian nobles in Rascia and Thessaly to rebel and join him, but he saw that they had little motivation to do so. One of their own sat on the throne, and they (as well as their wallets) were happy as long as this was the case. In early 1362, Sracimir invaded Thessaly, much to the surprise of Dusanes and the local Servian despots - no one believed that Sracimir would make such an audacious move. With much of the army in the east, either repressing the Turks in Roman territories or assisting the Turks of the Sultanate, Sracimir was able to take several Macedonian towns and pitched his tents around Serres. The local Romano-Servian garrison was devestated by the plague, and had never been properly remanned. Serres fell in April 1362, and the Bulgars had effectively cut the Roman Empire in half. Sracimir's success would not last. Servian nobles from Rascia (likely acting of their own accord) besieged and occupied Naissos. An alarmed Dusanes quickly recalled his Eastern army under general Michael, and these men met a Bulgarian army in Adrianople in July. The Bulgars lost decisively, and their leaders (which included several prominent nobles) were put to death. Sracimir, now as alarmed as the other Slavic emperor had been, abandoned Serres and headed east to meet the Roman army. Meanwhile, the Rascian nobility were having a field day in the largely-abandoned western Bulgaria, and conquered and sacked town after town. Remarkably, Sracimir did not think to sue for peace. He met Michael's army near Mosynopolis in September.

The armies were likely evenly matched, as Dusanes kept many of his men in Asia to subdue the last pockets of Muslim resistance. The Bulgars found success at the start, but the shrewd Michael positioned his Turkish cavalry so that they would flank the Bulgar infantry. The result was disastrous for Sracimir - his men were cut down nearly to a man. It is said that a pertubed Michael, angry at the losses he suffered early in the battle, personally executed the captured Bulgar emperor. He then began to march north, not waiting for orders from Dusanes, dead-set on capturing Tarnovo and "destroying the Bulgars." Several Turkish historians have put forward the theory that Alexander, a young friend of Michael's who had been killed early in the battle, had been the general's lover. In any case, the Bulgars were not in an advantageous situation. Louis of Hungary had invaded from the north and occupied Vidin, and the Bulgar nobles did well to free Michael Asen IV from imprisonment. The new emperor sued for peace with the Romans, but peace came at a heavy cost - the Bulgars ceded Naissos, Phillippoupolis and much land in the south to the Romans. The peace treaty was signed in Adrianople in 1363. A satisfied Dusanes left the Bulgar emperor to deal with the invading Hungarians.

SOME CULTURAL NOTES

The 1360s also saw increasing cultural exchange between Italian cities and Constantinople. Greek scholars brought their knowledge of Classical texts and spread throughout the Italian peninsula, from Florence to Messina. Though there was no major migration of scholars at this time, as there was generally no motivation for one, this slow process would culminate in the 15th-century movement called the Anagennisiaki (which the Italians call "Rinascimento").

And far to the East, a young military leader by the name of Timur had earned a reputation for his skill in battle. His successes in Khorastan solidified his position as a force in his region. Before long, he would become khan of his tribe, and bring it glory worthy of his Mongol ancestors.
 
The 1360s also saw increasing cultural exchange between Italian cities and Constantinople. Greek scholars brought their knowledge of Classical texts and spread throughout the Italian peninsula, from Florence to Messina. Though there was no major migration of scholars at this time, as there was generally no motivation for one, this slow process would culminate in the 15th-century movement called the Anagennisiaki (which the Italians call "Rinascimento").
Because there is always a Renaissance, always.
 
Would be nice to see an analogue of Leonardo da Vinci head to Constantinople and what not? Hey why not have this ATL analogue be a Turk?
 
Because there is always a Renaissance, always.
Don't worry, it won't be too similar to OTL's. The lack of Greek refugees in Italy pushes back the Renaissance several decades, and Constantinople plays a large part in the movement.

Would be nice to see an analogue of Leonardo da Vinci head to Constantinople and what not? Hey why not have this ATL analogue be a Turk?


I don't think that we'll see a da Vinci-like polymath, but there will certainly be eminent scholars who hail from all corners of the Empire. I'm sure that some of them will be Turks. :)
 
Don't worry, it won't be too similar to OTL's. The lack of Greek refugees in Italy pushes back the Renaissance several decades, and Constantinople plays a large part in the movement.
It's just there's too much reliance on "sudden flowering in Europe" though to be fair there were mini-renaissances in the 800s, the and 1100s before you hit the big one.
 
Really enjoying this take on the Byzantine Empire, I've become quite interested in the the history of the Empire ever since playing them in EU3. It's even plausible to boot! What with the rise and fall of the fortunes of the Byzantines in the centuries preceeding their final defeat...
 
Don't worry, it won't be too similar to OTL's. The lack of Greek refugees in Italy pushes back the Renaissance several decades, and Constantinople plays a large part in the movement.



I don't think that we'll see a da Vinci-like polymath, but there will certainly be eminent scholars who hail from all corners of the Empire. I'm sure that some of them will be Turks. :)

Oh it's just an idea I wanted to pitch. He doesn't need to be a complete analogue of Leonardo but at least someone who is intelligent and skilled and who happens to be a Turk in service of his Emperor.
 
Good! A nice Chapter X...

Comments below.

The fall of Sevasteia followed in June, but none of this could have been much consolation to the ailing Sultan. The old man was in very poor health, and he had no heir to succeed him. The generals Tagmec and Gursel were already eying his throne.

They may eye the throne, but are they strong and popular enough leaders to claim the Sultanate of Germiyan/Konya in their own right? And Michael-Mehmed, even though a Christian, would be an incredibly popular figure in central Anatolia. It's a statement of the obvious, but "nothing succeeds like success". Perhaps an obscure, but worthy figure, could ascend the throne of the Sultanate next - leaving Michael-Mehmed the leading statesman of the Sultanate as a sort of kingmaker.

On a side note, I like how you are replicating the OTL duplication of Christian first names among the rulers of this Byzantine-led Balkans: everyone is confusingly called Michael or Manuel or Dusanes etc. But for clarity, maybe you should start calling princes by their nicknames, e.g. like Duzme or Yildirim in Turkish (from OTL 15th century), or things like 'Kalos' or 'Pachys' in Greek, just to make things a bit more realistic. Another thing you can do is maybe have great families intermarry, so then you have these incredibly long-winded, double-barrelled names, like Andronicus Palaeologos-Kantakuzenos 'Kontos' etc. Trust me, it sounds so Late Byzantine! :D

In early 1362, Sracimir invaded Thessaly, much to the surprise of Dusanes

Erm, this sounds like a province too far. You later mention 'Macedonia' anyway, so just say 'Macedonia'. To get to Thessaly you'd have to pass through rugged terrain near Mount Olympos - and leave your flank and supply-lines totally exposed to counter-attack from Thessalonica if you were going directly into Thessaly from Bulgarian territory - and this is a mistake no self-respecting general would make. Actually, it is rather likely that the objective of the Bulgarian attack is to capture Thessalonica itself - or at least keep its forces bottled up while mobile armies go on the rampage if this is actually a looting mission rather than an attempted conquest.

Michael Asen IV sued for peace with the Romans, but peace came at a heavy cost - the Bulgars ceded Naissos, Phillippoupolis and much land in the south to the Romans. The peace treaty was signed in Adrianople in 1363. A satisfied Dusanes left the Bulgar emperor to deal with the invading Hungarians.

So the Bulgarian Tsardom is now a much-reduced strip of land from the vicinity of Tarnovo up to the Danube and east to the sea?

SOME CULTURAL NOTES

The 1360s also saw...[the] slow process [begin which] would culminate in the 15th-century movement called the Anagennisiaki (which the Italians call "Rinascimento").

Cool. Can we have a George Gemistos Plethon equivalent come to prominence during this period and properly stir things up with both the Catholic and Orthodox Church? :) SF if you are reading this TL, this is a character who would interest you...

And far to the East, a young military leader by the name of Timur had earned a reputation for his skill in battle. His successes in Khorastan solidified his position as a force in his region. Before long, he would become khan of his tribe, and bring it glory worthy of his Mongol ancestors.

Ah! Most interesting! I look forward to hearing more... ;)
 
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Thanks for the feedback, everyone. Dux, I may have used an idea or two of yours. ;) I've decided to stay away from Bulgaria in this update, I will detail its subjugation to Rhomania in Chapter XII.

CHAPTER XI - END OF AN ERA

In 1365, Dusanes finally decided how to deal with Nicholas the fisherman, the upstart ruler of Athens. He had ruled out military intervention, for the people of this former duchy were loyal to their leader and distrusted the imperial Romans. Nicholas was also unlikely to accept the title of despot after his ridiculous coronation as emperor. Dusanes's only recourse was a marital alliance, and in March of that year, Nicholas married the daughter of one of Dusanes's half-brothers. He happily agreed to an alliance with the Romans, but Dusanes immediately began to assert himself over the fisherman. Though an unusually gifted military tactician, Nicholas had little talent for politics. By late 1365, Nicholas "agreed" to a resettlement of Bulgars from the recently conquered territory around Naissus (as well as a number of Turks from Bithynia) to Athenian soil. Clearly, this Athenian "emperor" was content with keeping his quasi-sovereign state a de-facto Roman vassal. Sadly, one of his descendants would have the audacity to assert himself against Rhomania.

A year later, Dusanes would be faced with a far more serious crisis in Asia. On February 15, 1366, the Sultan of Rum died without an heir. The Sultanate was thrown into chaos. Generals Kemal Gursel and Mehmed Tagmec immediately (and independently) claimed the throne, and the poor Sultan's daughter became a prisoner of the latter. He sought to marry her to cement his claim, but found her quite unwilling - Yesim threatened to end her own life if the general carried through with the marriage. Tagmec took Ikonion and brutally murdered the supporters of the other general. Gursel had been in command of the northern army and found his power base in the northeast. He located of the Sultan's two brothers - and this was no easy task, for they were debauchees and drunkards even in their advanced age - and championed this Ahmed as the legitimate Sultan. Gursel's army would not be able to defeat Tagmec alone, however, and his cause would likely have been lost if he had not been able to procure a powerful ally. Dusanes would have been reluctant to interfere militarily had it not been for one man - Michael Aidinoglou. Urum folk tales (namely,The Ballad of St. Michael) will have us believe that as soon as Michael heard that Yesim had been imprisoned, he took 1,000 of his best men and rushed to Ikonion on a white stallion.

More likely, Michael acknowledged his popularity in Asia (under his rule as military despot, Bithynia saw no more rebellions), and sought to expand his personal influence. Whatever may be the case, we know that Michael was able to convince Dusanes to let him take his army to Ikonion. Marching first toward Ankara, he combined forces with Gursel and decisively defeated the garrison Tagmec had left there. Together, they marched south, and pitched tents outside Ikonion by May 1367. Though hopelessly outnumbered, Tagmec would not surrender the city. A four-month siege culminated in a series of street battles as Michael's forces pursued Tagmec's soldiers throughout the city. After nearly a week of fighting, the city lay in ruins. Michael was probably furious - when his forces reached the Sultan's palace, Tagmec and Yesim were found dead, the latter stabbed by the former's dagger in her cell. As the Ballads will have us believe, Tagmec had had the last laugh. Whatever may have been the case, a few things were certain - Michael, though a Christian, had become by far the most influential, respected and loved man in the Sultanate. The late Sultan's younger brother had taken the throne, but as his personal advisor, Michael effectively held the reins in the Sultanate. It may surprise our leaders that Dusanes would let one of his most popular generals go to serve a foreign nation, but until the end of Michael's life, Rum Devleti was effectively a vassal of the Basileia ton Rhomaion. Michael, still only in his late thirties after the ascension of the new Sultan, would be a monumental figure in Turkish politics, and would even trade blows with Dusanes's successor, Manuel II Dusanes.

By 1371, Dusanes was an old man, and his health was rapidly failing. His eldest son Manuel had distinguished himself in battle first against rebels in Asia and later in the conflict against Tagmec. Handsome and skilled in both oration and the art of war, he was well loved by the people, and enjoyed the favor of the elites of Constantinople. Most importantly, his mother was a Roman, and unlike his father he was a native speaker of the Roman tongue. Despite his father's Servian origins and continued devotion to his homeland, Manuel only had a vague concept of Servian culture and a very basic understanding of the language. Though we would see a continued dominance of Servian nobility in the administration of the Empire throughout Manuel's reign, their influence would certainly start to wane. Under Manuel, they would be brought into the Roman fold, and under his descendants they would finally be assimilated, as the Servian nobility today is no less Roman than that of Thessaly or Constantinople.

Constantine XI Dusanes died in his sleep on June 28, 1371. He was deeply mourned in Constantinople, as even his staunchest Roman opponents began to embrace this giant of an emperor in the latter years of his life. Though he came to the throne as an upstart "barbarian," he left it one of the most celebrated emperors of his time. Under his rule, Rhomania began to reclaim parts of her lost heartland. More importantly, Dusanes had united the disparate Orthodox peoples of the Balkans (though the Bulgars would take longer to pacify) and halted Islam's incursion into Europe. He elevated Romans, Servs, and Turks alike to the highest offices, beginning a tradition of pluralism that would shape Rhomanian politics for centuries to come. It is true that he allowed the influence of the Servian nobility to grow to point where they sometimes shaped imperial policy, but he made sure to assert himself when the interest of the empire was at stake. He pursued a forceful resettlement policy that reshaped the region's demographics. His legal reforms did much to streamline Roman legal code, and he introduced several Slavic laws that would pacify the Servian and Bulgarian populations. Dusanes was a leader, an innovator, a soldier and a lawgiver. He was the quintessential warrior-poet of his age. Above all, Dusanes was a savior - under his guidance, Rhomania grew, prospered, and entered a glorious new age.
 
Great update, and a nice summary of the reign of Constantine XI. With the Turks now essentially vassalised, where will Manuel II turn his attention to next, I wonder? Surely the temptation to take out the merchant republics will be becoming very great by this point...
 
Another good update. When are the Romans going to expell the Venetians from Crete and Theodosia (Crimea):cool:

Isn't the Crimean peninsula under the dominance of the Tartars at the moment and there's also the Crimean Goths..... And there were Venetian colonies? Didn't know. I guess you learn something new everyday. And I believe the Empire is allied with Venice at the moment. Can't ruin that relationship, at least not yet. ;)

Cyprus is too far away! Maybe Rhodes?

Nah. Better to arrange some sort of deal with the Knights of St. John and have them serve as vassals to the Emperors. Maybe finish off Bulgaria?
 
The Grecco-Serbian Empire has a navy that's not a joke? Huh. Missed that.

I have to concur, it will take along time, and a lot of gold for The Grecco-Serbian Empire to rebuild its navy, much less rebuild it into a force capable of taking Rhodes, Cyprus, or Crete.
 
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