Faced with increasing US and Ottoman diplomatic pressure, together with Israeli successes on the battlefield, The Chamberlain government eventually abandoned its support for the Arab Legion armies, which in any event had ceased to function as national armies but had become more like tribal factions, fighting amongst themselves as much as against the Israelis. Meeting in Benghazi, representatives of Britain, Germany, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire hammered out a settlement established the State of Israel in former Palestine. Israel quickly signed the agreement, but none of the Arab states participated Shockingly for the Arab states, Britain also retroceded its independent protectorates over Mesopotamia (Iraq), Transjordan, and Syria back to the Ottoman Empire, effectively undoing the outcome of the 1914-1916 Great War in the Near East, an setting the cause of Arab nationalism back several decades. The last act of the conflict was in many ways its most dramatic. Shortly after the Benghazi Treaty was signed, Egyptian Col. Abdul Nasser commandeered a REAF Hurricane and single handedly attacked the Haifa airfield, destroying over 20 parked US and German aircraft awaiting delivery to the Israeli air force. Anticipating the peace settlement, Israeli security at the airfield was lax, and Col. Nasser almost made his escape, but his fighter-bomber was shot down by the German anti-aircraft ship SMS Viktoria Louise, lying in Haifa harbor, ending official hostilities.