does anyone know about any other fashion designers active in mid-19th century Paris besides Charles Worth- who only seems to have come to prominence with Empress Eugènie in 1855? I've tried googling all sorts of combinations "couturier", "marchande des modes" even "dress" but it would seem that between Hippolyte Leroy (designer to Empress Josephine) and Worth (to Eugènie) Paris had a shortage of fashion designers (didn't think that was possible)
I couldn't find anyone before Worth - he seems to have been the inventor of Haute Couture in France. But from what I found a few months ago while researching one of my ancestors' life it seems that in pre-1850s France, textile workers both designed and produced their own clothes. Lyon especially was the capital of silk in the 19th century, trading with China, and started to decline in the 1880s only.
Just found that Marie-Françoise Corot (Camille Corot's mother) was a successful fashion designer in the 1820s.
Wikipedia lists a few names of marchandes de modes in the 19th century but there's not much about them:
Mademoiselle Fanny, Madame Herbault, Madame Guérin (1820s) Madame Victorine, Madame Camille (or Vignon), Madame Vignon (or Vignon-Chauvin), Madame Palmyre.

Also, from what I could find, it seems fashion designers didn't always design their creations themselves but rather used painters/engravers works (like Jean-Baptiste Isabey's for instance).
 
6129f7337537b885fcffe05bf6d5996d.jpg

Is there a place in Paris where this proposed monument to Louis XVI could be built, d'you think? Not sure what the monument was for, but it's dated to 1795, which seems an odd time to be putting up a monument to a king that you executed, but...
 
6129f7337537b885fcffe05bf6d5996d.jpg

Is there a place in Paris where this proposed monument to Louis XVI could be built, d'you think? Not sure what the monument was for, but it's dated to 1795, which seems an odd time to be putting up a monument to a king that you executed, but...
I guess that could have been an idea of the Directory, for distancing themselves from Robespierre’s Terror?
 
Just found that Marie-Françoise Corot (Camille Corot's mother) was a successful fashion designer in the 1820s.
Wikipedia lists a few names of marchandes de modes in the 19th century but there's not much about them:
Mademoiselle Fanny, Madame Herbault, Madame Guérin (1820s) Madame Victorine, Madame Camille (or Vignon), Madame Vignon (or Vignon-Chauvin), Madame Palmyre.

Also, from what I could find, it seems fashion designers didn't always design their creations themselves but rather used painters/engravers works (like Jean-Baptiste Isabey's for instance).
would it be possible for something like Paris Fashion Week to be established* do you think? Maybe a sort of way of not only luring foreign clients back to a "new and improved" Paris but also creating work for the weavers, clothiers, silk merchants etc etc etc in France as a way of stimulating the economy. But more in a "bread and circuses" way of a sort of "grand exhibition of French industry**" than confined to some elite hotel in the faubourgs. Show the French "look at what we're [still] capable of".

*OTL Worth - although according to other authors, the tradition of a défilé de mode dates from the 18th, even the 17th century- held what is recognized as the "first" fashion show under the Second Empire. At the residence of Princess Pauline Metternich
**this was basically what Colbert did with Versailles OTL: he turned it into a "warehouse" showcasing the best France had to offer to foreign visitors
 
the alternate "location" for our first fashion show I considered was Milan- apparently renowned for its fashion until the mid-19th century (i.e. 1848)- but I know even less about Italian fashion designers than I do about French ones
 
would it be possible for something like Paris Fashion Week to be established* do you think? Maybe a sort of way of not only luring foreign clients back to a "new and improved" Paris but also creating work for the weavers, clothiers, silk merchants etc etc etc in France as a way of stimulating the economy. But more in a "bread and circuses" way of a sort of "grand exhibition of French industry**" than confined to some elite hotel in the faubourgs. Show the French "look at what we're [still] capable of".
the alternate "location" for our first fashion show I considered was Milan- apparently renowned for its fashion until the mid-19th century (i.e. 1848)- but I know even less about Italian fashion designers than I do about French ones
Maybe it could be done, especially if there's an equivalent to the Canut revolts of Lyon ITTL, as a way to pacify angry workers. Some of them might be asked to design clothes for a défilé in Paris, with a promise of very good wages for instance. OTL one of the causes of the second revolt was the workers' salary which was judged too high by the owners and interestingly enough, the Royalists supported the workers.
 
Maybe it could be done, especially if there's an equivalent to the Canut revolts of Lyon ITTL, as a way to pacify angry workers. Some of them might be asked to design clothes for a défilé in Paris, with a promise of very good wages for instance. OTL one of the causes of the second revolt was the workers' salary which was judged too high by the owners and interestingly enough, the Royalists supported the workers.
well, the Canuts Revolts of the July Monarchy still occurred, although Henri has spent some time in Lyons (Chapter Un Plat Bougre Menace), and the Lyonnais workers have responded to the royalist support in kind by declaring for Henri (Chapters Medhel an Gwyns, Parata d'Eroi, Do You Hear The People Sing? A Mark, A Mission, A Brand, A Scar), Madame Royal and Louis XIX come back to France via Toulon and Lyons (Chapter Nutrisco et Extinguo), he even refuses (Chapter Accurs'd Rebellion) to crush the strike in Paris and Tours the same way as Louis Philippe crushed the Canuts in Lyons. I don't think he necessarily feels any loyalty to Lyons- as Madame Royal points out "a man who will turn for you will turn on you"- but I do believe he probably regards the Lyonnais as more loyal (and less work to keep loyal) than the Parisians.
 
well, the Canuts Revolts of the July Monarchy still occurred, although Henri has spent some time in Lyons (Chapter Un Plat Bougre Menace), and the Lyonnais workers have responded to the royalist support in kind by declaring for Henri (Chapters Medhel an Gwyns, Parata d'Eroi, Do You Hear The People Sing? A Mark, A Mission, A Brand, A Scar), Madame Royal and Louis XIX come back to France via Toulon and Lyons (Chapter Nutrisco et Extinguo), he even refuses (Chapter Accurs'd Rebellion) to crush the strike in Paris and Tours the same way as Louis Philippe crushed the Canuts in Lyons. I don't think he necessarily feels any loyalty to Lyons- as Madame Royal points out "a man who will turn for you will turn on you"- but I do believe he probably regards the Lyonnais as more loyal (and less work to keep loyal) than the Parisians.
True, I suppose Henri could decide to invite some (prominent) Lyonnais workers to Paris as a "reward" for their support. The défilé still takes place in Paris and with those potentially influential workers settled there, there may be less risks of another Canut revolt, especially as Lyon may progressively lose silk trade monopoly as it develops in Paris.
 
Feminism, Fourierism, Anarchism and Das Kapitalism
Soundtrack: Étienne Nicolas Méhul - La Chasse de Jeune Henri

*exterior* *a woodland glade* *we see Henri is deer-stalking* *he raises the gun and takes aim at the deer*
*exterior* *Palais de la Galazière at Saint-Diê-de-Vosges* *we see Henri returning across the palace's formal gardens with the deer carcass slung across the back of his horse* *he's whistling Rantin' Rovin' Robin [1]*
*we see several gentlemen out on the "terrace" smoking, playing cards and discussing politics* *clearly this is the post meal "retreat to a cloud of smoke and congratulate themselves on being masters of the universe" place* *among the men in question are "Monty" Bonaparte, the king of Westphalia's son, Henri's secretory, Fritz, marquis de Talhouët, the duke of Seville, Maurice Sand [2], the Comte d'Orsay [3] and sculptor, Émilien de Nieuwerkerke [4]*
*the men are laughing, joking, clearly enjoying themselves*
Henri: *saunters over* *leans over Seville's shoulder* *loudly* you don't want to lose the house with a pair of twos, Enrique. What would your wife say?
*other men burst out laughing as Henri sits down and they "deal him in"*
Monty: likely the same thing most of the deputies in the chambres will say to Madame Deroin
Henri: who's Madame Deroin?
Seville: a seamstress who then became a schoolteacher. Nowadays the editor of the newspaper, Le Femme Libre.
Henri: *sarcastically* now that you've caught me up on her biography, why will the chambres say anything to her. *to Maurice* I don't recall anyone saying anything when your mother started publishing.
Maurice: even Mother thinks she's crazy. Wanting to stand for election to the chambers. Mother calls her Aristophanes' lone assemblywoman [5]
Fritz: *muses* still, if she defeats that madman Proudhon, it'll hopefully be enough to silence him
*Henri's "almost twin" lookalike brother, Charles Oreille de Carrière emerges onto the terrace*
Charles: your Royal Highness, the man from Xertigny is here to see you.
Henri: *grudgingly climbing to his feet with a sigh*

*cut to Henri sitting in a salon with Charles and his wife, Marie Jeanne Eustachine d'Osmond [6] when a man is shown in*
Usher: Monsieur Alexis Lallemand, your Royal Highness.
Henri: *as Lallemand bows* no relation of the generals, I presume?
Lallemand: not that we are aware, sir.
Henri: you were the mayor of *pauses* Xertigny, weren't you?
Lallemand: I resigned in protest just after your grandfather was deposed, sir [7].
Henri: you disagreed with the duc d'Orléans' policies?
Lallemand: more like his policies disagreed with the town.
Henri: *nods* and you have lost interest in politics?
Lallemand: shall we say, your Royal Highness, that I doubt I ever possessed sufficient interest in them to start with. I made the mistake of confusing the job of a politician with that of someone who wanted to help people.
Henri: *chuckles*
Lallemand: I was rather surprised by your Royal Highness' summons though. Given my retirement from politics.
Henri: I do not wish to discuss politics with you, Monsieur Lallemand. I wish to talk business.
Lallemand: *relaxes* *seems more comfortable*
Henri: when we were passing through Épinal we heard that you are building some new hostels for your workers at your steelmill?
Lallemand: at Uzemains, sir. The old dormitories were built in your great-uncle's reign [8] and they're too small.
Henri: *nods* we'd like to pay them a visit when we return to Paris.
Lallemand: *looks surprised* at Uzemains?
Henri: that's in France is it not?
Lallemand: of course.
Henri: and will we not be king of France?
Lallemand: of course
Henri: then why is it so surprising?
Lallemand: it is simp- we await your arrival with the eagerness of your most loyal subjects, sir.
Henri: good.
Marie-Jeanne d'Osmond: perhaps you would, if you will, Monsieur Lallemand, care to explain the reports I heard of another business venture of yours...in Xertigny?
Lallemand: *looks surprised*
Marie-Jeanne: when my brother was killed in the war, my mother ensured that I received an education and understanding of a steelmill as well as finances, Monsieur
Lallemand: *nervously* very well, Madame la Comtesse, my plan is to build a factory- at Xertigny- for the refining of cast iron and the extraction of iron from scrap metal.
Henri: and there is a profit in this?
Lallemand: of course, sir
Charles: but there is- I couldn't help notice- no railways to either Xertigny or to Uzemains. A country road.
Lallemand: and a bad one at that, Monsieur le Comte.
Marie-Jeanne: I would like to put up half of the capital for you to be able to build this refinery. -conditional, of course, on that Caroillon-Destillières en Cie will receive repayment in kind in the refined product?
Lallemand: you would take such a risk, Madame?
Marie-Jeanne: are you refusing or implying that I'm a fool for wanting to establish a relationship a blind person could see would be mutually beneficial? You need a backer for your mill, I have the funds. After which, I have an ironworks and you have the iron...I hardly understand what is so foolish about that?
Henri: *thoughtfully* about as foolish as Madame Deroin wanting to become a deputy.[9]

*cut to Cologne* *early evening* *a man in a long black overcoat and a top-hat stops outside of the door to a house* *he glances around to make sure the street is deserted, then knocks* *a woman opens the door*
Woman: can I help you?
Man: Madame Ramboz?
Woman: ja?
Man: *hands over package, wrapped in brown paper* for you and your husband. *walks away*
Woman: *frowns in confusion as she closes the door* *looks at the package* *then half climbs the stairs* Karl! *some muffled response* Karl!
*a head pokes over the railing* *it's Karl Marx [10]
Woman a.k.a Jenny von Westphalen: you can come out now. He brought you a package.
Karl Marx: it's not ticking is it?
Jenny: it didn't rattle when I shook it either. *passes package up to him*
Karl: *holds the box to his ear* *then shakes it* *nothing* *shrugs* *unties the package* it's a box.
Jenny: *sarcastically* I couldn't have guessed that from the shape.
Karl: *opens it* *turns it around to show her* *its a silver dinner service* *with the Campbell arms on[11]*
Jenny: *in slack jawed astonishment as she takes the box from him* *sits down on the stairs and touches each piece tenderly*
Karl: *reading card* Thought you would like this back. H

*fade to black*

[1] gee, I wonder what the significance is? The poem was written by Robert Burns at age 27 (until end of September 1848, Henri's still 27), reflecting on a midwife prophesying at his birth. I'm not gonna quote stanzas 3-5 here, mostly because Burns still wrote them in Scots English, and the translations differ according to the source consulted. Essentially, the midwife predicts that he'll be a sturdy lad. He'"will be nae coof (fool)". He'll have misfortunes great and small, but always rise above them, and be a credit to all. It ends with a final prediction that though he'll have his faults, there are twenty worse that he could have. As for the "rovin'", well, for his age, Henri's done his fair share of that in his life.
[2] son of George Sand
[3] Orsay's in an interesting space. He's a die-hard Bonapartist, but given that most of the Bonapartes are in French royal service, he's at a bit of a loose-end.
[4] believe it or not, despite being Mathilde Bonaparte's lover for most of his life, he was actually not only a legitimist but close personal friends with the comte de Chambord. Indeed, it was while accompanying Henri on a trip to Italy OTL that he met Mathilde
[5] Jeanne Deroin really was the first woman to stand for elective office in France. George Sand did oppose her doing so, calling her some rather unflattering things. Which is ironic, when one considers that, take her Fourierist socialism away, and Deroin is practically George Sand. Anarchist founder Proudhon was a chief opponent of Deroin. But given the fact that there are nearly a dozen or so names of women who were either directly involved in the 1848 fighting or encouraged it- they even tried to mount opposition to Napoléon III's coup in 1852- and that women getting the right to vote had been one of the things hoped for...her wanting to stand for election isn't that odd, even if seemingly eccentric.
[6] daughter and heiress of the 5e marquis d'Osmond. Osmond was lifelong friends with the duc d'Angoulême, his wife with the duchesse de Berri. Plus, through her mother, Marie Jeanne is also heiress to the Caroillon-Destillières ironworks fortune and several chateaux. Thus, Charles will be in line for both a title and a fortune without it having to cost the crown a cent or further alienate lands to settle on a royal bastard
[7] actually only in 1833, but what difference does a year or two make?
[8] 1823, according to what I can find
[9] Henri was pro-women's rights OTL as well. In fact, he was even invited to speak at a suffragette rally in England that was attended by a young Emmeline Pankhurst and her mother.
[10] Monsieur Ramboz was one of his aliases he used, particularly in Paris
[11] This was part of Jenny's dowry and Marx had to pawn this dinner service in 1848 as surety for a loan to meet the debts of his publication, Neue Rheinische Zeitung.
 
Who Is h?
Maybe it's Henri?
it was between him and Frankie, and given Henri's OTL socialist-adjacent ideas, I could see him being the more likely choice. Frankie describes says to Franzi that "Marx can call his Bund der Kommunisten the Comité de Salut Public for all I care. He's still a Jacobin in everything but name" and at the Frankfurt book fair, he hands a copy of The Condition of the Working Class to Prince Albert remarking: "where better than the foreign press to find out what you've been doing wrong all the years".
 
it was between him and Frankie, and given Henri's OTL socialist-adjacent ideas, I could see him being the more likely choice. Frankie describes says to Franzi that "Marx can call his Bund der Kommunisten the Comité de Salut Public for all I care. He's still a Jacobin in everything but name" and at the Frankfurt book fair, he hands a copy of The Condition of the Working Class to Prince Albert remarking: "where better than the foreign press to find out what you've been doing wrong all the years".
Pretty interesting chapter
 
To Kill A King
Soundtrack: Johann Strauss II - Freiheits-Lieder Walzer

*exterior* *Brussels* *we see Louise d'Orléans, Queen Regent of Belgium dismounting from her carriage with her daughter, 8yo Catherine Pauline in front of Godshuis [1] on the Minnewater [2] in Bruges* *Louise makes a reverence and kisses the hand of Monsignor Gioacchino Pecchi, Bishop of Bruges [3]*
Pecchi: *bows* Your Majesty, I bid you and Madame Catherine welcome to Bruges

*walking along with the Minnewater* *Catherine is eagerly looking for one of the "mermaids" [4]*
Pecchi: your Majesty is to be congratulated on granting clemency to Spilthoorn and his rabble [5]
Louise: your Grace is the first to tell me that. Léopold wrote to tell me that it is as sensible as Louis XVI pardoning his executioners.
Pecchi: how is his Majesty?
Louise: he has found himself frustrated in Paris, London is refusing to allow him entry, so he has decided to retire to Frankfurt.
Pecchi: and no doubt Monsieur Bonaparte will kick him out once he returns from Switzerland.
Louise: personally, I doubt that Monsieur François *shudders at the name* will care very much either way. Léopold doesn't seem to think he will care. And certainly the new regent hasn't ordered him from the city.
Pecchi: I am glad he has managed to find somewhere to lay his head.
Louise: *her tone suddenly vicious* only because those vile men wouldn't allow him to stay in Belgium. Even my uncle [Louis XIX] was not so petty as to drive my father to seek refuge abroad.
Pecchi: I doubt the situations are comparable, Majesté...your uncle, your cousin, had nothing to fear from your father. By allowing the king to remain here, they would be seen for the charlatans they are by all of Europe.
Louise: *draws her shawl closer around her* *sighs in acquiescence*
Pecchi: the reason that I asked about Monsieur Bonaparte is because he can hardly be enthusiastic about the new regent welcoming his Majesty into Frankfurt. Not only for his proximity to the regent, but to Bonaparte's bête noir, Prince Metternich-
Louise: Léopold doesn't even see Prince Metternich. Although he writes that the city looks as peers assembling for a coronation. The former king of Prussia and his wife have decided to retire there-
Pecchi: not to the Rhineland?
Louise: it would seem that King Friedrich Wilhelm wishes to be..."close to hand"...should events in Berlin change. His brother is still in Poland- he's yet to accept Prince Metternich's treaty, although he's not fighting.- and Princess Wilhelm [Auguste of Weimar] and their children have taken a liking to the city. The duke of Schwerin and his wife have also taken lodgings. Léopold writes that the duchess in enceinte, otherwise they should have travelled on to England. One or two others-
Pecchi: no doubt the king is happier there than he would be were he to be under little more than house arrest in Brussels.
Louise: *looks sadly at Catherine* that is what I tell myself. That even if he were to go to London, Albert and Victoria couldn't see him as frequently as he'd like. I doubt they would listen to him if they did. Henri has already demonstrated the man is only welcome in Paris in small doses. He at least knows people in Frankfurt, and he's welcome there *tone adds "for now"*
Pecchi: *sly smile* why can I see that his Majesty has made fullest use of those connections to play his favourite game. *half-joking* a Hohenzollern for his eldest son, a Wittelsbach for his second, perhaps Madame Catherine will become empress?
Louise: *has a look on her face of "you have no idea"* he wishes for me to send Catherine to him... He's still harping on about her marrying Prince Wilhelm [of Prussia]'s son.
Pecchi: and you disapprove?
Louise: *disgustedly* the Chambres will never allow it. Can you imagine? Catherine cannot be queen of the Belgians, but she can also not be removed from the country to visit her father without their permission. Almost makes me wonder who is the one under house arrest.
Pecchi: *nods*
Louise: of course...Henri has written to me about her as well.
Pecchi: she is to be dauphine?
Louise: not quite...in a very...disjointed fashion...it seems that the former king of Portugal [D. Miguel] in his capacity as a sort of wandering ambassador...has suggested to his niece and nephew in Lisbon that a French match could be useful to balance out the British. Of course, given that both the queen's first husband and her stepmother are French, one could argue that a third such pairing would anger them. And since neither France nor Portugal has any wish to be enemies with London, they settled on Catherine as a compromise.
Pecchi: your Majesty does not approve?
Louise: she is eight-years-old. When I was eight-years-old, my brother was to marry the Queen of Sicily and be the next king of France...the world is strange in its permutations, your Grace. -still a Catholic with a throne is a marked improvement to a Protestant without one, wouldn't you agree?

*cut to Frankfurt* *Felix, Prince von Lichnowsky, General Hans von Auerswald [6] and King Léopold are travelling from the Friedberger Tor when suddenly they are confronted by an angry mob*

*cut to Franzi- in a recently "settled" Dresden- reading a newspaper* *pan out over his shoulder that there was an uprising by the radical democrats in Frankfurt* *objecting to the influx of monarchs into "their" city* *they had set up barricades at forty places in the city* *but had failed to block off the military access routes* *and by midnight, the uprising had been suppressed by the Frankfurter Freiwilliger Burgerwehr [7], with casualties of a dozen soldiers and twice as many insurgents* *it lists, among the casualties, Prince Lichnowsky, General von Auerswald, Minister Johann Gustav Heckscher [8] and King Léopold*

*flashback shows a Léopold bleeding out over the cobbles, muttering "Charlotte" [9]*

*a final line of the newspaper article says that "both the liberals and the conservatives have distanced themselves from the uprising with its cause being blind anger rather than politics [10]*

*fade to black*

[1] almshouse founded in 1715, but dating back to the 1480s
[2] also known as the Lake of Love
[3] OTL Leo XIII, he was papal nuncio to Belgium and a favourite with both the court and Queen Louise. However, he was recalled in 1846. TTL, François René Boussen, who fell ill in May 1846 but lingered on until dying in October 1848, died earlier. And a different pope appointed Pecchi to the vacant see. While I imagine there was a sort of grumbling about papal appointees and all that, Pecchi had been nuncio for a few years already, and his interests in bettering the conditions of the poor and the workers likely won him some sympathy. Boussen's OTL replacement, by contrast, was a Jesuit-educated university professor of dogmatic theology. The liberals getting Léopold I to abdicate might have been a step too far and "neutered" their support internationally, and Pecchi is agreed on to "appease" the clericalist party
[4] the source of the lake's name (water nymphs/minne)
[5] Charles Spilthoorn was a militant republican radical, he and sixteen of his companions, including General Mellinet, were responsible for the "tumult of Risquons-Tout", and tried and sentenced to death by the Antwerp Court of Assizes in March.
[6] both members of the "national liberal" Casino faction
[7] per the statutes creating the Free City of Frankfurt, the city was to have a 700 man battalion "army" consisting of professional soldiers. The Burgerwehr was a volunteer militia drawn from all men between 21-25yo capable of bearing arms. It included a squadron of cavalry, an artillery, a sniper and a jäger-battalion, three battalions of infantry and a fire-fighting unit. Given Frankie's "attention" to detail and the fact that he's in Frankfurt at least every six months, I'm guessing he's made sure that these aren't just "paper soldiers" either.
After the September Riots of 1848, due to distrust of them for allowing this to happen, the Burgerwehr was disbanded and replaced by a joint Prusso-Austro-Bavarian occupation force. Here, Prussia's in no position to be making demands, Ludwig I stayed in power in Bavaria only thanks to Austrian bayonets and Frankie regards his son (Max II) as a weak reed. That leaves Austria, and a solely Austrian occupying force will backfire badly.
[8] OTL Hecksher actually had himself arrested because he feared for his life
[9] his final words OTL as well
[10] this was a sort of "joint statement" the Frankfurt assembly gave OTL as well.
 
@Kellan Sullivan Amazing chapter! Great to have you back!
Fantastic chapter!
thank you both. It was inspired by something @Nuraghe told me, so I hope he approves of what I did
And

This is why i love @The_Most_Happy story so much! Leo and lotte had so much potential together.
hopefully TTL, Léopold can get his final request and be buried next to Charlotte and their son at Windsor (OTL the Belgian government refused to allow it- here, being a "deposed" monarch and all, I suspect that Louise would be the only one in Brussels pushing for it)
 
thank you both. It was inspired by something @Nuraghe told me
Np, youre amazing
hopefully TTL, Léopold can get his final request and be buried next to Charlotte and their son at Windsor (OTL the Belgian government refused to allow it- here, being a "deposed" monarch and all, I suspect that Louise would be the only one in Brussels pushing for it)
Hopefully he will get to rest in peace with them.
 
thank you both. It was inspired by something @Nuraghe told me, so I hope he approves of what I did

hopefully TTL, Léopold can get his final request and be buried next to Charlotte and their son at Windsor (OTL the Belgian government refused to allow it- here, being a "deposed" monarch and all, I suspect that Louise would be the only one in Brussels pushing for it)
Np, youre amazing

Hopefully he will get to rest in peace with them.
If we wanna get fully creepy and 'Victorian gothic' with it, if he's not allowed to be buried with them, have some dramatic romantic soul send some dirt from Charlotte’s resting place to be buried with Leopold
 
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