I intend to make a series out of this.
Belgium, or how to turn a working country into Europe's running joke
I'll start with the 1949 election, although there is not much to write in its description, so instead, I'l describe the electoral system and the parties. And we'll get more interesting content with the 1950 Royal Question which caused the 1950 (very) early election.
In 1949 modified its interwar electoral system into the following:
The Belgian territory was divided into 30 electoral districts in which a first tier of seats allocation was organized. These 30 districts were then merged at the provincial level (9 provinces) for the second tier of seats allocation. Hare quota is used for the allocation of direct seats. After the allocation of direct seats at districtlevel remainder seats and votes are aggregated at provincial level. At this level seats are allocated between parties using D’Hondt. Once each party knows how many seats it has obtained at provincial levels they have to be allocated to the list of the party in each of the sub-provincial districts. For each list in each district the number of votes received is divided by the number of seats already received plus one. The quotas obtained for each list in each district are compared and the first second-tier seat goes to the list with the highest district quota, and the same procedures applies until all seats are allocated in each of the subprovincial districts.
No threshold at the district level. To enter the second-tier of seat allocation (provinces), a party should have obtained in at least one of the first-tier districts of the province two thirds of a direct seat.
Semi-open lists were used.
As for the party system: Like many other Catholic countries, Belgium had a deep clerical vs. anti-clerical faultline that in Belgium's case also reflected the linguistic divisions between socialist Wallonia and staunchly Catholic Flanders. The rift was so strong between liberals and Catholics that when the working class parties appeared, they sort of adapted to the cleavage, resulting in the fact that liberals and socialists worked together very often (or ran joint lists in the most pro-Catholic party regions like Luxembourg or Limburg). As a result, although after WWII, Belgium arguably had two right-wing and two left-wing parties, alliances were not what you would necessarily expect. Catholics might govern with Socialists or Liberals (but only after the school question was settled in the 1950s), whereas Socialists and Liberals might govern together in a sort of anti-PSC coalition. Think modern-day Luxembourg, if you will.
After WWII, all the Belgian parties rebranded and refounded themselves, but they were direct continuations of the historical political tendencies within Belgian society.
The
Parti social-chrétien or
Christelijke Volkspartij (PSC-CVP) was a Christian democratic party, particularly strong in Flanders and rural Wallonia. The PSC-CVP was not like the German CDU however, instead its closest relative, politically-speaking were the French Christian democrats. The PSC was very economically interventionist and socially-minded, and particularly influenced by the interwar philosophy of Emmanuel Mounier, the so-called 'communitarian personalism'. It was economically interventionist, socially conscious, staunchly pro-European and favourable to 'free schools' (subsidising private, Catholic schooling).
The Parti socialiste belge or Belgische Socialistische Partij (PSB-BSP) was a social-democratic party, particularly strong in industrial Wallonia, so the various mining and industrial areas of the centre of the region, or the provinces of Liège and Hainaut. The party was re-founded after WWII from the old POB after the clandestine socialists from the Resistance movement took the party away from the collaborationist leader Henri de Man. The party was anti-clerical, and obviously social-democratic, playing a greater role in the creation of the Social Security and so on. Originally Eurosceptic until de Spaak became Foreign Affairs minister after 1954.
The Parti liberal or Liberale Partij (PL-LP) was the main liberal outfit until 1961, when it was renamed PLP-PVV (Party of Freedom and Progress). The Liberals were conservatives, but in an economic manner, although their coalitions with the Socialists throughout the 1950s and the general consensus of the time tamed that. But what mattered in the 1950s was that the Liberal were against 'free schools', and so made for the natural allies of the Socialists. The party had been the dominant political party of the 19th century, but later fell into a third-party status. The party was also Eurosceptic.
Lastly, the Communists, well, they were communists, essentially. The PCB-KPB would quickly lose most of its (limited) support in Wallonia in very few electoral rounds, largely gone from parliament by 1954.
The 1949 election ushered in a PSC-Liberal coalition that would prove short-lived, given the mess Belgium was about to endure due to the 'Royal Question'.