The End is Here.
Valery d'Estaing, the Last Chancellor of North France, and the First Chancellor of Reunified France.
One of the First Postcards issued by the newly reunified France, showing Chancellor d'Estaing face first on it.
Eastern Conundrum
Western Europe certainly was not the only place for political developments in the world, Eastern Europe was filled with plenty as well.
Theodor Waigal, became German Reichskanzler in 1990, following Kohl's resignation and the SPD's election into the Chancellorship.
In Germany, Long time Chancellor Hannelore Kohl resigned in early 1990, choosing not to dispute or attempt to run for another term as Chancellor, Theodor Waigal became Chancellor later in the year, and instituted a policy of economic rehabilitation to revitalize the stagnant German economy, and good will tours through the former Havana Pact states by himself and Kaiserin Viktoria I (who has ascended to the throne in 1985, upon her Nephew, Wilhelm IV's assassination on Friday the 13th, September of 1985)
Poland also saw a new government come into power, the Social Democratic Party of Poland assuming the Presidency In 1990.
However much of Europe looked over to Asia in turned horror, as after years of tensions internally within Iran, all out Civil War started in Iran, between the break-away Aturpatakanian Azeri Republic in the Azeri majority area of Iran in the North and the Shahdom of Iran in December of 1991, the world looked and watched, wondering what would happen.
Russian Heat, Out with the Old, In with the Young???
over in Russia, Pyotr Demichev declined the opportunity to run for another term as President of Russia in 1988, deciding that his time was done and that he desired to retire with his wife to a Tropical Island somewhere in the Pacific and enjoy the rest of his life, the decision of Demichev not to run had left the field wide open, but ultimately resulted in Demichev's Vice President, Valentin Pavlov, winning the election in 1988, the next four years of the Pavlov presidency proved to be average, minus actions in Bolivia concerning the Atacaman War, the Pavlov presidency has largely been uneventful and less popular then Demichev's popularity, which largely remained in the 70's throughout his Presidency, while Pavlov's reguraly fell into the 30's, most people were not content with Pavlov's presidency, however Pavlov was the favorite going into the 1991 primaries and 1992 election.
Valentin Pavlov, Incumbent President of Russia and National Republican nominee in 1992. against Social Democratic candidate, Alisha Zolnerowich
the National Republican conventions took place throughout late 1991, in the months leading up to the turn of the year, several other candidates emerged as candidates to try and take the nomination from the incumbent Pavlov, these included Buisnessman Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Petrograd Senator Boris Yeltsin, and former Foreign Minister Mikhail Gorbachev, however the nomination was mostly sealed for Pavlov in the end, who was nominated by the party on January 5th, 1992.
Alisa "Allie" Zolnerowich, the Social Democratic nominee for the 1992 Russian Presidential Elections.
Boliva-stomp
The Atacaman War had begun in August of 1990, when Bolivia invaded both Paraguay and Chile, and annexed territory from both, the entire country in the case of the latter, Hugo Banzer's blatant aggression against South America angered many, mainly among those Brazil, and of course Russia, the CoN immediately issued sanctions and denounced Bolivian aggression against it's neighbors. the CoN, in a effort mainly spearheaded by Russia discussed on how to deal with the matter, Russia was reluctant to do anything until Bolivia pulled out of Chile and Paraguay, refusing to give Banzer and the Bolivians the impression they had gained something from a war of aggression, with the CoN passing a resolution which gave the Bolivian Army until 25 January, 1991, at 00:00 Hours to pull out of Chile and Paraguay, otherwise the UN would be authorized to use any means necessary to dislodge Bolivia from it's occupied territory.
a Russian T-85 fighting against Bolivia during the Atacaman War, circa February 1991
Peace attempts to solve the Atacaman Crisis persisted between Bolivia and the UN over the course of the next few months, however Bolivia and the CoN could never come to a agreement on a treaty that would satisfy both sides, as Bolivia wanted concessions before withdrawal, while the Council of Nations wanted withdrawal first, this ultimately led to the expiration of the ultimatum on January 25th, and the beginning of the Atacaman War.
A Burned out Bolivian tank, shot out by a Coalition T-85, Atacaman War, circa February 1991
Soon the Council of Nations, led by Russia and Brazil formed a 34 nation coalition to combat Bolivia, a Naval Blockade of the coast had persisted since late November, and Council forces began amphibious landings of the Chilean coast January 28th, using mountainous paratroopers to combat the Bolivians in the Andes, the campaign in the Andes would prove to be a bloody affair, the mountainous warfare taking a toll on Council forces as the better trained mountainous Bolivian troops, in the east however, Brazilian, Argentinian and Russian troops launched a pinzer attack on Paraguay, attacking from three sides, the Bolivian troops, who mainly used late 70's American equipment, were overwhelmed by the modern equipment used by the Council coalition forces, Asunción became under siege by Coalition forces as early as February 2nd, and after a intense battle, the city was liberated on February 11th by coalition forces.
in the West, Forces pushed against Bolivian forces in the mountains of the Andes, Bolivian forces continued to hold against a combined German/Russo/Chilean task force sent to liberate the region, Bolivian forces, bleeding from the east caused the fall down of forces in the West, which eventually led to the capitulations of Bolivian forces in the Andes, the Coalition pushed into Bolivia proper from three sides, as the whole of Paraguay was declared liberated on February 21st, 1991, and President Pavlov declared a ceasefire 100 hours later, peace was formally established later in the year, but curiously, the Coalition chose not to remove Hugo Banzer from power, and the Generalssmo remained in control of Bolivia. a controversial move which is still debated to this day.
Cong-Don't.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo was a large state in the middle of Africa, initially colonized as a Belgian territory, it came under the control of Germany after World War I, and the independent in the early 1970's, the state had instituted a large apartheid system, similar to that of South Africa, which segregrated large parts of the population to better that of the ruling Kongo elite in Kinshasa, over the various people's of the Congo, including the Lingala, Katangese, Kasai, Hutu, Tutsi, Hema, Lendu, the aboriginal Pygmy Aka's, among others, Congo had been designed in 1970 as a federal state of equal nationalities, and was for various ethnic groups for years despite the segregration of the Aka, Lendu, Hema, Hutu and other smaller groups (which included the small German minority within the country), a diverse country of over 250 ethnic groups, the DR of Congo was patchwork nation that many wondered if it would work.
Despite the Federal Nature of the state, power usually always was vested with the Kongo and European descended ruling elite in Kinshasa, and in the late parts of 1990 and early 1991, the Ruling Kongo elite attempted to destroy the last bits of federalism the state had and completely centralize it under the government in Kinshasa, this angered the many groups of the Congo, and sparked the triggers for the Congo Wars.
The Situation in the Congo, December 1991.
Disunited in Glory, and Hatred and Labor
the situation in the UASR had been growing increasingly tense as the new decade began, the CPAU (Communist Party of the American Union) ended it's monopoly on power in mid 1990, and declared free elections would be held in the Republics of the UASR, 15 of the 20 held elections in 1990, and the results began to show the true nature of the bad situation in the UASR, by the end of 1990, 4 of the 20 American Socialist Republics had declared there independence, these were Washington, Oregon, Jefferson, and Suriname, the Central Government and Ronald Reagan, who had created the Political Office of President of the American Union in mid 1990, slowly had begun losing overall power as the Union began to dissolve itself from within, in January of 1991, a fifth Republic, Ontario declared Independence as Nationalist Parties won in the elections within the Ontarian ASR, proclaiming themselves as the Republic of Canada, despite Ontario's declaration, and the American denunciation of the 5 independent Republic's independence, the rest of what had been Canada did not follow with Canada, and instead, stayed with the UASR for the time being, the American government began to realize the severity of the situation, and proposed reform.
the increasing tensions and the apparent slow collapse of the UASR, caused Reagan to propose the New Union Treaty,
Reagan speaking to the people about the New Union Treaty on TV, March 1991
A less centralized federal system as a solution to the American Union's increasing regionalist and "ethnic" problems was proposed by President Reagan during the Communist Party Congress of July 1990. A draft of the New Union Treaty was submitted to the Supreme Congress of the UASR on November 23, 1990. A drafting committee started work on the text on January 1, 1991. three of the twenty American republics, however, did not participate in drafting of the treaty: the Cascadian ASR (which had split into the Republics of Washington, Oregon and Jefferson) the Guyanan ASR, and the Ontarian ASR. The proposal was approved by the Senate of the Union on March 6 and sent to the Supreme Senate of the republics for approval. Agreement could not be reached on the distribution of power between the Union and the Republics and the proposal was not approved. As an additional restrictive element, some autonomous republics expressed the desire to raise their status and to be a party to the new Soviet treaty.
President Reagan tried to gain popular support for the proposal. On March 17, 1991 a popular referendum was held in remaining Republics which participated in the drafting of the treaty. In the referendum 76% of voters supported maintaining the federal system of the American Union, including a majority in all of the nine republics. Opposition was greatest in large cities like Brussellsvile and Washington. DC.. The referendum was mostly boycotted in the other six republics already moving towards independence.
An agreement between the American central government and the fifteen republics, the so-called "15+1" agreement, was finally signed in St John's, Newfoundland on April 23. The New Union Treaty would have converted the American Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy, and military.
By August, fourteen of the fifteen republics, except Texas, approved the draft of the new Treaty with some conditions. Texas did not agree on the terms of the Treaty. In the republican referendum on March 17, the majority of residents of Texas supported joining the Union on the terms of Declaration of State Sovereignty of Texas.
a burned out Tank sitting in downtown DC after it engaged with another tank during the August Coup attempt, protestors demonstrate and demand reforms as shown here.
the Treaty was set to be signed in Washington. DC on August 27th, 1991, however Communist hard-liners within the CPAU, supported by the CIA launched a coup d'etat against President Reagan, taking him hostage in his St. Johns hotel room, before the hard-liners launched a Civil Resistance campaign within Washington, DC, the coup collapsed without sufficient local support, however it's impact was felt wide, the impact was felt immediately within the UASR, the coup resulted in the banning of all party activities within the Washington ASR and the nationalization of all party assets by Washington ASR President, Ted Kennedy, this in all but name, was the official death of the Communist Party of the American Union, and thus, the UASR....
the Coup effectively destroyed any possibility of the New Union Treaty being signed, and Texas, California (except Baja, which broke away and remained with the UASR), Montezuma (Arizona and New Mexico), Sequoyah, Hawaii and Deseret declared there independence, and Canada moved in and seized the Canadian parts of the UASR, even occupying parts of Maine and Michigan, along with Alaska, who's attempt at Independence was crushed by Canada.
with the UASR in complete and utter collapse after the coup, the UASR effectively ceased to exist in all but name. as more and more government institutions became swallowed by Kennedy and Washington, and Reagan and the remnants of the CPAU continued to lose power, the writing on the wall was clear, the American Union was on it's way to collapse.
Several breakaway Republics formed from the breakaway Republics in the following months, the most notable being the Islamic Republic of Oolitica in the Western half of Colorado, ruled by the break away Nation of Islam, the effective authority of the UASR across the nation soon continued to dwindle until it was no more, the UASR could do nothing but watch in horror as Canada declared war on Quebec in August of 1991, and as the Union dissolved from within.
the leaders of the remaining ASR's and some of the break away Republics, against the will of Reagan and the Party met in Detroit and signed the "Parite Agreement", which nullified the 1933 Union Agreement and dissolved the American Union, replacing it with a loose Economic Union known as the Federation of the Independent States, was formed, many questioned the legality of this move, but the CoN effectively accepted it on December 24th, 1991, when it accepted the American Federation, a state which the leaders of the remaining ASR's had formed under the American government, was accepted as the legitimate successor to the UASR.
With no other options, President Ronald Reagan finally saw the writing on the wall, in a speech delivered to the people of America on Christmas Day, 1991, he said the following.
"Dear compatriots, fellow citizens, as a result of the newly formed situation, creation of the Federation of Independent States, I cease my activities in the post of the U.A.S.R. president. I am taking this decision out of considerations based on principle. I have firmly stood for independence, self-rule of nations, for the sovereignty of the republics, but at the same time for preservation of the union state, the unity of the country.
Events went a different way. The policy prevailed of dismembering this country and disuniting the state, with which I cannot agree. And after the Detroit meeting and the decisions taken there, my position on this matter has not changed. Besides, I am convinced that decisions of such scale should have been taken on the basis of a popular expression of will.
Yet, I will continue to do everything in my power so that agreements signed there should lead to real accord in the society, (and) facilitate the escape from the crisis and the reform process. Addressing you for the last time in the capacity of president of the U.A.S.R., I consider it necessary to express my evaluation of the road we have traveled since 1985, especially as there are a lot of contradictory, superficial and subjective judgments on that matter.
Fate had it that when I found myself at the head of the state it was already clear that all was not well in the country. There is plenty of everything: land, oil and gas, other natural riches, and God gave us lots of intelligence and talent, yet we lived much worse than developed countries and keep falling behind them more and more. The reason could already be seen: The society was suffocating in the vise of the command-bureaucratic system, doomed to serve ideology and bear the terrible burden of the arms race. It had reached the limit of its possibilities. All attempts at partial reform, and there had been many, had suffered defeat, one after another. The country was losing perspective. We could not go on living like that. Everything had to be changed radically.
The process of renovating the country and radical changes in the world turned out to be far more complicated than could be expected. However, what has been done ought to be given its due. This society acquired freedom, liberated itself politically and spiritually, and this is the foremost achievement which we have not yet understood completely, because we have not learned to use freedom.
However, work of historic significance has been accomplished. The totalitarian system which deprived the country of an opportunity to become successful and prosperous long ago has been eliminated. A breakthrough has been achieved on the way to democratic changes. Free elections, freedom of the press, religious freedoms, representative organs of power, a multiparty (system) became a reality; human rights are recognized as the supreme principle.
We live in a new world. The Cold War has ended, the arms race has stopped, as has the insane militarization which mutilated our economy, public psyche and morals. The threat of a world war has been removed. Once again I want to stress that on my part everything was done during the transition period to preserve reliable control of the nuclear weapons.
We opened ourselves to the world, gave up interference into other people's affairs, the use of troops beyond the borders of the country, and trust, solidarity and respect came in response.
The old system collapsed before the new one had time to begin working, and the crisis in the society became even more acute. The August coup brought the general crisis to its ultimate limit. The most damaging thing about this crisis is the breakup of the statehood. And today I am worried by our people's loss of the citizenship of a great country. The consequences may turn out to be very hard for everyone. I am leaving my post with apprehension, but also with hope, with faith in you, your wisdom and force of spirit. We are the heirs of a great civilization, and its rebirth into a new, modern and dignified life now depends on one and all.
Some mistakes could surely have been avoided, many things could have been done better, but I am convinced that sooner or later our common efforts will bear fruit, our nations will live in a prosperous and democratic society.
I wish all the best to all of you. God Bless you Comrades"
“Dear fellow countrymen, compatriots, comrades, Due to the situation which has evolved as a result of the formation of the Federation of Independent States, I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of American Socialist Republics”
Transcript of Ronald Reagan's resignation speech, delivered on December 26th, 1991, which symbolized the official end of the UASR
Transcript of Ronald Reagan's resignation speech, delivered on December 26th, 1991, which symbolized the official end of the UASR
Chapter 24: October 3, 1990 (France, mainly Paris)- December 26th, 1991 (Washington, DC, American Federation)
Cold War
How to Collapse a Superpower in Three Simple Steps
Cold War
How to Collapse a Superpower in Three Simple Steps
The Breaking down of the Paris Wall and subsequent French unification in late 1990 not only symbolized the end of the divided France, but also symbolized the end of the European order, the divided Europe between West and East, and most of all, it symbolized the coming events of 1991 that would forever shake up the very foundation of the world.
The End of Communism in Europe
The Unexpected and Swift Collapse of the Havana Pact in Europe and Northern Africa swiftly shocked the Eastern world to it's core, up until 1989 the Eastern World had painted the UASR as this giant unmencable and unbeatable goliath that threatened the Eastern world, the events of 1989 and 1990 quickly began to prove otherwise, as the true cracks and scars in America's "dominance" began to show itself in it's inability to keep the Havana Pact together any longer, partly brought on by Premier (now President) Ronald Reagan's policy of non-intervention, had shaken Europe to it's very core.
The Unexpected and Swift Collapse of the Havana Pact in Europe and Northern Africa swiftly shocked the Eastern world to it's core, up until 1989 the Eastern World had painted the UASR as this giant unmencable and unbeatable goliath that threatened the Eastern world, the events of 1989 and 1990 quickly began to prove otherwise, as the true cracks and scars in America's "dominance" began to show itself in it's inability to keep the Havana Pact together any longer, partly brought on by Premier (now President) Ronald Reagan's policy of non-intervention, had shaken Europe to it's very core.
French unification had been opposed by many, including those who had been around to witness the Nasi's reign of terror across Europe four decades prior, many in the German government opposed the idea of unification, including Chancellor Hannelore Kohl, others such as Kola Senator, Alisa Zolnerowich, and Russian President, Valentin Pavlov, supported the idea of French unification more, as Pavlov put it himself in March of 1990 "If the French people desire the unification of the two halves of France into one whole France again, then no one in Europe has the god given right to stop the French, as you rarely have been able to convince a Frenchman about anything they don't want to do", as Pavlov put it, the European Nations, mainly those of EATU and the former Havana Pact states, did not have a right to prevent the reunification of North and South France, which of course ultimately resulted in the reunification of the two states into a single France later in the year.
Valery d'Estaing, the Last Chancellor of North France, and the First Chancellor of Reunified France.
The Former Havana Pact states, at least the ones that had settled into some form of stable Post-Communist government had the problem of redefining the state, that is restructuring the Planned and Centralized Communist economies of before into capitalist economies as the rest of Eastern Europe, this caused economic stagnation throughout the former Havana Pact, who's economies had mainly been propped up by the UASR over the last 45 years, loans and economic aid from Russia and the members of EATU to the former Havana Pact states attempted to alleviate the situation in there nations, through the economies of there states remained weak as the last decade of the 20th century commenced, and most believed it would probably take a good decade before some semblance of normalty in the economies of the Western European and Northern African states recovered from the process at hand.
One of the First Postcards issued by the newly reunified France, showing Chancellor d'Estaing face first on it.
this was most prevalent in the newly reunified France, which not only had to merge two systems of government into one nation, but effectively two different nations into one nation, the new state was effectively a continuation of North France's political system, and the richer and more modern North initially had much trouble integrating the poorer and more backwards South, this was most prevalent in Paris, a city which had been divided for 45 years, the North section of the city was a bustling modern city, while the South section of the city proved to be less advanced, and less modern then the North, leaving much of the city in a diaspora as the government in Calais struggled to reunite the two halves of France, among the issues including the debate of weather to move the seat of government back to the reunified Paris, which had been made nominal capital of France again after reunification, the debate furied in the French Parliament in Calais, which had been made the Capital of North France in 1949, the end result ultimately decided in moving the seat of government back to Paris, a move which would take until 1999 to complete.
Eastern Conundrum
Western Europe certainly was not the only place for political developments in the world, Eastern Europe was filled with plenty as well.
Theodor Waigal, became German Reichskanzler in 1990, following Kohl's resignation and the SPD's election into the Chancellorship.
In Germany, Long time Chancellor Hannelore Kohl resigned in early 1990, choosing not to dispute or attempt to run for another term as Chancellor, Theodor Waigal became Chancellor later in the year, and instituted a policy of economic rehabilitation to revitalize the stagnant German economy, and good will tours through the former Havana Pact states by himself and Kaiserin Viktoria I (who has ascended to the throne in 1985, upon her Nephew, Wilhelm IV's assassination on Friday the 13th, September of 1985)
Poland also saw a new government come into power, the Social Democratic Party of Poland assuming the Presidency In 1990.
However much of Europe looked over to Asia in turned horror, as after years of tensions internally within Iran, all out Civil War started in Iran, between the break-away Aturpatakanian Azeri Republic in the Azeri majority area of Iran in the North and the Shahdom of Iran in December of 1991, the world looked and watched, wondering what would happen.
Russian Heat, Out with the Old, In with the Young???
over in Russia, Pyotr Demichev declined the opportunity to run for another term as President of Russia in 1988, deciding that his time was done and that he desired to retire with his wife to a Tropical Island somewhere in the Pacific and enjoy the rest of his life, the decision of Demichev not to run had left the field wide open, but ultimately resulted in Demichev's Vice President, Valentin Pavlov, winning the election in 1988, the next four years of the Pavlov presidency proved to be average, minus actions in Bolivia concerning the Atacaman War, the Pavlov presidency has largely been uneventful and less popular then Demichev's popularity, which largely remained in the 70's throughout his Presidency, while Pavlov's reguraly fell into the 30's, most people were not content with Pavlov's presidency, however Pavlov was the favorite going into the 1991 primaries and 1992 election.
Valentin Pavlov, Incumbent President of Russia and National Republican nominee in 1992. against Social Democratic candidate, Alisha Zolnerowich
the National Republican conventions took place throughout late 1991, in the months leading up to the turn of the year, several other candidates emerged as candidates to try and take the nomination from the incumbent Pavlov, these included Buisnessman Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Petrograd Senator Boris Yeltsin, and former Foreign Minister Mikhail Gorbachev, however the nomination was mostly sealed for Pavlov in the end, who was nominated by the party on January 5th, 1992.
Alisa "Allie" Zolnerowich, the Social Democratic nominee for the 1992 Russian Presidential Elections.
The Social Democratic party was more split on the issue, initial talks in the party preferred Viktor Chernomyrdin, a former Government Minister under the Chernenko presidency, however increasing support began to be thrown behind a young and idealistic 30 year old Senator from the Kola Oblast, one Ms. Alisa "Allie" Zolnerowich, who at her young age of 30, was barely eligible under the Russian Constitution to run for President, which required any Presidential candidate be at least 30 years of age, which Zolnerowich had, Zolnerowich had been a member of the Russian Senate since she was 24. and despite her young age had already developed a reputation in Moscow, as a confident and well endowed speaker who could carry a argument with the oldest and experienced politicians in Russia, Chernomyrdin had the support of the more conservative sector of the Social Democratic Party, whom was against Zolnerowich not only because she was young, at 30, but because she was a woman as well, which threatened many of the more conservative elements of the Party, however the Conservative Elements of the Party were vastly outnumbered by the more Liberal sector which supported Zolnerowich, so when the official Party convention was held in January of 1992, Zolnerowich was nominated as the Social Democratic Party's candidate for the upcoming election. she would go up against the incumbent, Valentin Pavlov.
Boliva-stomp
The Atacaman War had begun in August of 1990, when Bolivia invaded both Paraguay and Chile, and annexed territory from both, the entire country in the case of the latter, Hugo Banzer's blatant aggression against South America angered many, mainly among those Brazil, and of course Russia, the CoN immediately issued sanctions and denounced Bolivian aggression against it's neighbors. the CoN, in a effort mainly spearheaded by Russia discussed on how to deal with the matter, Russia was reluctant to do anything until Bolivia pulled out of Chile and Paraguay, refusing to give Banzer and the Bolivians the impression they had gained something from a war of aggression, with the CoN passing a resolution which gave the Bolivian Army until 25 January, 1991, at 00:00 Hours to pull out of Chile and Paraguay, otherwise the UN would be authorized to use any means necessary to dislodge Bolivia from it's occupied territory.
a Russian T-85 fighting against Bolivia during the Atacaman War, circa February 1991
Peace attempts to solve the Atacaman Crisis persisted between Bolivia and the UN over the course of the next few months, however Bolivia and the CoN could never come to a agreement on a treaty that would satisfy both sides, as Bolivia wanted concessions before withdrawal, while the Council of Nations wanted withdrawal first, this ultimately led to the expiration of the ultimatum on January 25th, and the beginning of the Atacaman War.
A Burned out Bolivian tank, shot out by a Coalition T-85, Atacaman War, circa February 1991
Soon the Council of Nations, led by Russia and Brazil formed a 34 nation coalition to combat Bolivia, a Naval Blockade of the coast had persisted since late November, and Council forces began amphibious landings of the Chilean coast January 28th, using mountainous paratroopers to combat the Bolivians in the Andes, the campaign in the Andes would prove to be a bloody affair, the mountainous warfare taking a toll on Council forces as the better trained mountainous Bolivian troops, in the east however, Brazilian, Argentinian and Russian troops launched a pinzer attack on Paraguay, attacking from three sides, the Bolivian troops, who mainly used late 70's American equipment, were overwhelmed by the modern equipment used by the Council coalition forces, Asunción became under siege by Coalition forces as early as February 2nd, and after a intense battle, the city was liberated on February 11th by coalition forces.
in the West, Forces pushed against Bolivian forces in the mountains of the Andes, Bolivian forces continued to hold against a combined German/Russo/Chilean task force sent to liberate the region, Bolivian forces, bleeding from the east caused the fall down of forces in the West, which eventually led to the capitulations of Bolivian forces in the Andes, the Coalition pushed into Bolivia proper from three sides, as the whole of Paraguay was declared liberated on February 21st, 1991, and President Pavlov declared a ceasefire 100 hours later, peace was formally established later in the year, but curiously, the Coalition chose not to remove Hugo Banzer from power, and the Generalssmo remained in control of Bolivia. a controversial move which is still debated to this day.
Cong-Don't.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo was a large state in the middle of Africa, initially colonized as a Belgian territory, it came under the control of Germany after World War I, and the independent in the early 1970's, the state had instituted a large apartheid system, similar to that of South Africa, which segregrated large parts of the population to better that of the ruling Kongo elite in Kinshasa, over the various people's of the Congo, including the Lingala, Katangese, Kasai, Hutu, Tutsi, Hema, Lendu, the aboriginal Pygmy Aka's, among others, Congo had been designed in 1970 as a federal state of equal nationalities, and was for various ethnic groups for years despite the segregration of the Aka, Lendu, Hema, Hutu and other smaller groups (which included the small German minority within the country), a diverse country of over 250 ethnic groups, the DR of Congo was patchwork nation that many wondered if it would work.
Despite the Federal Nature of the state, power usually always was vested with the Kongo and European descended ruling elite in Kinshasa, and in the late parts of 1990 and early 1991, the Ruling Kongo elite attempted to destroy the last bits of federalism the state had and completely centralize it under the government in Kinshasa, this angered the many groups of the Congo, and sparked the triggers for the Congo Wars.
The Situation in the Congo, December 1991.
The Lingala were the first to declare independence in March, followed by Hutuland, Katanga, Kasai, the Tutsi Republic, Lendu, the Republic of Bas-Congo, and others, Aka paramilitaries also began a insurrection in the North of the remaining territory of what claimed to be the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which included the capital of Kinshasa, the agitation between the groups forced the beginning of the Congo Wars, or Congolese Civil War, which began when the People's Army of the Congo launched attacks on Kasai and the Bas-Congo in October of 1991, most of the world, including Russia proclaimed neutrality, and watched the situation in the Congo with worry.
Disunited in Glory, and Hatred and Labor
the situation in the UASR had been growing increasingly tense as the new decade began, the CPAU (Communist Party of the American Union) ended it's monopoly on power in mid 1990, and declared free elections would be held in the Republics of the UASR, 15 of the 20 held elections in 1990, and the results began to show the true nature of the bad situation in the UASR, by the end of 1990, 4 of the 20 American Socialist Republics had declared there independence, these were Washington, Oregon, Jefferson, and Suriname, the Central Government and Ronald Reagan, who had created the Political Office of President of the American Union in mid 1990, slowly had begun losing overall power as the Union began to dissolve itself from within, in January of 1991, a fifth Republic, Ontario declared Independence as Nationalist Parties won in the elections within the Ontarian ASR, proclaiming themselves as the Republic of Canada, despite Ontario's declaration, and the American denunciation of the 5 independent Republic's independence, the rest of what had been Canada did not follow with Canada, and instead, stayed with the UASR for the time being, the American government began to realize the severity of the situation, and proposed reform.
the increasing tensions and the apparent slow collapse of the UASR, caused Reagan to propose the New Union Treaty,
The New Union Treaty was a draft treaty that would have replaced the 1933 Treaty on the Creation of the UASR and thus would have replaced the American Union by a new entity named the Union of American Sovereign States, an attempt of Ronald Reagan to salvage and reform the American state
Reagan speaking to the people about the New Union Treaty on TV, March 1991
A less centralized federal system as a solution to the American Union's increasing regionalist and "ethnic" problems was proposed by President Reagan during the Communist Party Congress of July 1990. A draft of the New Union Treaty was submitted to the Supreme Congress of the UASR on November 23, 1990. A drafting committee started work on the text on January 1, 1991. three of the twenty American republics, however, did not participate in drafting of the treaty: the Cascadian ASR (which had split into the Republics of Washington, Oregon and Jefferson) the Guyanan ASR, and the Ontarian ASR. The proposal was approved by the Senate of the Union on March 6 and sent to the Supreme Senate of the republics for approval. Agreement could not be reached on the distribution of power between the Union and the Republics and the proposal was not approved. As an additional restrictive element, some autonomous republics expressed the desire to raise their status and to be a party to the new Soviet treaty.
President Reagan tried to gain popular support for the proposal. On March 17, 1991 a popular referendum was held in remaining Republics which participated in the drafting of the treaty. In the referendum 76% of voters supported maintaining the federal system of the American Union, including a majority in all of the nine republics. Opposition was greatest in large cities like Brussellsvile and Washington. DC.. The referendum was mostly boycotted in the other six republics already moving towards independence.
An agreement between the American central government and the fifteen republics, the so-called "15+1" agreement, was finally signed in St John's, Newfoundland on April 23. The New Union Treaty would have converted the American Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy, and military.
By August, fourteen of the fifteen republics, except Texas, approved the draft of the new Treaty with some conditions. Texas did not agree on the terms of the Treaty. In the republican referendum on March 17, the majority of residents of Texas supported joining the Union on the terms of Declaration of State Sovereignty of Texas.
a burned out Tank sitting in downtown DC after it engaged with another tank during the August Coup attempt, protestors demonstrate and demand reforms as shown here.
the Treaty was set to be signed in Washington. DC on August 27th, 1991, however Communist hard-liners within the CPAU, supported by the CIA launched a coup d'etat against President Reagan, taking him hostage in his St. Johns hotel room, before the hard-liners launched a Civil Resistance campaign within Washington, DC, the coup collapsed without sufficient local support, however it's impact was felt wide, the impact was felt immediately within the UASR, the coup resulted in the banning of all party activities within the Washington ASR and the nationalization of all party assets by Washington ASR President, Ted Kennedy, this in all but name, was the official death of the Communist Party of the American Union, and thus, the UASR....
the Coup effectively destroyed any possibility of the New Union Treaty being signed, and Texas, California (except Baja, which broke away and remained with the UASR), Montezuma (Arizona and New Mexico), Sequoyah, Hawaii and Deseret declared there independence, and Canada moved in and seized the Canadian parts of the UASR, even occupying parts of Maine and Michigan, along with Alaska, who's attempt at Independence was crushed by Canada.
with the UASR in complete and utter collapse after the coup, the UASR effectively ceased to exist in all but name. as more and more government institutions became swallowed by Kennedy and Washington, and Reagan and the remnants of the CPAU continued to lose power, the writing on the wall was clear, the American Union was on it's way to collapse.
Several breakaway Republics formed from the breakaway Republics in the following months, the most notable being the Islamic Republic of Oolitica in the Western half of Colorado, ruled by the break away Nation of Islam, the effective authority of the UASR across the nation soon continued to dwindle until it was no more, the UASR could do nothing but watch in horror as Canada declared war on Quebec in August of 1991, and as the Union dissolved from within.
the leaders of the remaining ASR's and some of the break away Republics, against the will of Reagan and the Party met in Detroit and signed the "Parite Agreement", which nullified the 1933 Union Agreement and dissolved the American Union, replacing it with a loose Economic Union known as the Federation of the Independent States, was formed, many questioned the legality of this move, but the CoN effectively accepted it on December 24th, 1991, when it accepted the American Federation, a state which the leaders of the remaining ASR's had formed under the American government, was accepted as the legitimate successor to the UASR.
With no other options, President Ronald Reagan finally saw the writing on the wall, in a speech delivered to the people of America on Christmas Day, 1991, he said the following.
"Dear compatriots, fellow citizens, as a result of the newly formed situation, creation of the Federation of Independent States, I cease my activities in the post of the U.A.S.R. president. I am taking this decision out of considerations based on principle. I have firmly stood for independence, self-rule of nations, for the sovereignty of the republics, but at the same time for preservation of the union state, the unity of the country.
Events went a different way. The policy prevailed of dismembering this country and disuniting the state, with which I cannot agree. And after the Detroit meeting and the decisions taken there, my position on this matter has not changed. Besides, I am convinced that decisions of such scale should have been taken on the basis of a popular expression of will.
Yet, I will continue to do everything in my power so that agreements signed there should lead to real accord in the society, (and) facilitate the escape from the crisis and the reform process. Addressing you for the last time in the capacity of president of the U.A.S.R., I consider it necessary to express my evaluation of the road we have traveled since 1985, especially as there are a lot of contradictory, superficial and subjective judgments on that matter.
Fate had it that when I found myself at the head of the state it was already clear that all was not well in the country. There is plenty of everything: land, oil and gas, other natural riches, and God gave us lots of intelligence and talent, yet we lived much worse than developed countries and keep falling behind them more and more. The reason could already be seen: The society was suffocating in the vise of the command-bureaucratic system, doomed to serve ideology and bear the terrible burden of the arms race. It had reached the limit of its possibilities. All attempts at partial reform, and there had been many, had suffered defeat, one after another. The country was losing perspective. We could not go on living like that. Everything had to be changed radically.
The process of renovating the country and radical changes in the world turned out to be far more complicated than could be expected. However, what has been done ought to be given its due. This society acquired freedom, liberated itself politically and spiritually, and this is the foremost achievement which we have not yet understood completely, because we have not learned to use freedom.
However, work of historic significance has been accomplished. The totalitarian system which deprived the country of an opportunity to become successful and prosperous long ago has been eliminated. A breakthrough has been achieved on the way to democratic changes. Free elections, freedom of the press, religious freedoms, representative organs of power, a multiparty (system) became a reality; human rights are recognized as the supreme principle.
We live in a new world. The Cold War has ended, the arms race has stopped, as has the insane militarization which mutilated our economy, public psyche and morals. The threat of a world war has been removed. Once again I want to stress that on my part everything was done during the transition period to preserve reliable control of the nuclear weapons.
We opened ourselves to the world, gave up interference into other people's affairs, the use of troops beyond the borders of the country, and trust, solidarity and respect came in response.
The old system collapsed before the new one had time to begin working, and the crisis in the society became even more acute. The August coup brought the general crisis to its ultimate limit. The most damaging thing about this crisis is the breakup of the statehood. And today I am worried by our people's loss of the citizenship of a great country. The consequences may turn out to be very hard for everyone. I am leaving my post with apprehension, but also with hope, with faith in you, your wisdom and force of spirit. We are the heirs of a great civilization, and its rebirth into a new, modern and dignified life now depends on one and all.
Some mistakes could surely have been avoided, many things could have been done better, but I am convinced that sooner or later our common efforts will bear fruit, our nations will live in a prosperous and democratic society.
I wish all the best to all of you. God Bless you Comrades"
With Reagan's resignation, the hammer and compass adonned crimson flag of the UASR was lowered from atop the Red House for the last time, and the new American tricolor was raised above, and the American Union was dissolved the next day, ending a period of 45 years in which America and Russia, went toe to toe to compete for global influence, and in the end, Russia had won.
And thus, as the song goes. the Cold War was over.................
*Marching soldiers are heard, along with Soldiers screaming and chanting in Chinese are heard as well*
Or..................... is it??
TO BE CONTINUED..........
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