The 1977 Spanish general election was held on the 25th September 1977, to elect 400 members of the Cortes, Spain’s unicameral national parliament. It marked the first time that a parliamentary election in Spain was held concurrently with a presidential one, as the second round of the 1977 presidential election was held the same day.
Since June 1974, the right-wing Republican People’s Party (PPR) had controlled both the presidency and (albeit with a plurality) the Cortes, but its leadership was deeply contentious among the Spanish public. Prime Minister Rodolfo Martín Villa had pursued an economically neoliberal policy programme to try to end the country’s economic crisis, with measures such as austerity economics and devaluation of the Spanish peseta; this reduced the spending power of much of the Spanish public, much to the frustration and opposition of the left.
A particularly notorious event had almost seen the government collapse in March 1976; workers striking in Vitoria in the Basque Country were forced out of the church using tear gas and beatings by the police, with over 150 injured. Massive protests against both the Villa government and police brutality followed, but Villa, President Luis Recasens and Civil Guard leader Ángel Campano López managed to regain the confidence of most of the public by condemning the attack as a ‘massacre’ on the police’s part, Campano tendering his resignation and Villa making minor reductions in the austerity measures and harsh disciplinary action to the Civil Guard departments responsible.
Villa’s record on foreign affairs was more positive, however- he had given steadfast support to the new democratic government in Portugal, and despite political disagreements got on well with President António Ramalho Eanes and Prime Minister Mário Soares. His decision to join NATO had been well-received by Spain’s allies, and he had overseen closer cooperation with the EEC thanks to his austere economic policy allowing its economy to stay close to sustainable parity with the Community’s.
The main opposition party, the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), was now led by Enrique Múgica, who was far younger than his predecessor Ramón Rubial and was openly Jewish. This factored into some of his policy proposals, most notably his advocacy for an official apology on behalf of the Spanish government for its compliance on the Axis side of the Second World War; however, it also made him contentious among the Spanish left, particularly when he met with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.
Múgica was nonetheless favoured to lead the PSOE to at least the status of the largest party at the next election. However, when President Recasens died on the 4th July 1977 and Prime Minister Villa ascended to the presidency, significant sympathy emerged towards the PPR. Villa’s first speech as President was humble and well-received, and before the end of the month he declared that he would seek election to a full five-year term as President and would hold an election to the Cortes the same day.
Múgica resigned as the PSOE’s parliamentary leader in response and declared he would seek the presidency himself; in his place, the PSOE’s deputy leader Alfonso Guerra became its parliamentary leader and Prime Minister candidate. This significantly weakened the party, as Múgica’s announcement was considered combatative in a way Villa’s had not been, and Guerra was a divisive figure known for what the right denounced as ‘demagogue’ tendencies in his aggressive speaking and campaigning style.
Further strengthening the PPR’s hand was the selection of Adolfo Suárez to succeed Villa as Prime Minister. Suárez ran a conciliatory campaign, promising he would use a ‘doctor’s mandate’ from the election to reform Spain, in his words, ‘from law to law through law’; by this he meant that he would uphold law and order while implementing political changes that would satisfy those facing hardships due to the incumbent government’s policies.
The result was a landslide victory for the PPR in both the presidential contest, which Villa won with 61.2% of the vote to 38.8% for Múgica, and the parliamentary election, where the PPR won its first overall majority and the first for the right since 1957, in addition to setting a new record for the most votes won by any party at a parliamentary election in Spain (over 8.5 million). The PSOE fell below 100 seats for the first time since 1957, leading Guerra to resign; he is the shortest-serving PSOE leader since the Civil Wars.
The minor parties also largely declined, most notably IR, which was severely damaged by its former leader Jordi Pujol departing national politics to become President of Catalonia after repeated disputes with the government; its national wing would collapse and the Catalan wing would integrate into the region’s nationalist movement during the following parliamentary term. The AP became the third-largest party for the first time, though Suárez surprised observers by choosing not to form a coalition with it as many had predicted.