Chaos TL: A world without Genghis Khan's conquests (finished!)

[Max Sinister]

13th century: History of science, and summary

History of science in the 13th century

13th century: The spinning wheel is brought to Europe (probably from India). "Mathematical Renaissance" in China.

1202: Leonardo of Pisa introduces Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe with his book Liber Abaci.

1204, December 13th: Maimonides / RAMBAM dies.

1210: Roger Bacon born.

1238: Yang Hui born (invents his version of Pascal's triangle - later important for statistics)

1240: Bartholomeus de Glanvilla concludes De proprietatibus rerum. The most widely read and quoted encyclopedia in the late-medieval period.

1250: Fibonacci dies.

1253: Robert Grosseteste dies. He introduced a kind of scientific thought.

1260: Vincent of Beauvais concludes Speculum Majus. The most ambitious encyclopedia in the late-medieval period over 3 million words.

1261: Qin Jiushao, who introduced the 0 to China, dies.

~1270: Paper manufacture begins in Italy.

1274: Nasir al-Din Tusi (said to be most eminent astronomer between Ptolemy and Copernicus; also established trigonometry as independent science) dies.

1277: A treaty between the crusader Bohemond VII, titular prince of Antioch and the Doge of Venice for the transfer of glassmaking technology isn't signed, so the transfer of Syrian glassworkers and their trade secrets doesn't happen. The famous Venetian glass industry isn't born.

late 1280s: Eyeglasses are invented in Italy.

1285: William of Ockham born.

General state of the art:

Western Europe: The "12th century Renaissance" has already started, with men like Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon. Scholastics. The nominalists (those who believe that Plato's "ideal entities" are just names, but not the real things) slowly win over the "realists" (those who support Plato).

Islamic World: Algebra, Non-Euclidean geometry. Lots of knowledge about Optics, f.e. refraction. Also good in mechanics.

India: Also many ideas in mathematics and physics - including ideas for an atomic theory, law of gravity, and a heliocentric system. Geometry, trigonometry, binary system, floating point operations, even calculus.

China: Lots of mathematics, f.e. about solving of equations of higher grades, the Rule of Three and matrix methods for linear equations. First law of motion.

--

General summary of the 13th century:

Mongols:
Temujin (who isn't called Genghiz yet) dies early in 1200. The Mongols and other steppe people fall apart, fight among themselves instead. Temujin's son Ogadai manages to unite them for a second time, fights the Kara-Kitai, the Tangutes / Hsi-Hsia and even challenges the Choresmians, who still are victorious under their Shah Jalal-ad-Din. After Ogadai's death, the steppe people fall apart again.

East Asia:
Hsi-Hsia are eventually conquered by the Jin. Song China has to struggle with internal problems and loses a border war against Pagan. Khilji dynasty comes to power in Delhi.

Muslim world:
Choresm conquers Baghdad, makes the Caliph its puppet, extends its influence down to the Mediterranean. The Shiites stay stronger. Assassins survive. Rum-Seljuks kick out Byzantium / Nikaia from Asia Minor. Mamluks come to power in Egypt, conquer crusader states in Palestine.

Eastern Europe:
Hungary controls Bosnia, Serbia and OTL Romania. Volga Hungarians go to Hungary proper, convert to Christianity. Bulgaria stays more stable. Nikaia can reconquer Constantinople eventually, but has to agree on a union of the churches, and is dangerously weakened. Teutonic Order subjugates Prussians earlier, conquers Lithuania. Vladimir-Suzdal expands at the expense of Volga Bulgarians. Kara-Kitai attack the Kumans, but the latter under Baibars can defend successfully.

Western Europe:
Poland is (mostly) reunited, a new king is crowned. Hungary expands into Austria for short time, but is beaten back by Otakar Przemysl, who doesn't inherit Bohemia ITTL, but can keep Austria in the family and is elected king of the HRE. The Przemyslid lands are split between two lines of succession. Other than that, no changes.

America, Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa:
No changes.

 

[Max Sinister]

Middle East 1300-1350

1302: After the defeat in the 1280s, Byzantium has retreated behind the Bosphorus and defended itself successfully from there, being safe for a while. The union with the Catholic church has been dissolved again, and despite of that and the toppling of emperor Andronikos II after said defeat, the country has enjoyed relative peace. Now however, the country is attacked by the ambitious Charles of Valois, who wants to become new Latin emperor. Thrace is overrun, and in their panic the Byzantines call the Seljuks for help. The Seljuks indeed throw the crusaders out again, but they don't think about giving Thrace to Byzantium again... now the empire only consists of the capital and Thessaloniki.

1304: Kingdom of Lesser Armenia becomes a tributary of the Rum-Seljuks (without war).

1306: Order of the Johannites buys Rhodos from Genoa.

1310: Seljuks defeat Bulgaria the first time, taking the South with Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and the Aegean coast. Czar Michael Asen III falls in battle.

1314: Thessaloniki conquered by Seljuks.

1319: Rum-Seljuks conquer the disputed area of Macedonia.

1327: Constantinople falls after a long siege, effectively defeated by the hunger. Many Byzantines flee, parts to free Greek states or Trapezunt, others to Italy (mostly Florence, Genoa and Milan, avoiding Anjou Naples, the Papal states and Venice), again others even to Kiev. Genoa loses access to the Black Sea, suffering economic decline in the following years. The knowledge they bring to Western Europe helps spawning the "Renaissance" (it wasn't called that at this time) that already started in the last century.

1329: Another Seljuk victory against Bulgaria. Sofia falls.

1333: Seljuks conquer Thessalia. The remaining states in Greece start to panic, appeal for a new crusade, but with no success: Italy is divided, the HRE kings struggle with the pope or are too weak, France is first too poor and later under various kings, Hungary busy with Serbs and Kumans.

1334: Choresm and Mamluk Egypt clash over Syria / Palestine. Choresm wins and annexes northern Palestine, but news about unrests in Afghanistan force the Shah to cancel further advancing.

1338: After the necessary organizations, a small crusade organized mostly by small nations like Savoy happens, and Thessalia is reconquered. Bulgaria gets Sofia back.

1342: Lesser Armenia annexed by the Rum-Seljuks.

1347: Army of Georgia defeated, southern half of Trapezunt conquered.

1348: Rum-Seljuk ruler Kay Khusrau III dies, divides his empire between his sons Kay Khusrau IV of Rum (rules the European possessions and about a quarter of Asia Minor) and Kilij Arslan IV in Konya (former Ikonion).

Sultans of Rum since the POD:

Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II 1237-59
Mas'ud II 1259-84
Kay Ka'us II 1284-1305
Kay Qubadh II 1305-23
Kay Khusrau III 1323-48

Since 1348:

Kay Khusrau IV in Rum
Kilij Arslan IV in Konya

[post=581854]A short story here...[/post]

 

[Max Sinister]

Western Europe 1300-50:

Western Europe (Britain, France, Iberia) 1300-50:

1302: Flemish citizens massacre French occupation troops, defeat them in the battle of Kortrijk.

1303: Philippe the Fair excommunicated by the pope. Pope Boniface VIII seized by the French, has to go to Avignon. In the following decades, the (mostly French) popes will reign from here.

1306: Robert the Bruce crowned king of Scotland, starting the Bruce dynasty. Jews kicked out of France - the state is almost broke, and the king wants to take their money.

1307: King Edward I of England dies, after having defeated the Scots twice (not just once as OTL). Knights Templar accused for heresy in France.

1309: Popes move to Avignon.

1310s: Scots defeat the English, thanks to their pike fighters. TTL Edward II of England starts in a better position, and isn't as incompetent as his OTL counterpart, but after many fights he gets tired too. So the Scots become independent again, only have to cede the territory south of the Firths (Wall of Antoninus).

1311/12: Knights Templar accused for heresy in France.

1312: Flanders and France make peace; Flanders cedes French-speaking parts.

1314: Philippe the Fair dies. After the short reign of his first son Louis X (-1317) follows the latter's baby son Jean I. In the first years, his uncles Charles (-1323) and Philippe (-1327) reign in his name.

1315: Great famine in Europe.

1323: Aragon acquires Sardinia.

1335: Unpopular king Pere IV of Aragon toppled by the nobles, who make the state a quasi nobles' Republic. The king is only the nominal ruler.

1336: Young French king Jean I starts a short war with Genoa.

1340: Castille and Portugal defeat the Moorish army; this is the last time an Arab army lands on Iberian soil.

1341: Breton war of Succession begins. France supports Charles of Blois, England John of Montfort - with the result that both are drawn into the war.

1344: Sea Battle of Blankenberge. English and Flemish defeat the French; England now rules the Channel and can land troops in Brittany.

1346: Land Battle of Vannes, Brittany. Thanks to their longbows and the bad weather, the English defeat the French. Great famine in Europe.

1347: Black Death does not hit Europe. From now on, there's not much this Europe have in common with that of OTL - in fact, the Breton war of Succession was the last recognizable event. Overpopulated Europe suffers under population pressure. Some states less than others - England, Poland and Scandinavia still have a low population and can rather afford to grow; Germans go to the East, Hungarians to Romania, Spanish and Portuguese kick out the Moors and settle in their places - but France and Italy suffer much.

1349: France acquires the Dauphiné.


Kings of Scotland:
Robert I the Bruce 1306-29
David II 1329-

Kings of England and Wales:
Edward I 1272-1307
Edward II 1307-39 (seems not to be the historical one)
Edward III 1339-

Kings of France:
Philippe IV the Fair 1285-1314
Louis X 1314-1317 (could be the historical one, or maybe not)
Jean I 1317-

Kings of Castille:
Alfonso X the Learned -1284
Sancho IV "the Brave" 1284-95
Fernando IV 1295-1312
Alfonso XI 1312- (seems not to be the historical one)

Kings of Portugal:
Afonso III 1248-79
Diniz 1279-1325
Afonso IV 1325- (seems not to be the historical one)

Kings of Aragon:
Alfons III 1285-91
Jaume II the Just 1291-1327
Pere (Peter) IV 1327-1335
Joan I (that's John - Catalan names are kinda funny...) 1335-

[post=584998]Read a short essay here...[/post]

 

[Iñaki]

I have to read (or could be print first your timeline and quietly read in the dining-room) with attention your timeline, no doubt it is good and interesting, I expect to print your timeline this weekend and read quietly and with attention before make some comment.

No doubt but of one thing: you has made a real good job

Continue with this timeline, please.

 

[Darkest]

True dat. Hey, Max Sinister, just wanted to tell you I've really been enjoying this timeline, and its pretty well-written. I like the style you have set up. Color-coding events is a wonderful idea to see in a timeline, good thinking. I like what I see, man. Keep it up.

(But... maybe you could update the map? I'm going to try and make a rough draft of your timeline's geopolitical situation, but you probably would like to make your own.)

Cool.

 

[Max Sinister]

Central Europe 1300-50

Thanks folks. I'll post two maps during this century (of the TL, not IRL ).

And here's the next installment:

Central Europe (HRE, Italy, Scandinavia, Poland, Hungary) 1300-50

First a retcon: In 1291, it's not Otto IV of Brandenburg who's elected German king, but the Upper Bavarian duke Ludwig II (Ludwig IV as king). Ludwig dies as early as 1295 (one year later than OTL), but meanwhile something important has happened: After the death of Rudolf of Habsburg, his lands in SW Germany were divided between his sons Albrecht (same as OTL) and Rudolf (not the same as OTL) - quite dangerous, since the lands of the Habsburgs are already smaller, but the younger son insisted that he gets his share. In 1294, the Habsburgs try to annex the Swiss Confederation, but are defeated at Morgarten, and the king (who's been in competition with the Meinhardiner in Tyrol, relatives of the Habsburgs) rather supports the Swiss. In 1295 king Ludwig dies, and now Otto of Brandenburg is elected, becoming king Otto V.

1301: Poland feels threatened by the Germans and the Przemyslids. The king tries to fight them to break free, so a coalition of the Teutonic Order, Bohemia, Moravia and the HRE under king Otto IV of Brandenburg forms against him. Andras III, last Arpad king of Hungary, dies. This leads to a difficult situation in Hungary.

1308: The war between Germans and Poles doesn't end in the latter's favor. The Teutonic Order acquires Pommerellen (OTL West Prussia, the Poles also call it Eastern Pomerania), Silesia becomes a German fief; the western third goes to Brandenburg, which already acquired the Lower Lausitz / Lusatia, the rest is divided between the two Przemyslid lands, Bohemia and Moravia.

1309: King Otto of the HRE dies, Heinrich VII. of Luxemburg (same as OTL) becomes new king. He manages to be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by the pope in 1312, becoming the first emperor since Friedrich II. Popes move to Avignon.

1310: Luzern and Zug join the Swiss. Polish king Boleslaw V toppled by discontent nobles, who elect Kazimierz III new king.

1313: Kazimierz III makes an "everlasting alliance" with the (in many ways still independent) rulers of Mazovia.

1314–16: Sedisvacancy - no pope elected.

1315: Great famine in Europe.

1320: Heinrich VII dies (later than IOTL), duke Ottokar (yes, he was named after Ottokar Przemysl) of Upper Bavaria and the Palatinate is elected new king.

1321: Some of the electors in Germany are not happy, and elect Waldemar of Brandenburg anti-king.

1326: Use of cannons in Europe first mentioned in a Florentine document. Christoffer II of Denmark kicked out after he wants to tax the nobles and the church; now Gerhard III of Holstein effectively rules the country.

1328: Waldemar of Brandenburg defeated at Ansbach by Ottokar. Brandenburg loses its influence in Pomerania.

1330: Pope Johannes (John) XXII bans king Ottokar.

1331: Gerhard III of Holstein (the strong man in Denmark) marries countess Margarethe of Holland, Zeeland and Hennegau (in Wallonia).

1333-36: Ottokar goes to Italy, is crowned Emperor in Rome - not by the pope, but by the head of the mighty Colonna family! Still being banned, he declares Johannes to be deposed and appoints an anti-pope, a certain Innocent IV.

1334: Zürich, Glarus and Bern join the Swiss.

1335: Heinrich of Tyrol dies without male heirs; Tyrol will fall to the house of Luxemburg, via his daughter who married into this house.

1336: Intrafamilial contract of the Przemyslids: King Otakar of Bohemia gets Moravia and all of Silesia, while Wenzel of Carinthia acquires Austria. He now governs all the German-speaking lands. Note that despite of their Czech name, the family of the Przemyslids is already more German than Czech, due to cultural influence and marriages with Germans. Uprising in Flanders against unpopular count Ludwig II under brewer Jakob van Artevelde.

1339: Venice starts expanding on the terra firma.

1340: Due to different developments, the Lower Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachs continues. Bavaria stays split.

1342: Clemens VI. elected pope. He's the last pope from OTL.

1346: Great famine in Europe.

1347: Black Death does not hit Europe. From now on, there's not much this Europe have in common with that of OTL. Overpopulated Europe suffers under population pressure. Some states less than others - England, Poland and Scandinavia still have a low population and can rather afford to grow; Germans go to the East, Hungarians to Romania, Spanish and Portuguese kick out the Moors and settle in their places - but France and Italy suffer much.


Holy Roman kings and emperors:
Ottokar I of Moravia and Carinthia 1273-86
Rudolf of Habsburg 1286-91
Ludwig IV of Bavaria 1291-95
Otto IV of Brandenburg 1295-1309
Heinrich VII of Luxemburg 1309-20 (emperor since 1312)
(from here on, there are no more historical kings)
Ottokar II of Bavaria (*1280) 1321-47 (emperor since 1334)
Waldemar of Brandenburg 1321-28 (anti-king)
Karl IV of Luxemburg 1347-

Kings of Poland:
Henryk II the Pious 1253-66
Henryk III 1266-87
Henryk IV 1287-95
Boleslaw V 1295-1310
Kazimierz III 1310-31
Wladyslaw IV 1331-

Kings of Hungary:
Bela IV 1235-70
Istvan V 1270-72
Laszlo IV 1272-1290
Andras III 1290-1301
Otto 1301-04
Louis / Lajos I 1304-22
Charles / Károly I 1322-49
Louis / Lajos II 1349-

Kings of Naples:
Charles / Carlo II 1285-1309
Robert / Roberto the Wise 1309-43
Charles / Carlo III (*1299) 1343-

Kings of Bohemia:
(till 1336, also dukes of Austria; since then, dukes of Moravia instead)
Vladislav 1253-55
Vaclav II 1255-1322
Otakar (*1282) 1322-

Dukes of Carinthia:
(until 1269, only of Moravia; till 1336, of Carinthia and Moravia; since then, of Carinthia and Austria)
Otakar 1253-86
Heinrich (*1261) 1286-1326
Wenzel (*1284) 1326-

Kings of Denmark:
Christoffer II 1320-26
Heinrich / Henrik 1326-30
Christoffer II 1330-32
Erik VII 1332-

Kings of Norway:
Håkon V Magnusson 1299-1319
Magnus VII Eriksson 1319-

Kings of Sweden:
Birger Magnusson 1290-1319
Magnus VII Eriksson 1319-
(Yes, it's the same king as in Norway. No, I'm not sure whether he's the same as IOTL.)

[post=589206]Read a short discussion here...[/post]

 

[Iñaki]

I read the timeline quietly this weekend, as I say a good work, some questions.

The ottomans where is now in TTL? they are tributaries of the seljuks, or Osman had been butterflied by the changes?

I suppose the reconquest is more or less like in OTL in Iberic Peninsula?

Respect of the japanese I could help a little.

"1274/81: No Mongol attack on Japan, no "divine wind" necessary. Consequences are difficult to estimate - Buddhism, especially Zen Buddhism, stays a bit weaker."

Well according to the the book " the japanese empire" of John Withney Hall in the colection "History Universal XXI Century" (a good book with a lot of information) there is the consequence of permit that the Hojo regency of Kamakura shogunate last far more that in OTL, in words of that book:

"The conflict with the mongols had had a deep and true effect. Mixed with the proud of have saved the country, there was also a continued feeling of fear, specially in the minds of the military chiefs. Kamakura, also, found with two unexpected problems. Of one side, the temples and sanctuaries that during the invasion had made a great labour of reading the sutra and sortilegies, they get the merit of the defeat of the mongols, saying that it had been the outcome of spiritual forces, specially the "divine wind" (kamikaze) that the kamis protectors of the Japan had caused against the enemies of Japan. of other side, the families of the men that truly had fought and died wanted a compensation, and, because the enemy army had not let lands as war booty, Kamakura had very few posibilities of making happy to his vassals. So, although the Hojo had had succes in defending the country against the mongols, the country had been squeezed until the limit and the Hojo found problems that would cause their ruin"

So no mongols, far less dificulties for the Hojo and Kamakura shogunate could last far more that in OT.

 

[Max Sinister]

East Asia 1300-50

@Inaki: Thanks for the help about Japan.

Yeah, the Ottomans... ITTL they were one of the little princedoms that formed when the Seljuk empire fell apart. Since the Mongols never attacked them in the 1240s, their empire persists, and the ancestors of OTL Ottomans had offspring being part of the Seljuks now - or, if they came from the steppes, they're still there and fighting historically unimportant fights against each other. So or so, there's no Ottoman person famous from OTL around here.

East Asia 1300-50 (now with years in Chinese Calendar!):

Since 1300 (Yang Metal Rat): Growing Japanese piracy greatly hurts extern trade of Song China.

before 1300-30: Sultans of Delhi invade and annex Gujarat and parts of the Deccan (South India).

1301 (Yin Metal Ox): Famine in Song China kills several million people.

1306 (Yang Fire Horse): After the Song government fails to pay the officials in some provinces, the unrest grows. People more and more agree that the emperor lost the Mandate of Heaven. In this year, the rebellions start with Szechuan seceding from the empire, becoming an independent kingdom.

1309 (Yin Earth Chicken): All of South China in unrest. The emperor is killed in the chaos. Jin China also uses the opportunity to plunder and annex parts of the Yangtse area. Many wars and revolts shake up South China for some time. After the dust has settled, the so-called Four Kingdoms have formed: Szechuan, one kingdom of the coastal areas, one kingdom along the Yangtse and one kingdom in the inner parts, named after the city of Hong.

1310: The Vietnamese king Tran Anh Tong defeats Champa (South Vietnam) and makes it a vassal.

1311: Hojo Sadatoki dies. He's the last recognizable member of the Hojo ITTL, who're the real power in Japan behind the powerless shogun.

1317: Rama Khamheng destroys Khmer Empire

~1320: Sukhothai in North Thailand starts to break apart.

1333: Kamakura peroid in Japan doesn't end.

1336: Mujahid Sultanate in the Deccan founded by a Turkish governor named Mohammed Mujahid Shah, breaking away from the Delhi Sultanate.

1337 (Yin Fire Ox): Outbreak of the Black Death in Hubei, China. Because there's no world-spanning Mongol Empire with no inner barriers, which helped trade enormously, and China itself is split, it takes longer to spread.

1340 (Yang Metal Dragon): Black Death spread all along the Yangtse.

1342: In South India, the Vijayanagara Empire of the Hindu is founded, as a counterpart to the Muslim states, replacing the Hoysala Empire.
(Vijayanagar means "city of the victor", so it could very well appear here too, despite of butterflies.)

1344 (Yang Wood Monkey): Black Death hits Hong.

1347 (Yin Fire Pig): Black Death hits the South Chinese coast kingdom.

1349 (Yin Earth Ox): Black Death reaches Szechuan.

1350: Thai found empire of Ayutthaya / Ayutha.

[post=592217]Read a short story here...[/post]

And a little map of East Asia after China's split:
(Legend:
Sze. - Szechuan
Th - Thai
KotC - Kingdom of the Coast)

 

[Condottiero]

1347: Black Death does not hit Europe. From now on, there's not much this Europe have in common with that of OTL. Overpopulated Europe suffers under population pressure. Some states less than others - England, Poland and Scandinavia still have a low population and can rather afford to grow; Germans go to the East, Hungarians to Romania, Spanish and Portuguese kick out the Moors and settle in their places - but France and Italy suffer much.

In OTL many franks settled in reconquered lands. In TTL many french and Italians would migrate to Castille, Aragon and Portugal and they would help to repopulate lands speeding up the conquest. The christians would probably dare to continue the process in the north of Africa.

 

[EvolvedSaurian]

A divided China?

Excellent.

 

[Max Sinister]

Eastern Europe 1300-50, and a bit about the rest of the world

Eastern Europe 1300-50:

1300: Teutonic Order moves its headquarter from Venice to Marienburg at the Vistula.

1303-07: Serbian rebellion under Stepan Hrebeljanović. At the end, Hungary has to give them independence. The new Serbia under czar Stepan also includes Bosnia.

1315: Teutonic Order decides to invade Russia.

1319: Young Serbia clashes with the Seljuks in Macedonia, but is defeated.

1320s: In Novgorod, the ushkuiniki (Russian river pirates) don't come into existence, since the stronger Vladimir is too deterring. Instead, the Novgorodians will start to explore Siberia, starting with the Ob river.

1322: Russian princedom of Polozk conquered by Teutonic Order. Parts of the population flee, first to Smolensk, later also to Novgorod, after Smolensk is unwilling / unable to help them. The former princedom is germanized through the centuries, since the Germans still quell to the East. City names in NE Russia like Novopolozk and Nishny Polozk will tell about their wanderings. Polozk itself is later known under the name of Plotzeck.

1323: Serbia invades the crusader states of Epirus and Thessalia, but loses them a few years later again.

1328: Refugees from conquered Constantinople arrive in Russia, settle mostly in Kiev. The city suffers under the loss of trade with Byzantium (it wasn't much left after the resurrection of the Byzantine Empire), but gains importance as a cultural center, thanks to the influx of Byzantine scholars. Later, when a Kievan prince marries a Byzantine noblewoman, and founds schools and libraries to plead her, this will become even more apparent.

1334: Vladimir-Suzdal declares that the metropolitan of Vladimir is the highest authority for Orthodox Christianity. Not everyone agrees with them, though.

1348: Russian princedom of Turom-Pinsk conquered. Similar events: Part of the people flee, end up in Vladimir-Suzdal's sphere of influence, settle in the areas formerly inhabited by Volga Bulgars and Volga Hungarians. Turom becomes the German city of Thurm.

(I've left out various little wars among the princedoms, dynastic marriages, im- and deposing (including murder, sometimes) of princes, and border wars of Russian states with the Teutonic Order, Sweden, Kumans and Volga Bulgars again. Sorry for Western Eurocentrism.)

[post=595654]Read a short story here...[/post]

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Rest of the world (Americas, Africa, Oceania) 1300-1400 (same events as OTL):

1300+: Anasazi invade the Chaco-Canyon area, defeat Hohokam.

1303/23: Alexandrian earthquakes which destroys the Pharos of Alexandria

1312-37: Kango / Kankan Musa in Mali, at its height of the power.

1324: Mali Empire gains direct control over the city of Timbuktu. Mansa Musa makes Hajj; when he passes through Cairo in July, he's accompanied by five hundred slaves, each reportedly carrying a six-pound staff of gold. He spends out so much gold that it takes 12 years for the economy to recover, due to the rapid inflation that it initiated.

1325: Founding of Tenochtitlan. Musa returns from hajj; the Sankore Masjid in Timbuktu has been converted into a fully staffed Madrassa (Islamic school or in this case university) and with the largest collections of books in Africa since the Library of Alexandria, financed by a royal lady.

1325-1350: Ibn Battuta makes his famous journeys; first to Mecca (hajj), then to Choresm; after that, a second hajj, following that, East Africa; after that, Mecca again, then Contsantinople and the lands of the Rum-Seljuks, and after that, the Sultanate of Delhi, but never has the opportunity to visit China and SE Asia, other than OTL. He later goes to Muslim Spain and the empire of Mali, though, and still writes about his journeys.

1343: Tepaneks unite the valley of Mexico.

Between 1350-1400: Cahokia abandoned

1360: Civil War in Mali.

1375: Nimi a Nzima, the ruler of Mpemba Kasi makes an alliance with Nsaku Lau, ruler of neighboring Mbata, in which each would guarantee the succession of the other's state in the line of the two rulers making the agreement. The son and heir of this arrangement, Lukeni lua Nimi (often called Nimi a Lukeni) becomes the founder of Kongo around 1400.

1376: The Mexica elect their first tlatoani (=great speaker; means emperor), Acamapichtli. They are a tributary of Azcapotzalco.

1400: Internal struggles and external attacks have torn Kanem-Bornu apart.

~1400: Oranyan founds the Empire of Oyo (in OTL Nigeria).

14th century: Lamu, Malindi in Kenya founded by Swahili.

 

[Max Sinister]

History of the Middle East 1350-1400

1352: Mamluk Egypt allies with Sultanate of Konya against Choresm. The invade Syria together, defeat the Choresmian armies several times.

1353-55: Kay Khusrau IV of Rum attacks Bulgaria, takes the capital of Tarnovo.

1357: When Choresm is in a desperate situation, the Shah hires the Assassins to get rid of his enemies. The general of the Mamluks and the Sultan of Konya are killed. Kay Khusrau unites Konya with Rum again (and later removes the young heirs of his brother). He rules the succession, to avoid another split of the Empire for the future. Choresm makes peace, only gives northern Palestine back to Egypt.

1360: Karvuna (OTL Dobruja) is made a tributary of the Rum-Seljuks.

1361: Rum-Seljuks conquer Thessalia back and invade the duchy of Athens. The crusaders are now restricted to the Peloponnes, Epirus and the Aegaean islands.

1362: Shiite revolt in Persia begins, which will eventually lead to Persia becoming independent again.

1364-69: Rum-Seljuks battle the allied Serbians and Bosnians, occupy their lands.

1365: Persians throw off the Choresmian yoke, forming a new Shiite empire under the Zahedid dynasty (named after an old Sufi order) that includes Azerbaijan and Mesopotamia. Afghanistan also becomes independent again.

1370: A new leader of the steppe people with the name Arik-Buqa who converted to Islam, together with the united people, starts what he calls a Jihad - although he'll also fight against other Muslims, if he perceives them as decadent.

1371: Rum-Seljuks pick up the pieces in Syria where the breakdown of the Choresmian empire left a power vacuum.

1374: Crusaders thrown out of Epirus. The Rum-Seljuks also try to conquer the Peloponnes, but are defeated by of Monferrat, whom some people call "the last real knight". Black Death reaches Afghanistan.

1375: Arik-Buqa destroys the country of the Kirghiz, scattering their remains.

1377-81: Black Death hits Persia.

1378: Serbians rebel against the Muslims, but are brutally repressed. In the city of Niš, all adult people are killed. The sultan orders that the children are to be raised as Muslims - later they will turn into TTL's first Janissaries.

1378-85: Black Death strikes Choresm, preventing a reconquest of Persia.

1380: Trapezunt conquered by Rum-Seljuks.

1383-87: Rum-Seljuks cross the Danube, defeat the Hungarians several times, take control of Vlachia.

1384-90: Seljuk lands struck by Black Death, which helps them losing the Crusade. The little isolated country of Montenegro is spared by the plague, though.

1386-89: Arik-Buqa strikes against the weakened Choresm. After his hordes finally leave, as the historians say, "not even grass grows anymore" in the north-eastern provinces.

1388-91: Last crusade. Hungarians and their allies can win some battles against the Seljuks, take Bosnia back, but no more.

1396-1400: After the Seljuks have a bit recovered from the Black Death, they strike against Hungary again. They occupy Moldovia, Bosnia and Slavonia (East Croatia).

[post=598523]Read a short story here...[/post]

 

[Max Sinister]

Central Europe 1350-1400

Some addition to last post first:

1315: A Muslim prince of Nubian royal blood ascends the throne of Makuria as king.

1321: Beni Ammar establish independent dynasty in Libya.

1331-51: Abu al-Hasan 'Ali reigns in Morocco. He conquers Tlemcen (Algeria) in 1337 and even manages to extend Morocco's rule to Tunisia in 1347-57. Later, his empire will fall apart again, though.


Central Europe (HRE, Italy, Poland, Hungary) 1350-1400:

General tendencies:
The popes centralize the Catholic church more and more, and also try to make more and more money. Selling of indulgences is wide-spread and often criticized.
The kings of the HRE have more and more difficulties to do any politics in the HRE - they need too much money to be elected, to be crowned emperor (if at all), and everything else.
While the artisans and merchants in the cities make more and more money, the knights and lesser nobles don't. As a result, many become "robber barons" and oppress their peasants.

1353: First university in the HRE founded (in Innsbruck, Tyrol). Wien, Prag and Heidelberg soon follow.

1354: Swiss conquer the lands of the Rudolfine sideline of the Habsburgs, Aargau and Thurgau. The Habsburgs are angry, and the Roman emperor even is on their side, but when he dies, the Habsburgs have to fight alone.

1357: Golden Bull in the HRE: It says that the Roman king is elected solely by the seven electors, the pope isn't necessary. The seven electors are the same ones as OTL.

1362: Große Manndränke (great man-drinking; a big flood) in the German Sea. More than 100,000 people are said to have died.

1363: Anjou dynasty in Hungary dies out. The nobles elect Wladyslaw IV of Poland new king.

1366: Venice defeats its old rival Genoa. However, in reality both powers have already somewhat suffered since the rise of the Seljuks and the fall of Constantinople.

1368: Famine in Western Europe.

1371: Beggars' hordes moving through Italy actually manage to overwhelm the government of Parma. A radical preacher and the government which couldn't pay the mercenaries anymore also can be blamed for the revolution. Since the other little states of Italy are in a similar situation, having to fight religious movements and beggars, and often being close to financial collapse, they can't interfere. In the city, all the property of the church, all opponents of the new government, and many people considered to be "too rich" is confiscated and divided among the people.
In Hungary, after the death of incompetent and often absent king Kazimierz / Kázmér / Casimir, the nobles elect Sigismund of Luxembourg.

1375-78: Süddeutscher Städtebund (South German league of cities) formed. Various South German princes, led by those of Württemberg and Habsburg, fight them. With the help of the Swiss, the cities stay victorious, and other than IOTL, their alliance isn't interdicted by the Roman king. In this war, the Habsburgs lose most of their territories except Freiburg with the Black Forest.

1379: Vaclav III, last of the Bohemian Przemyslids, dies. The duke of Austria and Carinthia Heinrich inherits Bohemia, Moravia and (parts of) Silesia, which makes him the mightiest prince of the HRE by far.

1380: Florence, which already has taken other city states like Pistoia and Arezzo, now conquers Ghibelline Pisa, acquiring a harbor.

1383: Another famine in Western Europe.

1386: The Czechs rebel against king Heinrich's rule. In fact, a lot of ressentiment caused by hunger, poverty and some religious quarrels is mixed in. The deposed king tries to reconquer his lands from Austria and Silesia, but since the other princes of the HRE (including the Roman king) aren't interested in helping him, Hungary has to deal with the Seljuks and Poland with the Teutonic order, noone helps him. In Bohemia, the property of the church is confiscated, preaching in Czech and the translation of the bible legalized, and some other reforms implemented.

1389: The victorious Czechs form a quasi-republic, with a parliament that elects a king. The nobles, the church, the peasants and the cities send representatives to it, one quarter each. Heinrich has to accept the Czech independance, only gets the southernmost parts of Bohemia and Moravia (which are German-settled). The electorate of Bohemia officially goes to Austria.

1391: A group of radical Begines (=religious movement) topples the bishop of Utrecht, Eastern Netherlands, working together with his peasants. Although they're relatively peaceful, and probably couldn't have lasted in a war, the stupid bishop manages to anger all his potential allies in the area (the Netherlands are divided between Holstein-Holland-Hennegau, Luxembourg-Limburg, Brabant, Geldern and the (quasi-)republics of Flanders and Friesland at this time). So the new republic continues.

1392/93: Black Death strikes Hungary, being introduced by returning crusaders. The king also dies of it.

1394/95: Black Death hits the HRE. Poland is also affected, but by imposing a quarantine it's mostly saved; so is Flanders. Persecuted Jews flee to Poland, Flanders, Northern Italy, Seljuk Balcans.

1394: Black Death arrives in Venice. Yet another famine in Western Europe.

1395: Other Italian states are hit by the Black Death (although there are some exceptions, like Florence and Savoy). The divine republic of Parma is especially shocked - their preachers promised them that God would spare them, which doesn't happen.

1396: The lands of the Teutonic Order are struck by Black Death.

1399: Florence buys Corsica from Genoa. The current ruler, Cosimo de Medici, plans to build up a fleet and becoming a naval power in the Med.

[post=602435]Short comment about the situation here...[/post]

 

[The Professor]

Any chance of a 1400s map?

 

[srv fan]

Great TL, keep it up

 

[Max Sinister]

Northern and Western Europe 1350-1400

@Professor: I'll do a map in the post for Eastern Europe, which will be the second next one.
@srv fan: Thx.

Northern and Western Europe [1] 1350-1400:

1345: Scotland enters the war against England, hoping to get the lost lands back.

1350: Battle of Blaye, Aquitaine (50 km north of Bordeaux). Another victory for the English.

since 1350: The Canary islands are missionarized by Aragonese, after being (re-)discovered earlier.

1350-75: Due to growing demand for food, Denmark, Norway, Scotland, England, Brittany, Navarre and Portugal extend fishery in the North Atlantic, going farther and farther west. Soon, tales of strange islands in the far west start to spread.

1351: Peasants' revolts in France start, making it even more difficult to fight the English.

1352: After sultan Yusuf of Granada misses to pay one tribute in time, Castille attacks and conquers the country. The last hold of the Muslims in Iberia has fallen. The Reconquista is over, now the Conquista begins.
Sweden conquers Skane (South Sweden) from Denmark.

1353: France has to make peace with England after the defeat in the battle of Caen. John of Montfort becomes duke of Brittany, England gets all of Gascony (similar as in the peace of OTL 1360), Flanders acquires the Artois.

1354: Free to make war against Scotland, the English defeat them soon. The pre-war border is restored.

1355: The French queen Isabelle deposes her incompetent husband, makes her son Jean king. (He planned to give several duchies from the crown's domain to his sons, as appanage. If that plan had been realized, the French kings would've lost half of their power, since he had no less than four surviving sons. Instead, the queen promises them lands that have yet to be conquered, in the English territory.) Portuguese king Fernando deposed because of unspeakable cruelty, his younger brother Diniz II takes the power.

1360: Juan, unpopular king of Castille, deposed by his brother Pedro with English help. Start of English-Castillian friendship.

since 1360: After coming of age, Danish king Henrik tries to subdue his vassals, especially mighty Holstein, but is defeated and loses most power. Jutland is now completely under Holstein's control.

1361-64: Hanse defeats Sweden-Norway in a trade war.

1363: Castille takes over the Canaries, starts to settle them in the following decades.

1365: Norwegians are unhappy with king Magnus, make David of Scotland king instead.

1366: Burgundy comes to France. In the same year, the French start the war against England again. Since they have learned how devastating the English / Welsh longbows are, they avoid open fight - with success.

1368: Famine in Western Europe. Growing unrest (again!) in France hampers the war against England.

1370: The pope Clemens VII agrees after diplomatic pressure (and because the growing unrest in Italy endangers the Papal state) to return to Rome.

1381: The Danish prince Harald goes on a journey with some fishermen, interested in their tales of lands in the west. They land in Newfoundland (later named Prince-Haralds-Land), meeting some Indians. Prince Harald claims the land in the name of the Danish king, returns to Europe together with some Indians, presenting them the astonished courts of Europe. In the following years, several other ships will go to the New World, return with plants and animals. After the first curiosity has ebbed, people in Europe mostly don't care about anymore, though. A few fishermen make settlement on Prince-Haralds-Land, Cape Cod and Manhattan, but that's all for the moment. The Indians still influence scholars - before, people thought that humans in far away countries might have no heads and a face on the belly, or wolf's heads, or a single giant foot, which obviously isn't the case. Some people start to wonder how the lands might look like.
Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta. They start exploring the West African coast, looking for a route to Mali with its famous riches of gold.

1383: Another famine in Western Europe.

1384: Not to be outdone, Castille attacks Morocco, conquers Melilla and Tétouan.

1385: England and France make peace again. The English lose what they conquered in the last war, back to the borders of 1340.

1387: Prince Harald makes a second journey to America, coming as far as Manhattan this time. A scholar who accompanied him brings an interesting new weed to Europe - the tobacco.

1392: Portugal discovers and takes claim of Madeira. (Well, here again it's very possible that the Genoese were there before...)

1394: Yet another famine in Western Europe.

1396: Black Death arrives in Denmark, France.

1397/98: Scandinavia, Iberia (except Aragon) and England are struck by Black Death.

1399: Black Death strikes Scotland.

1400: Ireland is hit by the Black Death.

As a fast result of the Black Death, two new addictions spread through Europe: Liquor, known by the alchemists for longer time already, is (mis-)used as a cure against the plague. So is tobacco, which is brought from the New World and sold for high prices.
The Jews have to suffer under pogroms ITTL too. Many have to flee from their places, especially in Castille and Germany.

Americans, check this out: [post=606030]The (longer) story about the discovery of your continent[/post]!

[1] ...and America...

 

[Straha]

Can we get a map so we can see the changed geopolitics?

 

[Max Sinister]

East Asia 1350-1400

@Straha: Map for Europe comes with the next post. Map for the New World a bit later. Asia... not too difficult to imagine. China's reunited, India split into Delhi Sultanate (North) and Vijayanagar (South), and in SE Asia there's the new Thai kingdom.


History of East Asia 1350-1400:

1352 (Yang Water Dragon): Black Death hits Dali in SW China.

1353-59 (Yin Water Snake / Yin Earth Pig): Black Death sweeps through North China.

1355: Pagan empire struck by Black Death.

1355/56 (Yin Wood Sheep / Yang Fire Monkey): Hong emperor strikes against Yangtse kingdom, divides it in two, then makes peace.

1357-60 (Yin Fire Chicken / Yang Metal Rat): Hong emperor makes war against South Chinese coast kingdom, conquers Wengzhou, thereby dividing his strongest two enemies.

1358 (Yang Earth Dog): Jin empire demands from Hong emperor to pay tribute. He gives in, for the moment.
Black Death reaches Annam.

1360: Khmer hit by Black Death.

1362: Black Death in Goryeo.

1362-66 (Yang Water Tiger / Yang Fire Horse): Hong emperor conquers upper Yangtse kingdom, Szechuan kingdom and Dali kingdom (the latter one wasn't Chinese yet).

1363: Lao kingdom of Lan Xang or Lan Ch'ang established.

1363/64: Black Death brought to Japan by ships.

1364: Death of Gajah Mada, who reigned as Majapahit's prime minister since 1331, dies. Under his government, Majapahit extended over most of OTL Indonesia's territory.

1365-71: Black Death sweeps through Sultanate of Delhi.

1366: Srivijaya conquered by Majapahit.

1367 (Yin Fire Sheep): Border war of Hong and Pagan; the first ones are victorious, Pagan has to give conquered Chinese lands back and has to pay tribute.

1369 (Yin Earth Chicken): Lower Yangtse kingdom conquered by Hong.
In Goryeo, the king gets rid of the Choe family that was the real power behind the throne for more than a century.

1370: Japanese Emperor breaks free from the H?j? Shogun, Muromachi time ends. Soon however, the Hatti family takes the post of Shogun and the power again.

1371-75 (Yin Metal Pig / Yin Wood Rabbit): Hong emperor makes war against South Chinese coast kingdom. At first, the war is lead by land, but since the army of Hong isn't making progress fast enough, Hong starts to build a fleet of cannon-armed junks which bombard Canton and other cities. South China is united again.

1372-75: Various South Indian states are struck by the Black Death.

1376 (Yang Fire Dragon): Annam becomes a Hong tributary. Champa throws off Annam's influence.

1379: When Khmer try to subjugate Lan Xang again, the Laots ask Hong China for help. Khmer empire has to back off.

1380: Nepal united for the first time.

1381 (Yin Metal Chicken): Hong China stops paying tribute to the Jin. A new war starts. It proves now, however, that Jin China, although it seemed to be strong on the outside, it depends too much on mercenaries.

1382: In Thailand, Sukhothai has to submit to Ayutthaya.

1384 (Yang Wood Rat): Hong emperor makes peace because unrest in Szechuan, southern provinces demand his undivided attention. Jin China cedes Kaifeng, Luoyang.

1385 (Yin Wood Ox): First campaign against Japanese pirates around Taiwan.
Hong China and Annam make Champa a tributary again.

1387 (Yin Fire Rabbit): War between Hong and Jin starts again.

1390: First war of the many that will follow between Ayutthaya and Khmer.
Goryeo enters the war on Hong China's side against Jin.

1392 (Yang Water Monkey): Hong conquers Beijing, Jin empire destroyed. The surviving Jin leaders are decapitated. The emperor decides that the Great Wall is to be repaired and extended.

1394 (Yang Wood Dog): Hong emperor destroys Japanese pirates, sends his ships to Japan, which has to give him proper respect. This is the first of many journeys his ships will make, to show the world that China is united and strong again.

~1400: Melaka / Malacca founded.

[post=608780]A short historical comment here[/post]

 

[Hendryk]

Interesting the ways things are turning out...

 

[Max Sinister]

Eastern Europe 1350-1400

Sorry folks, I know I promised a map - but the euratlas maps are too difficult to work with Paint. I'll do the 1400 map at the weekend and post it with the next update on late Sunday.

Eastern Europe 1350-1400:

Retcon first:
1270: Aleksandr (OTL Nevsky) goes to Chernigov to fight against the Kumans under Baibars, who became more powerful recently.

until 1350s: Hungary extends its influence over the western Kumans (west of the Dniepr).

Since ~1350: Vladimir-Suzdal and later Chernigov start to expand into the woodlands between Volga and Ural (the former) and the area between the triangle Ryazan-Volgograd-Samara (the latter). The Muslim or pagan people living there are converted by force and assimilated, or killed and displaced.

1360: Teutonic Order buys Estonia from Denmark (the king needs money for his war against the vassals).

1375: In an alliance with Hungary, the Teutonic Order conquers the princedom of Halicz-Volhyn, which is divided between them. The Teutonic part is object of German immigration and germanization too, and later forms the province of Wolhynien. Some Volhynians flee to the princedom of Kiev, which gains in importance by their influx.

1380s: When steppe people leader Arik-Buqa drives the Kara-Kitai and other Siberian people west, they also harass the Volga area. Eastern Russian princes make Vsevolod V Yuryevich of Vladimir-Suzdal their leader, to fight them.

1381: The western and south-western states from Smolensk to Chernigov elect the most popular of them, prince Vladimir V Rostislavich of Kiev, their leader, seeking protection against the Teutonic Order, the Kumans and the Hungarians.

1383: The patriarch of Kiev crowns Vladimir V Czar of all Rus. The difference between the South / West and Vladimir-Suzdal that already was apparent becomes even more outspoken. Main reason: While the West had to deal mainly with the Teutonic Order (and Novgorod in addition with Sweden), and the South with the Kumans, who had to retreat from the arriving Kara-Kitai (who fled again before Arik-Buqa, it's complicated...), Vladimir and its allies looked more to the East, where the Volga Bulgarians and Hungarians are.

1388: Russian schism begins, when the metropolitan of Vladimir and the patriarch of Kiev excommunicate each other, driven by the Czar / Grand Prince of Vladimir respectively.

1394-96: Black Death sweeps through Southern Russian states.

1397: Western Russian states struck by Black Death.

1397-1401: Novgorod hit by Black Death.

1399-1402: Black Death reaches Vladimir-Suzdal and other eastern Russian states.

[post=613067]Read a historical comment here[/post]