New Hampshire is a weird state. For such a small state, no one demographic label can characterize the Granite state’s makeup. To the south are Suburban and Exurban communities of Boston, complimented by the Vacation destinations along the seacoast. To the west are the university towns along the Vermont border surrounded by a similar type of eco-migrant common in their western neighbor. Across the center of the state are farms and traditional New England small-towns. Then to the far north are Francophones who have bled across the border from Quebec. In this way, New Hampshire is somewhat of a crossroads between each of its neighbors, a feature that has resulted in many distinct eras across New Hampshire’s history.
During the pre-dominion days, New Hampshire was a backwater melting pot. The seacoast was home to many “Liberty or Death” type merchants, furious with Great Britain’s tightening regulations on the colonies. Frontiersman still ruled the north and west, even as the farmlands and settlements crept northwards. This wild spirit put New Hampshire, and her claims in what would become Vermont as a serious threat to young Philadelphia monarchy. A series of forts were constructed across the region to police to frontier, and settlement inland was encouraged to growing towns like Concord. The ‘occupation’ era only truly ended with the exodus of the New Hampshire radicals to Colombia as part of the Liberty Brigades.
The next distinct era for New Hampshire was the Industrial era. Textile, timber, and naval industries boomed across the state, shifting the landscape and makeup of the state. Large numbers of Irish, Scots, Germans, and Quebecois were moving into the state to staff these new industries. By now New Hampshire had moved her capital to Concord and had fully embraced a political system that would come to define the state – the New England Town. Politics was mainly conducted on a town-by-town level, with each town electing one representative to send to Concord. The future tension between the cities and the rural towns was even visible at this time – the New Hampshire Reform act cleaned up many empty rotten boroughs in the north and gave each ‘high populated town’ a second Representative. The reform act was only part of New Hampshire’s reforming political radicalism – the state was a solid basket of seats for various Anti-Slavery parties nationally, public education was set up in the state, and more ‘moralistic’ attitudes towards local issues were expected to come from various governing bodies.
The unfortunate irony of the Industrial era is that it directly brought an end to New Hampshire’s property. The various anti-slavery acts so demanded by New Hampshire came to pass and Southern Blacks were now free men. Poor free men. The textile mills slowly packed up and moved south to exploit the cheep labour and inhumane working conditions now available closer to the raw materials. Those that didn’t gradually experienced a crunch as their goods no longer could compete with southern prices. A multitude of industries took their place – furniture, paper, canning, but nothing could immediately fill the hole gradually being left by textiles. By 1910, over 50% of the textile mills in New Hampshire were gone – the last shutting its doors in 1939. New Hampshire farms found themselves also in decline, no longer able to compete with the opening farms on the plains. The only true homegrown industry was tourism: Bostonians and New Yorkers both could now enjoy the forests, beaches, and winter resorts of New Hampshire thanks to the extensive railroad networks.
All these things made New Hampshire a fertile breeding ground for Populism and Progressive politics. The small-town system was perfect for angry rural voters who were able to seize control of Concord. The populist era persevered the Town-by-Town political system when it was at its weakest. Unlike their neighbors who were transitioning towards a FPTP system and working-class politics, the Populists refused to give up their institutional advantage. So, while Women’s Rights, Ecological Reserves, and Social Liberalism was once again the order of the day, the towns stayed. But it had to be reformed. Once again, the Progressives cut representatives from Rotten Boroughs. They however went one step further. Any town deemed too small was to be paired with two other (traditionally nearby) towns who would all elect one representative. The two lost delegates would be reapportioned to the cities. This made the system ‘more’ fair, but still kept the cities at such a disadvantage that no strong Labour movement could rise to challenge the Populists, Progressives, Moderate Yankees, and later the Federalists.
The final era of New Hampshire political history begins with the suburbanization of the 1950s. Highways and high-tech railroads now placed New Hampshire about an hour’s commute from Boston. The Right wing bent of the state contrasted nicely with Massachusetts Labour government and Social Democracy. With these suburban migrants came professional industries in R&D, Technology, and the Service Sector. Those tourist destinations became seasonal resorts. The Seacoast became dotted with second homes for Bostonians, New Yorkers, or now Philadelphians. More jobs meant more reasons to move, and the Southern third of the state entered a population boom.
With the population boom came a change in Politics. State population was now heavily slanted towards the south of the State, but the north and center townships held most of the political power. While the present political system did match the new arrivals, Right wing views to a Federalist – Progressive – Moderate Yankee political alignment, it did not adequality satisfy suburban expectations of political representation. So, voters moved away from expecting Concord to satisfy their demands, and towards they townships. And a new party was coming along to satisfy voters who trusted their town government over Concord. The Libertarians.
This all came to a head in the early 1980s. A collection of Southern Towns took the state government to court, alleging the town system was an unfair system of representation that violated multitude of fair voting legislation passed since the 1920s. After a long and drawn out court battle, the towns won. Philadelphia ordered a referendum to approve a new voting system for New Hampshire, one that they said “respected the Historic Political Power afforded to the New England Town, but accurately reflected the population of New Hampshire.”
The Libertarians and the Southern Towns (already well on their way towards becoming one and the same) already had a plan. Their proposal was Proportional Representation at the town level. Each town (or ward if a city) would be placed into a grouping that would elect three or more representatives. Ideally, towns would be large enough to avoid getting cut, only grouped together. Votes would be cast for each party in each town, and then apportioned out to the representative party legislators. However, “To preserve New Hampshire’s long tradition of Independents and Minor Parties” everyone would be granted a second vote. If you cast a vote for a party or independent that fell below a threshold (later determined to be 4%) then your second votes would be counted instead of your first. If the second vote also went for party below the cutoff, your vote would be considered blank.
To win the referendum a potential system needed to get a majority of the vote, or else a runoff would be held to decide the winner. The Libertarian proposal, while popular in the South of the state, still needed a majority – something the southern towns lacked. To get the votes, the Libertarians made an unholy alliance with the pieces of New Hampshire’s Labour Party. The new voting system would not only benefit the southern towns, but also the long-disadvantaged cities. Labour had votes to give in places like Nashua and Concord, and would be happy with a system that transformed them from fifth/sixth place to second or potentially even first. They took the deal, and the Libertarians assumed control of New Hampshire.
Since the adoption of the Proportional system, the Libertarians have almost always won reelection as the largest party. Their lock-step control over the southern suburbs mean that there are always more Libertarian legislators than any other party. The proportionality of the system though means that the Libertarians are perpetually in coalition, sometimes even with their rival in Labour. But, Labour’s deal was not made in vain. They have formed a government several times with the assistance of multiple minor parties teaming up against the Libertarians. Currently, the state is ruled by a minority coalition of Libertarians and Federalists, but polling suggests voters prefer Labour-Progressive Green-Moderate Yankee government if elections were held today.
Parties
(of 257 Seats, majority 129)
Libertarians (90 Seats): The ‘ruling’ party of New Hampshire, it has always won the most seats since electoral reform came the Granite State. While the party is powerful, their own electoral system has forced the Libertarians to form a variety of majority and minority coalitions with a variety of parties. The party generally advocates for extreme free markets and government deregulation, but they are often held in check by their coalition partners. A key dream of the Libertarian platform is devolving government to the town level, something opposed by every other party, since their voters live in towns without the tax bases to fully administer themselves. Therefore, this dream has never been realized, though it does drive local town-level Libertarian government who rule more like a generic right-wing party rather then a devolving deregulatory party.
Labour (64 Seats): Unlike other Labour Parties, New Hampshire’s was in a perpetual death spiral until electoral reform. With reform came more seats for the cities and the Seacoast, the Labour base. Labour’s late rise in a right-leaning state though means that the party is comparatively Liberal rather then fully Social Democratic. The Party has governed for a few times since reform, in coalition with a wide variety of minor parties – even the Federalists! It has only once been invited to govern alongside the Libertarians, and that was in the first government after reform. If Labour is not in government, then it is the official opposition.
Federalists (35 Seats): The New Hampshire Federalist Party was the previous ruling party following the Progressive era. It was the Federalists who lowered the tax rate and encouraged the suburban sprawl that eventually betrayed them. Since the rise of the Libertarians as the party of the Suburban Right, the Federalists have been pushed to Second Tier Party status. Their base is mainly the rural center of the state, a region too far north for Libertarianism to catch much wind, but too far right to elect Labour or Progressives.
Progressive-Green (28 Seats): An even older ruling party the Federalists, the Progressive Party is a legacy party of the early 20th Century. Even as its original policies fell out of favor or became commonplace, the party evolved to match the modern political environment. It took on the role of environmental party for New Hampshire, and for a long time was the closest thing to a competent Left-Wing party the state had. Then reform hit. The Progressive-Greens, built for the small-town west and north of the state, now had the rug yanked out from under them. Labour was the left party, and the Progressive-Greens were the Second Tier Party. Since then, the Progressive-Greens have worked to keep their base the West loyal, while making inroads into the Labour strongholds. It has formed governments with both Labour and the Libertarians. It is generally to the left on most social issues, but is fiscally Centrist/Center-Right.
Moderate Yankee Party (11 Seats): The New England political Movement never really gained the traction it did in the rest of New England, in part because of the Progressives and Populists. However, the party once was in competition for Government before reform, trying to build loyalty in between the Progressives and the Federalists. Since reform, the party has felt the squeeze as voters migrate towards the other parties outside of what few strongholds the party has – and those are in decline. The party today is stuck in the rural west of the state, overlapping the Progressive base. They have formed governments with both Libertarians and Labour, but they have increasingly come to prefer Labour. The party can be considered Centrist.
New Hampshire Traditional Party (9 Seats): New Hampshire branch of the Heritage Party, New Hampshire’s small vote-to-seat ratio means most minor national parties try to have branches here. Their roots are in the 1930s, when the state was in the middle of its post-textile downturn. The Traditional Party has ebbed and flowed with the state’s circumstances, though recently have been in decline. Controversially, the Traditional Party accepted the merger of the Sons of New England, a one-seat Far-Right Party who advocated for New England seperation into their own dominion.
New Hampshire First! (5 Seats): New Hampshire’s Branch of the Trump Movement. The party generally appeals to economically-downtrodden voters in the Lake Sunapee region.
Parti Optimiste (4 Seats): Literally translates as the Optimistic Party. The party appeals to native Francophone speakers in the northern reaches of the state. The Parties name comes from a famous French speech from the Concord Legislature, stating that New Hampshire’s French people are “always optimistic and always let down.”
Peace and Freedom Party (3 Seats): Radical Left-wing party with seats mainly in the college towns of New Hampshire. Peace and Freedom partially is a protest vote, partially a college town phenomenon. The Peace and Freedom party is arguably the most ‘crazy’ of New Hampshire, for example labeling Insurance a scam and calling for total disarmament. They are denounced by every party except the Communists, who consider them misguided radicals.
American Communist Party (2 Seats): Left-Wing workers party that despite its name is really just a party more left then Labour. The Communists affiliate with Socialist Workers. They were effectively dead until the Socialist Workers decided to revive the dead party for their own benefit.
Independents (6 Seats): Independent politicians have a long history in the state of New Hampshire. Following the reform however, access for independent candidates was bisected. Nonserious candidates run often but get less then 4% and have their votes reapportioned. Serious independents rarely run but have a high win rate – most often in the rural north.
Resulting Government: Libertarian – Federalist Minority Government
No party leaders because I think
@Kanan would be best to consult for input here…after New England is done with it’s election.
EDIT: Miscounted a PI seat as Fed, and an extra IND.