Contact and Fight
The Japanese fleet with four carriers and escorts, plus the South Seas Detachment with it’s transports and escorts departed from Yap on the 3rd of January 1942, proceeding northward up past Saipan, then turning back south towards Guam. Repairs on the airfield at Saipan had been on going but two additional raids by B-17s and Havocs had kept the airfield from becoming operational. PBYs over flew Saipan daily and kept Guam up to date on the status of repairs.
On January 6th the most northern evening patrol PBY reported seeing Japanese ships but contact was lost with it before it could give a position report or types of ships. Guam was able to inform both the
S-41 and
S-43 of the report and where it was thought the PBY had been on it’s patrol. Unknown to Guam was that the
USS Triggerfish was also in that area and had copied the PBYs report. At 2200 while on the surface to recharge it’s batteries it saw the troop transports and what looked like 2 carriers. This position report was passed on to both Pearl Harbor and Guam. The
S-41 was about 50 miles away the
S-43 about 100. As the
S-41 closed on the position given by the
Triggerfish it saw another Japanese taskforce that had two carriers about 25 miles away from the
Triggerfish reported position, thinking that this was the same group that the
Triggerfish reported it failed to notify either Pearl or Guam of it’s position. It did attempt to get into attack position. The
USS Triggerfish continued to close while on the surface and at 0200 gave another position report then dove to get into attack position. The
S-41 also still on the surface copied the 0200 report and it was only then that it realized there were two Japanese taskforces. The
S-41 got off it’s contact report and position and also dove but was seen by a Japanese destroyer and attacked by depth charges. It was forced to depart the area underwater and was unable to set up an attack.
Both Guam and the two American carriers were at first confused by the different position reports but then realized there were 4 Japanese carriers. On Guam the 15 Havoc and 5 B-17s were prepared for action. Ten Havocs would go after the first contact report, and five for the second. While the B-17s raided Saipan again.
No P-40s would go with the B-17s and only 5 with each Havoc group. That would leave 19 to cover the Island. It was hoped that after raiding Saipan the B-17s would be able to land rearm and head for the second contact. Take off from Guam would be at 0400 with lights from trucks to line the airfields.
To the Southwest the two American carriers prepared for a strike on the second contact. It was felt that these must be large carriers, that smaller carriers would be with the transports. Just before take off from Guam the Havocs and P-40s had their targets changed to hit only the first contact. It was only now that news of the two American carriers was passed on to the Guam attack force. The Havoc pilots and crews were told the carriers can hurt us but the transports can take the Island away. Go for the transports. The largest Naval Air battle to date was about to begin and so far the Japanese did not know about the American carriers.
The Japanese knew that a PBY had seen one group and that a submarine the other. They planned for a take off at sunrise 0540 with all bombers armed for taking out the airfields, Piti Navy Yard and any troop concentration spotted. The Transports with their escorts started the high speed run in towards Guam with the plan to be off the Tuman Beach by 0800 where they would split up with some heading for the Orote Peninsula to land the bulk of the troops there on the peninsula and only a few at Tuman Beach. One transport would continue down the island to land the 400 man special naval landing force at Cosos Lagoon.
three different locations were planed. With almost 6000 men it was thought by the Japanese that following the air raids, this should be enough strength.
With odds of 4 vs. 2 the
USS Saratoga and
USS Enterprise made the joint decision to launch before daylight at 0400 using the landing lights on the carriers. This it was hoped would allow the American strike to close on the Japanese carriers just at sunrise. They did not know that their two targets were in fact the
IJN Akagi and
IJN Kaga. All American aircraft launched as planed from both Guam and the carriers.
At 0500 the Japanese I Boat
I-19 spotted the CA
USS Portland before driving to get away from an approaching destroyer it sent a contact report of American ships to the Southwest. It was unable to report how many or what types. Scout floatplanes from the carrier escorts were launched to the Southwest. The
IJN Akagi attack force was ordered to rearm with anti-ship ordnance. This would delay it launching it’s aircraft until around 0630 which by that time it was hoped more information was reported. The combat air patrol (CAP) was increased from 10 Zeros to 20 over the Akagi and Kaga but CAP coverage over the Soryu and Hiryu and the transports had to be split. Fifteen stayed with the transports, five to each group; twenty stayed with the carriers. But this left only the twenty Zeros from the Kaga to cover the strike on the Island.
At 0540 the Japanese strike force started to launch with all strike aircraft forming up about 100 miles from Guam. Both radars on Guam reported the large formation of Japanese aircraft. All remaining P-40s lifted off from Barrigada airfield. Air raid warning were sounded through out the Island and the Guamanian population headed for the caves. Radar was reporting at least 150 aircraft on the way. American fighters and Havocs from Guam hit the rapidly approaching transports at 0700. The 15 Havocs made their approach as the P-40s attempted to keep the Zeros off them. All six transports were hit damage from the 500lb AP and 250lb general purpose bombs started fires and dangerous listing on all six targets. The Havocs paid a price of 10 shot down along with all 10 P-40s. But the invasion transports had been stopped for the second time. The Japanese escorts attempted to remove as many troops as possible from the sinking transports then retired towards Saipan.
The P-40s had splashed only 4 Zeros. All 10 P-40 pilots were from the relief force and didn’t have the experience to fight smart. The action was about 30 miles off the coast and both the YP-16 and 17 attempted to rescue as many pilots and Havoc crews as they could. The remaining 11 Zeros of the transports CAP having been unable to save the transports started their return to their carriers. After covering the rescue of troops by the escorts.
At Saipan the B-17s arrived at sunrise and unloaded their bombs just as the remaining Japanese aircraft were getting ready to lift off for a strike at Guam. Once again with no early warning the Japanese were sitting ducks. The Five remaining Zeros did lift off but were unable to stop the bomb runs. Saipan was once again out of business until the runways could be repaired. No B-17s reported any damage from fighter attacks. The box formation trained by the USAAC Bomber Command gave all around protection. The Zeros broke off after only two attempted passes.
At 0630 the
USS Triggerfish was in position and fired a total of six torpedoes at the
IJN Hiryu only one hit.
But it hit in the stern and damaged the props. The
IJN Hiryu went dead in the water. The
S-41 having been forced away from the second group of Japanese carriers had moved to the position reported by the
Triggerfish and was also in position off the
IJN Hiryu and fired two torpedoes at 0700 they both hit. The
IJN Hiryu already dead in the water had it’s back broken and started sinking as fires from avation fuel went out of control. Almost none of it’s crew got off. The escorts around the Soryu and Hiryu savagely depth charges both American submarines. But as the
Soryu was moving off they also moved to cover it leaving two American Subs damaged but not sunk.
A rain squall swept over the
Akagi and while it was hidden by the squall the American strike force of 90 aircraft found the
Kaga. Three torpedoes and four 500lb AP bombs left her in flames. Not seeing another carrier the American strike force attacked the escorts damaging two cruisers and three destroyers. Departing for the American ships they did not see the
Akagi steam out of the squall nor did they see it launch it’s aircraft to follow them. The CAP over the Kaga had shot down 10 Dive bombers and one torpedo plane and four F4F fighters, while the American fighters claimed eight Zeros.
The CAP over the Saratoga and Enterprise had twenty F4F fighters. The two carriers were about 8 miles apart. The escorting fighters from the American strike were short on ammunition after the fight over the
Hiryu, the Dive Bombers and Torpedo planes were short on fuel, and they lined up to land first. The two carriers were streaming in a straight line to allow the landings when the CAP saw the Japanese strike force. There were twenty F4Fs from the American strike along with the CAP of twenty giving the Americans 40 fighters. The
Akagi had launched seventy five aircraft twenty Zeros, thirty Dive bombers and twenty five Torpedo planes. They split and attempted to attack both carriers. The American Dive Bombers and Torpedo planes cleared the area while the fighters strove to hit the bombers and torpedo planes. Then the American Dive Bombers went on the attack by going after the slower torpedo planes this distracted the Zero fighters just long enough for the American fighters to breakup the Dive Bombers plan of attack on the
Enterprise and the Saratoga. Three Diver Bombers however got through to the
Saratoga and hit the flight deck with their bombs and themselves.
The
Saratoga became a torch. No Japanese Torpedo planes were able to launch and no hits were made on the
Enterprise. As the Japanese aircraft withdrew less all twenty five Torpedo planes, fifteen Dive Bombers and ten Zeros. The
Enterprise started landing the fuel starved planes it did not have room for all the planes from it and the
Saratoga. Those aircraft from the
Saratoga with fuel to make it to Guam were ordered to head there. Fires on the Saratoga were starting to be contained when the I-19 slammed three torpedos into it. American destroyers depth charged the I-19 and saw oil raising to the surface. They claimed a kill but the Saratoga was sinking not a good trade off.
The attack on Guam by the combined forces of the Hiryu, Soryu and Kaga overwhelmed as planed the nineteen P-40s. Bomb hits closed both airstrips but again when the Zeros attempted to strafe the airfields the quad 50’s shot them down. Down town Agana and the Piti Navy Yard were hard hit, and both the Submarine tender and Mine Sweeper were sunk. The Japanese lost seven more zeros ten Kates and fifteen Vals to both the nineteen P-40s and quad 50’s. Only three P-40s were left and they were damaged with no where to land until the bomb damage was repaired. As soon as the last Japanese aircraft left the bulldozers were out filling the holes at Barrigada airfield. The five B-17s were also flying back from Saipan as were an unknown number of aircraft from the
Saratoga and the five remaining Havocs
. The airfield needed to be repaired fast and it was.
Japanese efforts to take Guam had failed. But at a very high cost.