Michael Mackintosh Foot, 1958-1966
Liberal Party
The Thunderbolt
From the 1920s onwards many British leaders, Hogg, Addison, Simon, Beaverbrook, Bevin, were unexpectedly thrust to the fore. Not so with Foot. "No Prime Minister or President of our modern system has ever been so uniquely primed for leadership as Michael Foot was - nor so suited" wrote his biographer, Tony Blair, when, in 1991, Foot finally retired from politics for good.
A middle child of a large patrician family in Cornwall, Foot had an upbringing steeped in the arts and literature of historic Britain. His father was a Liberal MP, and had served in various governments before the slide in militarism, and Foot was a young admirer of Grey and particularly Addison. He flirted with radicalism at University but never quite converted. His was an older radicalism, born of the Romantic traditions of English Literature and the birth of Liberal England in the Victorian Age. It was the War, though, that ultimately re-affirmed Foot's classic Liberalism. His experience of unbridled Government power, including the confiscation of his family home as "Traitorous Property" by the Wartime Government, put him firmly against big government of any kind. 'In the Britain of 1936 I would have said I was a libertarian socialist' he recalled years later 'but in the Britain of 1946 I was most definitely a Liberal'.
Foot entered Parliament along with two of his brothers in 1948, only 35 years old, and the Foot Triumvirate soon made waves on the Liberal Back and then Front benches. Foot himself was a powerful orator, whose soundbites remain iconic in Parliamentary History, and the fact that a fourth brother was editor of the leading Liberal-supporting newspaper the Manchester Guardian helped considerably. Throughout his time in the House he was a powerful and thoughtful voice, well-respected as an intellectual and feared as a debate opponent. He was guided by a strong self-belief in the rightness of the Liberal cause. For example, he led spirited opposition to Bevin's rapid decolonization not because of a desire for Empire but because, as he was proved, the too-fast release of former colonies left their new governments with very wobbly foundations. Yet he was also influential in corralling Liberal MPs into voting for Wilson's decriminalisation of homosexuality and abortion, indeed deserving as much credit as Wilson in that regard, because he felt it was the right thing to do with regards to individual liberty.
If Foot was a dark horse in the Liberal Primaries preceding the 1958 General Election, nor was he totally unexpected. The party, like the others, had never run a primary before and Foot, with his siblings in support, ran a tight and effective campaign that hammered his opponents relentlessly. There was no doubt, going into 1958, that of all potential Presidents he was the one with the strongest support of his own party rank and file.
Foot's strong victory in 1958, which saw the Co-ops lose control of both English and Scottish Parliaments and Foot himself secure 72% of the Presidential vote, paved the way for an equally strong Liberal Parliament. The achievements of his Government between 1958 and 1966, Foot holding strong in the intervening 1962 election, were remarkable. Some of the super-structures of Bevin's Britain were pruned, although Foot drew the line at any major denationalization for fear of irritating the Trades Union movement. His abolition of the death penalty, massive extension of legal aid, and targeted support for emerging industries in the Chemical and Automobile sectors, earned Foot popular support across the political spectrum.
In International politics, however, Foot was less capable. Although he helped ease tensions with the Bolshevik Block, despite also signing the NORDSEA defense agreement with Norway, Sweden and Denmark (expanded in 1977 to include Iceland and Finland), events in Africa destabilized Foot's Government. The developing civil war in Nigeria, as Government forces began to attack Biafran rebels in the south of the country in 1965, saw Foot press for military as well as humanitarian intervention. This was too much for many of his MPs and much of the electorate in the aftermath of a Britain which, as Bevin had correctly ascertained, was thoroughly suspicious of the use of force. Although events proved Foot right, both in terms of the humanitarian misery in Biafra and the disruption to the UK's oil supply that stemmed from the lack of a strong UK response, his stubbornness on the issue cost him many supporters in and out of Westminster. A leadership battle in January 1966 failed to dislodge Foot, but it did fatally wound his Government in the eyes of the public, and the Liberals lost their English majority as well as the Presidency in the subsequent General Election.