Hee Danwild6 - see an earlier post by me... WI: The Younger Dryas Didn't Happen? It's a longer TL that I'm still note collecting on, but it'd be right up your alley.
Disclaimer 1) This is a PRELIMINARY outline of OTL, posted for feedback and ideas on further research into the time period of the progenitors of the Native American Wankfest.
Disclaimer 2) I would really like to find someone who is very familiar with OTL N. Europe or even all of Europe around 0AD to 1650AD who can help with the European Theatre. Without such a person, I'm going to focus exclusively on NA and avoid anything vaguely European until 1500 at the earliest.
This is OTL. Bjarni is still looking good as a POD, but now I've discovered traces of Alban's from Scotland merging with the Tinut of Southern Quebec. That's a whole different ballgame, and might be the best POD.
It's in the OTL below, and while this one is in Date/Entry format, I intend to do a propery storyline through the eyes of various families. I'd start with Bjarni & Eirik to begin with, but I'd include a NA family at some time too.
again, preliminary notes - looking for feedback on specific topics to think about.
according to the sagas the Norse expeditions westward from Greenland brought them to three regions which they named Helluland, Markland and Vinland, now identified as Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland respectively
Mowat points out that an island, Ultima Thule, which he claims is actually Iceland, appears in the Atlantic in early maps before Iceland was settled by the Vikings. He argues that Iceland was already known because it had been discovered and settled by 'Albans', who survived by trading walrus ivory. In support of this he cites the Viking Sagas, which state that the Viking discoverers of Iceland found it to be already inhabited, a fact that modern scholarship has always found puzzling. Mowat argues that the Vikings overran the Albans, who survived only because they had already discovered and settled Greenland.
Iceland was called Thule before the Vikings
300 BC Pytheus, after running the Phoenician blockade at the pillars of Hercules, finds Britain, Ireland, and is guided to Iceland where he finds natives.
51 BC - Romans are slaughtering picts in from the Bay of Biscay in Brittany to south of the Loire, engaging in near genocide.
55 BC - Escaping Genocide, Picts sail North and West. Ireland and England are denied them, but Albans (Scotland highlands) allow them into S. Scotland as a buffer against the Kelts
60 BC - First wave of new immigrants into Iceland, escaping the brutality of wars in the British Isles
43 AD - Romans invade England until driven out in 400 AD, but attacks push Kelts -> Picts -> Albans
AD 400+ - Picts are joined by Scotti from Ireland in driving Romans out of Scotland (England too?)
AD 565 Keltic Christian Priest of Ireland arrive in N. Scotland to convert Albans & Picts (Cruithne)
500-600 ad - Scotland is torn by civil wars between Pict, Scot, and Northumbria in 664 the Celtic Chuch, centered in Iona island, and the Rome Church were summoned to Synod and the then king Oswy decided in favor of Rome - so Scotland (by any other name) became Roman Catholic eventually. More picts escape to Iceland to move away from constant war.
734 AD - Oenges, son of Fergus, established rule over all of Scotland territory by conquest, but confusion reigned after his death.
750 AD - Alban descended explorers from Iceland establish wintering quarters in Greenland -- Alban longhouses are very distinctive with curved stone walls and no roof as upturned boats were used.
789 AD Constantine became King of united Albans and Picts
793 AD In England the Viking Age began dramatically on 8 June 793 when Norsemen destroyed the abbey on the island of Lindisfarne. The devastation of Northumbria's Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal Courts of Europe to the Viking presence.
794 AD Viking raiders hit England, Scotland, Ireland at random and at will
806 AD Celtic Church of Iona destroyed by vikings
810 AD Systematic collapse of Dorset culture and replacement by Recent Indian populations coinciding with warming climate
858 AD After numerous succession wars, and near destruction by vikings, Scotland reunited as Kingdom of Alba, including the Scottii descendants and Picts. Matrilineal descent of Kingship long since a tradition.
860 AD Gardar Svavarsson the Swede or Naddod the Viking "discovers" Gardarsholm (Iceland) about this time [Jones, A History of the Vikings; Íslendingabók] Vikings arrive in Iceland, to find a Christian people already there. They live in small farms and live on farm food and sea bounty.
865 AD Flokek Vilgerdson (Floki Vilgerdason), a Norwegian farmer, tries to settle in Gardarsholm/Snaeland/Iceland. The winter is bad enough that all of his cattle die, and he renames the place "Iceland" and goes home.
870 AD Norse colonize Iceland
900 AD Viking raids push Alban descendants west, first to Greenland, then N. Quebec where they mingled with the Dorsets till climate forced them south into NewFoundLand (Vinland)
902 AD Dublin captured by the Norse.
920 AD Blown off course between Norway and Iceland, Gunnbjorn Ulfsson (or Ulf-Krakuson) sights lands west of Iceland [Landnamabok].
950 AD Vikings arrive in Newfoundland and find two distinctly different populations. One, where the Albans and Dorsets had intermingled, and a second one of Tunits who promptly vanished from the record. The Inuit mention the Tunits as 'asliens' of 'large stature' who would prefer to leave an area rather than contest it in conflict.
980 AD Eirik the Red, and his father Thorvald Asvaldsson leave SW Norway because "of some killings", and travel to Iceland. Eirik marries Thordhild Jorundsdaughter (a relative of Snaebjorn Galti, and a great-grandchild of Eyvind the Easterner) and moved to her lands at Haukadale. After some more killings, Eirik moves to the islands near Briedafjord [Graenlendinga Saga] Major famine in Iceland and much of North and Northwest Europe.
982 AD Eirik the Red, named outlaw by Thorgest in Iceland, heads west to see Gunbjorn Ulfssons Greenland lands
980 AD Eirik the Red, and his father Thorvald Asvaldsson leave SW Norway because "of some killings", and travel to Iceland. Eirik marries Thordhild Jorundsdaughter (a relative of Snaebjorn Galti, and a great-grandchild of Eyvind the Easterner) and moved to her lands at Haukadale. After some more killings, Eirik moves to the islands near Briedafjord [Graenlendinga Saga] Major famine in Iceland and much of North and Northwest Europe.
983 AD Hvitramannaland ("White Man's Land"), supposedly near Vinland the Good, is purportedly visited by Ari Marsson (another relative of Thordhild Jorundsdaughter).
984 Eirik returns to Iceland and convinces others to join him in Greenland [Graenlendinga Saga]
985 - The Landnam - 25 ships leave for Greenland, 14 of which arrive.Eirik establishes his farm at Brattahlid (Eastern Settlement). Others settle at Osterbygd (Eastern Settlement), and Vesterbygd (Western Settlement) [Graenlendinga Saga].Bjarni Herjolfsson is blown off course and sights three lands further to the west, before arriving at his father's farm at Herjolfsnes [Graenlendinga Saga]
1000 AD
Leif Eiriksson is charged by King Olaf Tryggvason to preach Christianity in Greenland [Graenlendinga Saga]. (N.B. This may not have actually taken place, but may have been a later inclusion to the Sagas.)
On his way home, Leif rescues a shipwrecked Crew, and earns the name "the Lucky" [Graenlendinga Saga].
Leif is blown off course, and lands in Vinland. Nearing Greenland he rescues people from a shipwreck. Eirik doesn't accept Christianity, but Thordhild has a church built [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
King Olaf Tryggvason dies at the sea-fight at Svold. Eirik Hakonarson succeeds him.
Thordhild reputedly embraced the new faith and built a church. (Eirik the Red was still alive when his son returned [Graenlendinga Saga]).
Bjarni Herjolfsson travels to Norway, and becomes a retainer of Eirik Hakonarson [Graenlendinga Saga].
The Althing in Iceland adopts Christianity [Encyclopedia Britannica].
1001 AD
Bjarni Herjolfsson returns to Greenland [Graenlendinga Saga].
Leif Eiriksson buys Bjarni's boat and tries to encourage Eirik the Red to lead them. Eirik fell off a horse and hurt himself. Leif sails west, first landing at Helluland, then sailing cross the sea to Markland, and then across the sea to an island, then into a sound between the island and a cape projecting north from the land itself. West of the cape, they run aground in shallows, and finally move their ship upriver into a salmon filled lake. There they build "Leifsbudir" or "Leif's Booths". It is at Leifsbudir that Tyrkir, the German, discovers the grapevines which they name Vinland after. They winter at Vinland [Graenlendinga Saga].
Thorgils Orrabeinfostre and his crew are shipwrecked on the East Coast of Greenland, and they take three years to return to civilization. During their adventures they encounter "witches" that may be Dorset Eskimos.
(Peak years for sea salt sodium in Greenland Ice (.125) This indicates a lot of storms.)
There is said to be a rune stone on Nomans Island, near Martha's Vineyard that says "Leif Eriksson, 1001" and possibly something about "Vinland" [
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomans_Land_(Massachusetts)]
1002 AD
Leif returns to Greenland and rescues Thorir Eastman, his wife Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir, and their shipwrecked crew. Earning him the name "The Lucky" [Graenlendinga Saga].
Sickness kills Thorir, and Eirik the Red [Graenlendinga Saga] (Graenlendinga Saga also says that Eirik the Red died before the coming of Christianity).
Thorvald Eiriksson takes Leif's ship and travels to Vinland and Leifsbudir [Graenlendinga Saga].
1397 AD The Kalmar Treaty formalized the union of Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
1402 AD Black Plague in Iceland
1418 AD English getting involved w/ Icelandic politics. Fishermen & priests present. Papal letter of 1448 reports the pagan invasion of Greenland and enslaving of Christians.
1472-3 A Danish-Norwegian expedition sailed for Greenlands waters led by Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst at the insistence of the Portuguese to look for new lands to the west. They spy Eskimos east of Cape Farewell [Norlund, Viking Settlers in Greenland] [This may have taken place as late as 1476 [email from Alfredo Pinheiro Marques to MapHist and Discovery 28 March 2000]]
1003
Thorvald Eiriksson explores westwards along the coast [Graenlendinga Saga].
1004
Thorvald Eiriksson explores east from Leifsbudir and north. They run aground and crack the keel. They set up the keel and name the location Kjarlarnes. They repair the vessel and explore east, and at the mouth of two fjords they find and kill eight Skraelings sleeping under skin boats [Graenlendinga Saga]. In response, "countless" Skraelings in skin boats attack them. Thorvald Eiriksson is killed, and buried at the site he named Krossanes [Graenlendinga Saga].
1005
Thorvald's crew returns to Greenland [Graenlendinga Saga].
Thorstein Eiriksson (and his wife Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir) tries to travel to Vinland to recover his brother's body, but he is forced by winter's approach to turn back and they land at Lysufjord in the Western Settlement. They meet Thorstein the Black (or Franklin Thorstein) who invites them to stay with him [Graenlendinga Saga]. A fever kills Thorstein the Black's wife, Grimhild, and Thorstein Eiriksson. Thorstein Eiriksson temporarily returns from the dead to prophesy about Gudrid's future [Graenlendinga Saga].
Thorstein Eiriksson takes Thorbjorn's boat and prepares to sail for Vinland. Eirik is intending on going with him, but falls off his horse and is injured so he can't go. Thorstein is battered about but doesn't find Vinland [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
Thorstein marries Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir. They go to visit Thorstein and Sigrid in at Lysufjord in Western Settlement. There is a sickness and Thorstein Eiriksson and Sigrid die. Thorstein comes back from the dead to prophesy about many things, including burning the foreman Gardar for causing the sickness, and Gudrid's future [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
1006
Escorted by Thorstein the Black, Gudrid returns to Eiriksfjord [Greenlander's Saga, Eiriks Saga Rauda].
Thorfinn Thordsson karlsefni arrives at Eiriksfjord [Graenlendinga Saga, Eiriks Saga Rauda]. Karlsefni arrives with Snorri Thorbrandsson in two ships [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir and Thorfinn karlsefni marry that winter [Graenlendinga Saga, Eiriks Saga Rauda].
1007
Thorfinn karlsefni and Gudrid sail to Leifsbudir [Graenlendinga Saga].
Thorfinn karlsefni, Gudrid, Snorri, and Thorvald, Eirik the Red's Son-in-law, and Thorhall sail to Vinland [Eiriks Saga Rauda]. They find a place like the keel of a ship that they name Kjarlarnes. They find long beaches they name Furdustrandr "Marvel Strands". South of Furdustrandr, they go ashore at an island they name Straumsey, and find a place they name Straumsfjord. Snorri Thorfinnson is born [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
1008
Karlsefni's people meet the Skraelings. They trade milk for furs. Karlsefni builds a large stockade around his house [Graenlendinga Saga].
Gudrid gives birth to Snorri Thorfinnsson [Graenlendinga Saga].
That winter, they are approached by Skraelings again. Gudrid sees a strange woman. One of the Skraelings is killed. They meet for a third time and fight [Graenlendinga Saga].
Karlsefni and his people split up with Thorhall, who wants to explore for Vinland to the North. Thorhall is blown off course and lands in Ireland, where he dies. Karlselfni and his people continue south to Hop, "Land lock Bay". There they find Skraelings in skin boats. Karlsefni and his people set up houses [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
1009
Karlsefni packs up and sails for Eiriksfjord [Graenlendinga Saga]. Helgi and Finnbogi arrive in Greenland. They are approached by Freydis Eiriksdottir (who lives in Gardar with her husband Thorvard). She invites them to accompany her to Vinland. They take two ships and winter in Vinland. During the winter, the two parties become more distrustful and Freydis arranges to have Helgi and Finnbogi killed. She kills their women herself [Graenlendinga Saga].
Karlsefni's people fight the Skraelings, but they are driven off by the pregnant Freydis. Karlselfni and his people sail north to Straumsfjord, where they kill more Skraelings. They are attacked by Skraelings. A Uniped kills Thorvald [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
1010
Freydis and Thorvard return to Eiriksfjord. Eventually Leif hears of her misdeeds and curses her [Graenlendinga Saga].
Karlsefni sailed to Norway with a richly filled ship [Graenlendinga Saga].
Karlsefni and his people return to Greenland. They find several Skraelings and bring two native boys they dragged home for baptism. Bjarni's ship starts to founder, and so they abandon it and much of the crew, who eventually find their way to Ireland [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
1011
Karlsefni sells his figurehead (carved of Vinland "maple") to a man from Bremen for a Mark of gold. Then he and Gudrid sail for Iceland [Graenlendinga Saga].
1012
Karlsefni builds his home at Glaumbaejarland in Iceland (his ship (or Bjarni/Leif's ship) is drawn ashore at Skagafjord) [Graenlendinga Saga].
Karlsefni returns to Iceland with Gudrid [Eiriks Saga Rauda].
1040
Radiocarbon date from a wood find at L'Anse Aux Meadows in Newfoundland [Wallace. Norse Expansion into North America]. [It should be noted that the dating of these finds is debated, and it is generally believed that this site is a Norse site]
About 1050
(Minor low in Sea salt sodium in Greenland Ice (.095) indicating severe storminess)
Between 1050-1100
The Thule Inuit move rapidly from Alaska to Greenland about this time. Earliest dates from "Skraeling Island" are from about this time.
1053
(6 Jan) Pope Leo IX gives Adalbert, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, custody of the people of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and Greenland. (First official mention of Greenland).
1056
Isleif Gizuerarson becomes the first native bishop of Iceland.
???
Audun travels from Greenland to Denmark to give the King a polar bear [Audun's Story].
Adam of Bremen visits the Danish court [Magnusson. The Vinland Sagas]
1060
Latest possible radiocarbon date from a wood find at L'Anse Aux Meadows in Newfoundland [Wallace. Norse Expansion into North America]. [It should be noted that the dating of these finds is debated, and it is generally believed that this site is a Norse site]
1066-93
The reign of the Norwegian king Olaf Kyrri, within whose dates the "Maine Coin" was minted.
1072-6
Iceland, Greenland and Vinland are mentioned by Adam of Bremen's Descriptio insularum aquilonis or Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum [Jones, 1964:85; Vaughan, 326].
About 1100
Saxo Grammaticus writes his history of the Danes.
Early 1100s
Thule Inuit reach Nordresetr, Greenland's Disko Bay.
Landnamabok compiled.
1100-1300
(Very Warm in England)
1112
Eirik Gnuppson upsi leaves Iceland to become Bishop at Sandnes [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1121
Bishop Eirik apparently leaves Greenland in search of Vinland, never to be heard from again [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar]. {Some people claim he assumed the name Heinricus Hop, and is purported to be responsible for some runestones in New England}.
{Purported dates of the Latin legends in the Vinland Map}
1122-5
Ari Thorgilsson the Learned writes Islendingabok.
1123
Sokki Thorisson becomes chieftain of Brattahlid. He sends his son Einar (with a live polar bear) to meet with King Sigurd "Jerusalemfarer" for a new bishop [Story of Einar Sokkason]
1124
Arnald becomes Bishop of Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1125
Arnald, Einar and the merchant Arnbjorn set sail in two or three vessels for Greenland. They encounter a storm and are split up [Norlund Viking Settlers in Greenland].
Arnald and Einar winter in Iceland with Bishops Thorlak Runolfsson of Skalholt (Great Grandson of karlsefni) and Ketil of Holar [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
Íslendingabók is written about this time.
{Date of the Spirit Pond inscriptions}
1130
Hunters lead by Sigurd Njalsson discover one of Arnbjorn's vessels aground on the Eastern Shore. Sigurd and his people strip the bones of the dead and burn the ship. They return home with the bones for burial, and the nails from the ship. This sparks a long running legal battle over the ownership of the vessel and cargo [Norlund Viking Settlers in Greenland].
1131
Three merchant ships with many Icelanders and Norwegians, including Arnbjorn's heirs sail to Greenland and winter there [Norlund Viking Settlers in Greenland].
About 1150
Sicilian geographer al-Idrisi, in Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, describes what could be taken for Eskimos.
1150-1400
("Very cold" in Crete)
1152
Bishop Arnald becomes Bishop of Hamar, and returns to Norway. Jon knutr becomes Bishop of Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
About 1155
Ungava/Dorset copper amulet site.
About 1170
Norse hunters in Nordresetr encounter Skraelings (Thule Inuit).
About 1080
The calibrated carbon dates for the Brattahlid site -appear- to be about 1080 +/- 125 years [based on a chart in Arenborg, et.al. "C-14 dating and the disappearance of Norsemen from Greenland" Europhysics News 33:3 (2002)]
1187
"No ships arrived in Iceland"
1188
Jon smyrill Sverrifostri becomes Bishop of Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1189
Bishop Jon smyrill arrives in Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
Asmund kastanrassi arrives in Iceland on board a Greenland built ship.
The Stangarfoli (or Stangfolen), sailing from Bergen to Iceland is lost enroute and is shipwrecked on the Eastern Shore of Greenland, carrying the priest Ingimund [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar, Viking Settlers in Greenland].
1195
Bishop Pall of Skalholt (Iceland) brought glass to his cathedral.
About 1200
Approximate date of the writing of the Graenlendinga saga.
St. Nicholas' cathedral at Gardar built [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
The priest Ingimund's body is found in a cave on the Eastern Shore [Norlund Viking Settlers in Greenland].
1203
Bishop Jon visits Iceland on his way to Rome and returning to Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1209
Bishop Jon dies in Greenland, and is buried in the cemetary at Gardar [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1212
Bishop Helgi arrives in Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1219
"No ships arrived in Iceland"
1230
Bishop Helgi dies in Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
Between 1230-40
There is no Bishop in Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1234
Nicholas is consecrated as Helgi's successor Bishop, but remains in Norway [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
About 1235
Possible occupation of the Goddard site in Maine, and the internment of the "Maine Penny".
1237
Both Icelandic Bishops (Gudmund of Holar and Magnus of Skalholt) die.
1238
Both Icelandic Bishops are replaced.
1240
Bishop Nicholas finally arrives in Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1241
Snorri Sturlsson is killed in a struggle over who gets to name Bishops in Iceland.
1242
Bishop Nicholas dies [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1245
Approximate date of the writing of the Speculum Regale (Kings Mirror) (N.B., the author discusses Greenland, but NOT anything further west).
1247
Bishop Olaf is sent to Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
About 1250
Estimated date of Thule figurine on Baffin Island. Approximate date of wool at Skraeling Island.
(Major low in Sea salt sodium in Greenland Ice (.085) indicating very little storm activity.)
Approximate early date for Kingigtorssuaq Rune Stone in Nordresetr (Possible dates extends all the way to 1333).
The calibrated carbon dates for the Gardar site -appear- to be about 1255 +/- 50 years [based on a chart in Arenborg, et.al. "C-14 dating and the disappearance of Norsemen from Greenland" Europhysics News 33:3 (2002)]
1258
Three Norwegians are stuck in Greenland.
1260-80
Approximate date of Sturlubok redaction of Landnamabok.
1261
Three Norwegians return to Norway and report that the Greenlanders agreed to pay compensation for murder to the Norwegian King, whether the victim was Norwegian or Greenlander, and whether the crime took place as far north as Nordresetr or beyond. This is taken to mean that the Greenlanders surrender their sovereignty to Norway.
1262
Treaty formalized Norwegian royal monopoly on Iceland.
Bishop Olaf of Gardar is shipwrecked in Iceland.
1263
Covenant of Union between Norway and Iceland, which among other things, promised 6 trading ships per year, unless otherwise prohibited.
King Hakon died, succeeded by Magnus Hakonsson "Lawmender"
After 1263
Approximate date of the writing of Eiriks saga Rauda.
1264
Bishop Olaf of Gardar leaves Iceland for Norway.
1265
A ship bound for Greenland sinks [Norlund Viking Settlers in Greenland].
1266
Bishop Olaf of Gardar is again shipwrecked in Iceland, while sailing from Greenland. This time he loses 12 men, and a vast cargo of walrus tusks at a place henceforth known as "Bishop's Reef", and that for the next three hundred years will occasionally produce walrus tusks [Norlund Viking Settlers in Greenland].
That summer, reports of Skraelings to the north of Nordresetr leads to an expedition far beyond Nordresetr find traces of Skraelings. This expedition travels at least three days north of 75 degrees, 46 minutes (Melville Bay?). Also pieces of wood marked by Skraelings appear to have washed ashore from the east (although the Eastern movement of the Inuit wouldn't be for several hundred more years) [Described in a letter from Haldor, a priest in Greenland to a cleric who had sailed with Olaf, written in 1270. Letter described in Magnusson, The Vinland Sagas, and Norlund, Viking Settlers in Greenland]
1267
Archbishop Jon the Red is consecrated at Nindaros/Trondheim.
About 1270 +/- 25
A species of New England soft shelled clams (M. arenaria) carbon dating from this time, are found in sand in northern Denmark ("the Kattgaw region on the east coast of the Skaw in northern Juteland"). They can not have gotten there without a ship [Petersen, Rassmussen, Heinemeier, Rud. "Clams before Columbus" Nature 359 (22 Oct. 1992) p.679. National Geographic, April 1993 places this date at "About 1245"]
1271
Bishop Olaf returns to Greenland.
1274
22 Polar bears wander ashore in Iceland and are killed.
The Council of Lyon decreed that all Christians must pay Six-Year Crusading Tithes.
1275
Date of corpse found in Vatnahverfi (Eastern Settlement).
1278
Two men are sent by the Archbishop of Nindaros to Greenland to help collect the Crusading Tithes.
1279
Pope Nicholas wrote that the See of Gardar was "visited infrequently because of the cruel ocean".
About 1280
Approximate date of chain mail find at Skraeling Island.
1280
King Magnus died, and was succeeded by Eirik Magnusson.
Bishop Olaf of Gardar died. There is no Bishop in Greenland until 1289 [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar]. The calibrated carbon dating of the body of the Bishop excavated at Gardar would appear to be about this time [Arenborg, et.al. "C-14 dating and the disappearance of Norsemen from Greenland" Europhysics News 33:3 (2002)]
1281
Archbishop Jon the Red deposits 31 silver bars in Tournai.
1282
Archbishop Jon the Red complains to the Pope that the Greenland luxury goods were "difficult to sell for a suitable price" (Hence claims that the bottom had dropped out of the market -- which seem to be untrue).
Archbishop Jon the Red flees Norway to Sweden and dies in exile.
1284
The money Jon the Red embezzled is returned to Norway.
1285
Two priests, Adalbrand and Thorvald Helgasonar drift off coarse and report seeing "New-Country" west of Iceland (probably Greenland).
About 1286
King Eirik sends Hrolf off to seek "New-Country".
1289
Bishop Thord arrives in Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1294
Hanse merchants are given Royal permission to sail as far north as Bergen [Norlund, Viking Settlers in Greenland].
1299
King Eirik "Priesthater" dies and he is succeeded by his brother Hakon Magnusson.
About 1300
An Icelandic Geographical Treatise describes the Nordic lands, Ireland, England and Greenland as part of "Europe" [Magnusson, The Vinland Sagas]
1302
King Hakon's Rettarbot bans foreigners from trading north of Bergen, to Iceland, or to "any other tribute paying country".
1305
Arni becomes Bishop of Bergen.
1306-8
Approximate date of Hauksbok redaction of Landnamabok.
1306
Epidemic in Iceland
1308-19
(Lowest winter temperatures in Greenland until the 1500s)
1308
Bishop Arni of Bergen sends a subtle invitation to Bishop Thord to return to Norway. His letter contains news of the previous eight years.
1309
Bishop Thord returns to Norway. Epidemic in Iceland.
1310
Epidemic in Iceland.
1314
Both Bishops Arni and Thord die in Norway. Bishop Arni of Gardar is consecrated as Bishop of Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1315
Bishop Arni arrives in Greenland [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1324
Only 1 Norwegian ship visits Iceland this year.
1325
Bishop Audfinn of Bergen (old Arni's brother), complained in a letter to the Archbishop about the Trondheim merchants on the Greenland Knarr(s). This is the first mention of the Royal Greenland ships {Norlund, Viking Settlers in Greenland].
1326
NO ships from Norway reach Iceland.
1327
A Flanders merchant purchases the (2000 pounds) walrus Ivory from Greenland for 28 pounds of Silver.
1330
Approximate date of silver "Campbell" shield-badge found at V54 (Western Settlement)
Approximate date that Thule Inuit are at area of Western Settlement. (According to Inuit traditions they wanted to settle near Nordic farms. The Greenlanders did not allow this, but the two groups remained on good terms with one another. When the Greenlanders were attacked from the sea, the Inuit took in their women and children.
1333
1 Norwegian ship visited Iceland. Gardar is not mentioned at all in the Norwegian Tithe collection.
Before 1334?
Skalholtsbok written for Hauk Erlendsson (9th generation descendent of Thorfinn karlsefni). (Date is uncertain).
1340
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
1341
The priest Ivar Bardarsson leaves Norway for Greenland to provide new registrations of the churches and claim the King's Rights, as the ombudsman of the Bishop of Bergen.
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
1342
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
Possible date of Ivar Bardarsson's visit to the Western Settlement.
1343-1362
(Longest period of colder than average years in Greenland)
1343
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
Jon Eiriksson skalli is consecrated Bishop of Gardar by Archbishop Pal, who just didn't know Bishop Arni was still alive [Norlund, Norse Ruins at Gardar].
1344
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
Thord Eigilsson sailed to Greenland and returned to Norway with a richly laden ship.
1345
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
1346
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
According to Annals, the Greenland Knarr arrives with many goods.
1347
Icelandic annals (Skalholtbok, Gottskalk's and Flateyjarbok) records the arrival of a Greenlander ship, with a crew of 17-18, driven to Iceland while enroute to Markland.
6 Norwegian trading ships to Iceland.
13 other oceangoing ships arrive in Iceland, and all 20 winter there.
1348
Bishop Arni died, possibly in Norway.
Before 1349?
Possible date before which Ivar Bardarsson might have visited the abandoned Western Settlement (as he expected to return to Norway about this time)
1349
The Black Death strikes Norway. Bishops Jon skalli of Gardar and Orm of Holar are the only Bishops to survive in Norway.
1350
NO ships from Norway reach Iceland.
Because of the lack of wine, mass is cancelled in all church annexes in Iceland.