1941, Monday 10 November;
They had left Liverpool’s Princess jetty, on the Orient Line’s hard worked SS
Orcades, now a trooper for the MOWT, one of seven troopers leaving on the 30th October 1941. On board was second lieutenant Michael Lambert, eleven months into his commission, commanding the 9th Platoon, C Company, 1st Bn Cambridgeshire Regiment. The battalion was pretty settled now, apart from the constant churn of men due to transfers, promotions, sickness, etc. Lambert, who was close to promotion to Lieutenant, and his platoon, had months of hard training behind them, and along with the rest of the battalion, and were considered battle ready. Crammed on board with them was the 1/5 Sherwood Foresters, also part of the 55th Brigade, along with other smaller units, totalling nearly 3,300 troops.
Along the Irish coast, protected by a Royal Naval escort, they were joined by an eighth trooper,
Sobieski, a Polish ship, sailing from the Clyde. Another 2,000 troops were on her, the 2nd Bn Cambridgeshire Regiment included, as well as 251st Field Park Company, 18th Divisional Engineers. With them was Mechanist Staff Sgt Edwin Buddings, a professional soldier of eight years, who’s promotions were thanks to a greatly expanding army. Aged 29, he was both sage and father to his young engineers, nearly all hostilities only, as well as a number of the officers. Nevertheless, even he couldn’t help being overwhelmed with the sight of all the big liners, interspersed with the smaller escorts, darting about like worrying sheepdogs.
And so, the 18th Division, commanded by Major General Merton Beckwith-Smith, left the UK bound for Basra and the Middle East. The plan was to acclimatise in Iraq, joining their heavier equipment which was being sent on convoy WS 12Z two weeks later. However, on the strategic level, with the Germans doing so well in Russia, thoughts had turned to forming a new infantry corps, using the 18th and 50th Divisions to fight in southern Russia, with their lines of communications coming down through Georgia, Persia and Iraq.
Just after dawn on the 2nd November, south of Iceland, the convoy was buzzed by two low flying aircraft, causing a stir among the watching troops, although the escorts were unfazed. An hour later ships began appearing from over the horizon, a couple of really big ones, a battleship and an aircraft carrier, with light cruisers and destroyers in attendance, along with a fleet oiler and six merchant ships. An almost frenzy of chattering signalling lamps heralded a calm and disciplined redeployment, as the new ships took over the escorting duties, while the old RN escort turned east, along with the six newly arrived merchant ships. Quickly the word went round the grapevine, from ship to ship, Americans, but what were they doing out here?
Since 1922 there had only been the United States Fleet, with most of its ships in the Battle Fleet, stationed on the west coast to counter the main perceived threat, Japan. A second, much smaller force, formally named the Scouting Squadron was stationed on the east coast. But the start of WW2 had forced the USN to consider the threat of war in the Atlantic as well as the Pacific. Recognising the need for more ships, Congress approved the Two-Ocean Navy Act in July 1940, intent on increasing the Navy by 70%. At the beginning of February, the two forces were renamed the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets, each with its own CinC. Now began a transfer of ships from the west to east coasts, the USN working hard at keeping pace with President Roosevelt’s increasing demands to support the British in the Atlantic.
In October 1939, with the agreement secured from all the nations on the American Continent, Roosevelt had declared a Pan American Security Zone, the maritime area’s border was based on straight lines between points about 300 nautical miles offshore, within which the signatories would not tolerate belligerent acts. This was quickly broken by Britain, when the Royal Navy cornered the
Graf Spee, and formal complaints were made. But clearly the zone benefited Britain more, while the Kriegsmarine was told by Hitler to avoid hostile acts towards US ships to avoid starting a war. Worried about Britain’s potential collapse, Roosevelt did more, firstly, in September 1940, Britain and the US agreed the
destroyers for bases deal, 50 old four stacker USN destroyers were taken out of reserve and handed over to the RN in return for 99-year leases on airfields and ports on British colonial islands around the Atlantic. Then in March 1941, the Lend Lease act came into play. At about the same time, Roosevelt secretly had the USN begin to prepare undertaking escorting of European bound convoys, requiring another 77 old ships to be taken out of reserve and recommissioned. By the summer they had begun escorting duties between Newfoundland and Iceland.
But these moves increasingly led to conflict, something Roosevelt was prepared to accept. On May 21, SS
Robin Moor, an American vessel carrying non military supplies, was stopped by
U-69 750 nautical miles (1,390 km) west of Freetown, Sierra Leone. After its passengers and crew were allowed thirty minutes to board lifeboats,
U-69 torpedoed, shelled, and sank the ship. The survivors then drifted without rescue or detection for up to eighteen days. September 4, the USS
Greer was attacked by
U-652, narrowly avoiding two torpedoes and responding with depth charges while sailing near Iceland. On October 17, a "wolfpack" of German U-boats attacked a British convoy near Iceland again, and overwhelmed her Canadian escorts. USS
Kearny and three other USN destroyers were summoned to assist. Reaching the convoy,
Kearny was engaged in depth charging U-boats, and in return, a torpedo fired from
U-568, hit her on the starboard side, killing 11 and injuring 22 others. The crew confined flooding to the forward fire room, enabling the ship to get out of the danger zone with power from the aft engine and fire room. Regaining power in the forward engine room,
Kearny steamed to
Iceland at 10 knots, arriving 19 October.
And then came the loss of the USS
Rueben James, signalling that the USN was in all but name, at war with Germany. As one of five USN destroyers escorting the 44 merchant ships of convoy HX-156, she’d left Newfoundland on the 23 October. The convoy was attacked on the night of 30/31 October,
Rueben James being involved in depth charging U-boat contacts, when about 5.30am, she was hit by two torpedoes, fired from the U-552, which punched into her port side, causing a couple of explosions, possibly detonating the forward magazine, blowing away the front of the ship. She went down fast, and although the US escort commander was quick to respond and sent two other destroyers to her aid, only 44 of the crew were saved, the other 100, including all the officers, lost.
Back to our convoy, and in part thanks to intelligent routing due to Enigma intercepts, combined with HF/DF direction finding, the fast-sailing convoy had avoided the U-boats, and with the USN taking over escort duties, they duly arrived in Halifax, Canada. For the troops, including Lieutenant Trevor Whymark, 5th Royal Norfolk Bn, on the
Duchess of Atholl, the news they were in Halifax was somewhat perplexing, the general opinion was they were bound for the Middle East, given the tropical uniforms provided, in which case they should be in a port on the west African coast. Furthermore, they were being ordered to disembark here, but the real surprise was coming! As Corporal Roger Osbourne, 4th Suffolk Bn, remarked, we left a very cramped trooper named
Andes, marched along the quayside about half a mile, kitbag and rifle slung, and up a gangway, onto a big American trooper, the USS
Wakefield, the SS
Manhattan, a luxury Liner in a previous life.
In total, six big American troopers,
Mount Vernon,
Wakefield,
West Point,
Joseph T Dickman,
Leonard Wood and
Orizaba, would now transport the 20,000 troops of the 18th Division to the Middle East, thanks to a secret agreement struck between Churchill and Roosevelt, aiding the British, who were struggling with shipping, but urgently needed to reinforce abroad. This was planned to be the first of two such undertakings, the Americans escorting their own troopers as far as Capetown, South Africa, where the troopers would continue but with the Royal Navy as company. The Atlantic escort was formidable, the US aircraft carrier
Ranger, two heavy cruisers,
Quincy and
Vincennes, and their accompanying destroyers, with one planned stop in Trinidad to refuel. The British troopers wouldn’t be idle either, returning to the UK carrying the men of the Canadian 5th Armoured Division. And the whole thing was done in secret, not just from the Germans, but also the US Congress and American people, as Roosevelt stretched the parameters of what help he could give.