I'm not sure how much this has been discussed here and I'm not that familiar with this period of history, but hopefully this forum is knowlegeadble on the subject. Firstly, do you think the Hungarian revolutionaries could have defeated the Habsburgs and retained independence? What would be a realistic PoD to achieve this? Secondly, what would be the wider geopolitical consequences of this, could the rest of the Austrian Empire have survived for example? And how would an independent Hungary have developed? What are some other longer term implications or thoughts on the subject?
What if Hungary won the 1848/49 War of Independence?
- Thread starter Pericles
- Start date
The original sin which ultimately doomed the Hungarian insurrection in 1848-49 was their insistence on Magyarization of all the different people under the Crown of St. Stephan. Unfortunately, the Magyars were just around 40% of the population and the other 60% spoke different languages and in many cases subscribed to a different religion. Unsurprisingly, they refused to be turned into Magyars.
How much of a factor was that in 1848/49? While Magyarisation was pushed later in the 19th century, I'm not sure if it was an issue at the time and have heard that the Hungarian revolutionaries were quite modern and democratic in their treatment of other nationalities.
It was a major factor, since it alienated all the minorities under the crown of St. Stephan and allowed the imperial government to play the role of protector of minorities and in general of the common people. Add to this that the majority of the lands were owned by Hungarians even in places like Transylvania, the Banat or Slovakia and there was no incentive for them in abolishing land serfdom (the Austrian governor of Galicia was smarter, and decreed the abolition in April, but then the landowners were Polish noblemen) and you can understand why the Hungarian revolution had not a reasonable path to success
To be fair it's not like these issues including the attitude of Hungarian nobility weren't preexisting conditions at the start of the revolution.
Of course these conditions were pre-existing, but the formulation adopted by the insurgents was certain to be unacceptable to all the other ethnic components under the Crown of St. Stephan, and facilitated the work of the Imperial government in creating dissension and strife. As late as 1908, 94% of the Transleithanian parliament was elected by ethnic Magyars and just 6% by all the others. It looks to me that the mindset wasn't changed at all
Of course it hasn't changed. Hungarian nobility has ever strived to be the greatest and most tenacious enemy of Hungarian prosperity from 1222 to 1945.
If the scenario needs to include open confrontation between Hungary and Austria, then the earliest POD we can work with is in 1848's October. If the parliament and the OHB comes to an earlier decision concerning an attack into Austrian territory (and the army accepts it), then the Hungarian main army could cross into Austria already on the 11th. The Austrians at the time still lacked the sufficient numbers to confidently face the Hungarians on the field, so the Battle of Schwechat either doesn't happen or results in Hungarian victory. Either way, the Hungarian army would be able to link up with the revolutionaries of Vienna (who controlled the city since the 6th of October). At that point a Hungarian, and Austrian revolutionary victory would be possible. In most cases this wouldn't mean the end of the Habsburg Monarchy though. The monarch would be forced to give up most of his authority in both Austria and Hungary, and the clique in charge of the Camarilla would be removed from power. Ferdinand himself might actually keep his thrones too, but his abdication is not out of the question either.
If Ferdinand does end up abdicating, then Franz Karl probably becomes the new monarch of both countries, but there exists a slim chance of the two realms getting different monarchs in the end. One option there is Franz Josef ascending in Austria and Maximilian in Hungary (he's only 16, but he can be declared of age), and another is Palatine Stephan becoming the new ruler of Hungary (while Austria either goes to Franz Karl or Franz Josef).
Revolutionary victory in Austria would empower the Frankfurt Assembly, so early German unification is not entirely out of the question ITTL.
How can you even claim that? The British, French, Russian, etc. empires spanned over continents within the same era. Compared to that, holding onto the Carpathian Basin is nothing. Not to mention, the Hungarian mistreatment of the country's minorities is a bit overblown here. Everyone got the exact same rights and citizenship. The only point of contention (of national character) was the use of the Hungarian language. Hungarians wanted it to become the sole official language of the country and wanted most of the population to be able to speak it. Understandably this wasn't exactly popular with the minorities.
It's not like the Hungarians were completely unwilling to compromise though:
Regarding the various languages and Greek-rite churches in the country, until detailed measures regarding the structure of the constitution to be drafted are taken through legislation, partly for the greater reassurance of the non-Hungarian-speaking citizens of the country, and partly as an instruction to the government in its temporary settlement measures, it is declared by resolution:
1. The free national development of all peoples living in the territory of the Hungarian Empire is hereby ensured:
2. When Hungarian is used as a diplomatic language in national, administrative, legislative, and military affairs, the following is stated regarding the use of all other languages in vogue in the country:
3. In the village meetings, everyone can speak either in Hungarian or in their mother tongue, and the minutes will be conducted in the language that is freely chosen from among the languages in vogue in the village.
4. In the deliberations of all kinds of meetings of the legal authorities, everyone who is entitled to speak can present his opinion and speech, either in Hungarian or in his native language.
In the legislative authority where a certain ethnic group exceeds half of the total population, the protocol must be drawn up in its language, if requested.
But correspondence with the National Assembly, government and all other legal authorities must always be conducted in Hungarian.
5. If the oral procedure is brought before the jury or the courts of first instance, the principle stated under point 4 is extended to the procedures before these courts as well.
6. The national guards will command in the same language in the villages that have been established as the language of the village.
7. In elementary schools, the language of instruction will always be the language of the village or the church.
8. The registers and ecclesiastical affairs of the parish will be conducted in the native language of the parish.
9. Everyone can submit their coursework anywhere in their native language.
10. The synod of the Greek rites, when convened, can act freely in their ecclesiastical and doctrinal affairs - just like other religious denominations - and they can choose their bishops freely, the question of the unity of the Romanian and Serbian speaking people in the church is almost entrusted to this synod.
11. Churches and schools of the Greek rites enjoy all the benefits that the government will give to people of other religions.
12. The Greek rites handle their doctrinal and ecclesiastical documents exclusively themselves.
13. A special faith tank will be set up for them at the University of Budapest.
14. Applications for offices and positions will generally be based on merit and ability, regardless of language or religion.
15. The government is authorized and obliged to implement its relevant decrees and measures based on these principles.
16. The government is authorized, in particular, to meet the legitimate demands of the Romanians and Ráks, to remedy their grievances, by decree or by a law to be passed by the National Assembly.
17. The government is authorized, in the name of the nation, to pardon all those who lay down their arms during the time set by it, repent and take the oath of independence.
1. The free national development of all peoples living in the territory of the Hungarian Empire is hereby ensured:
2. When Hungarian is used as a diplomatic language in national, administrative, legislative, and military affairs, the following is stated regarding the use of all other languages in vogue in the country:
3. In the village meetings, everyone can speak either in Hungarian or in their mother tongue, and the minutes will be conducted in the language that is freely chosen from among the languages in vogue in the village.
4. In the deliberations of all kinds of meetings of the legal authorities, everyone who is entitled to speak can present his opinion and speech, either in Hungarian or in his native language.
In the legislative authority where a certain ethnic group exceeds half of the total population, the protocol must be drawn up in its language, if requested.
But correspondence with the National Assembly, government and all other legal authorities must always be conducted in Hungarian.
5. If the oral procedure is brought before the jury or the courts of first instance, the principle stated under point 4 is extended to the procedures before these courts as well.
6. The national guards will command in the same language in the villages that have been established as the language of the village.
7. In elementary schools, the language of instruction will always be the language of the village or the church.
8. The registers and ecclesiastical affairs of the parish will be conducted in the native language of the parish.
9. Everyone can submit their coursework anywhere in their native language.
10. The synod of the Greek rites, when convened, can act freely in their ecclesiastical and doctrinal affairs - just like other religious denominations - and they can choose their bishops freely, the question of the unity of the Romanian and Serbian speaking people in the church is almost entrusted to this synod.
11. Churches and schools of the Greek rites enjoy all the benefits that the government will give to people of other religions.
12. The Greek rites handle their doctrinal and ecclesiastical documents exclusively themselves.
13. A special faith tank will be set up for them at the University of Budapest.
14. Applications for offices and positions will generally be based on merit and ability, regardless of language or religion.
15. The government is authorized and obliged to implement its relevant decrees and measures based on these principles.
16. The government is authorized, in particular, to meet the legitimate demands of the Romanians and Ráks, to remedy their grievances, by decree or by a law to be passed by the National Assembly.
17. The government is authorized, in the name of the nation, to pardon all those who lay down their arms during the time set by it, repent and take the oath of independence.
On the one hand, the National Assembly of Hungary, and on the other hand, the National Assembly of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, for the settlement of the public law issues between them, a convention will be established by common agreement, this convention, also approved, confirmed and sanctified by His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Majesty, as Hungary and Croatia , common basic law of the Slavonic and Dalmatian states, the following is hereby enacted into law:
Since the Croatian and Slavonic countries belonged to the crown of St. Stephen for centuries, both legally and de facto, it is also stated in sa sanctio pragmatica that the countries of the Hungarian crown are also inseparable from each other: on these grounds, Hungary on the one hand, and Croatian and Slavic countries on the other, in order to settle the public law issues between them, the following agreement was concluded:
§ 1 Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia form one and the same state community, both in the direction of the other countries under His Majesty's rule and other countries.
§ 2. It follows from state community and belonging that the king of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is crowned with one and the same crown and with one and the same act of coronation, and for all the countries under the crown of István Sz. at the national assembly, a common coronation certificate is established and issued.
However, the original of this coronation certificate, in addition to the Hungarian text, must be edited in Croatian and issued to Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, and the integrity and national constitution of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia must be ensured in it.
The coronation certificate from 1867 in the original Croatian text will also be issued afterwards, and will be sent to the National Assembly of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia as soon as possible.
§ 3. Furthermore, it follows from the above-mentioned indivisible state community that, with regard to all matters which are common to all the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty or to be dealt with by common agreement, Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia have one and the same legal with representation, legislation, and implementation with a joint government.
§ 4. Article XII of the Hungarian National Assembly of 1867, which defines the common or non-common matters between the countries of the Crown of St. Stephen and the other countries of His Majesty, and the manner of handling them, as well as the agreements already established based on the law, and especially the 1867:XIV., XV. and XVI. Articles of law are also recognized as valid and binding by Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, with the definite stipulation that in the future, similar basic laws and conventions can only be enacted with the legal consent of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
The basic law and articles of law affected in this section will be subsequently issued in the original Croatian text and sent to the Croatian, Slavonic, and Dalmatian national assemblies as soon as possible for promulgation.
§ 5. In addition to the subjects which are common between the countries of the crown of St. Stephen and the other countries of His Majesty, or which must be managed by agreement, there are also other matters which are of common interest to Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, and the community of legislation and government between all the countries of the Hungarian crown is declared necessary by this convention.
§ 6. The common cause of this is, above all, to offer the costs of court maintenance to all the countries of Sz. -István's crown.
§ 7. In addition, the recommendation of recruits, the defense system and legislation regarding military conscription, and the measure on the accommodation and food of the army are also a common matter, with regard to which, however, it is determined in relation to the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries:
a) that the portion of the contingent to be voted jointly for Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is determined according to the ratio of the total population, meaning that if the current protection system is transformed, the rules of the newly established system will also be applied in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia;
b) recruits from Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia are assigned to the regiments of these countries;
c) finally, during enlistment, there will be a problem that the recruits are most suitable for the type of weapon, and the recruits from the coast are mainly assigned to the navy.
§ 8. Common between Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, both in terms of legislation and government, is the financial matter as described below. In relation to this, the determination of all tax systems, the recommendation of direct and indirect taxes, both for the types and amounts of taxes, as well as the imposition, management and collection of taxes, the collection of new taxes, the voting of the budget for common matters, and the annual final accounts regarding the costs of common matters examining, taking on new state debt or converting existing debts, managing, transforming, encumbering and selling immovable state assets, disposing of royalties and royal incomes (jura regalia majora), and in general all measures that the crown of István Sz. refers to a common financial object with the countries under which the Hungarian no. it concerns the joint assembly of all the countries of the crown; regarding the sale of Croatian-Slavonic state land, however, with the restriction that the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian State Assembly must also be heard in this section, without whose consent no sale can take place. And with regard to all these objects, the common financial government, which is exercised by the Hungarian Royal Minister of Finance, who is responsible for the joint national assembly, also extends to Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 9. The common affairs of all the countries of the Hungarian crown are money, coinage and bank notes, as well as the definition of the monetary system and the general monetary base, and the examination and approval of those commercial and state treaties that concern both the countries of the crown of István Sz. measures concerning banks, credit and insurance institutions, patents, measures and weights, commodity stamps and sample insurance, hallmarks, literary and artistic property; maritime, commercial, bill of exchange and mining law, and in general the matter of trade, customs, telegraphy, post offices, railways, ports, shipping and those state roads and rivers which are of common interest to Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 10 Regarding the regulation of industrial matters, including door-to-door trade, also in the case of non-profit associations, and the passport system, the police over foreigners, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation is common, but the enforcement is in respect of these subjects It is reserved for Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 11. The Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries acknowledge that they would be obliged to contribute to the costs, which on the one hand are known to be common between the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty, and on the other hand, which are designated as higher common among all the countries of the Hungarian crown, in proportion to their tax capacity .
§ 12. This tax capacity ratio, according to the same official data, on the basis of which the contribution ratio of the countries of the Hungarian crown to the costs of common affairs compared to the other countries of His Majesty was determined for ten years, for the same period
93. 5,592 for Hungary. 201;
6. 4,407 for Croatia and Slavonia. 799 percent.
§ 13. However, since all the net incomes of the countries of Croatia and Slavonia would cover the amount, which, according to the tax capacity key referred to in the section above, would fall on them from the costs of common affairs, according to this time, they would only be able to cover it if they transferred a larger part of the amounts necessary for their administration: Hungary, in view of the renewal of the fraternal relationship that has existed between Croatia and the Slavonic countries for centuries, they readily agree that a certain amount, which is sometimes determined by convention for the administrative costs of these countries, should be deducted from the incomes of the Croatian and Slavonic countries, and what remains after covering the administrative needs amount should be used for the costs required by common matters.
§ 14 Based on the principle explained in the previous sections, the following financial unity was established between Hungary on the one hand and Croatia and Slavonia on the other.
§ 15. The administrative needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries for the 10 years, as long as the agreement between the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty lasts, is estimated at 2. 200,000 frts.
§ 16. This amount is primarily covered by 45 percent of the direct and indirect taxes and other public revenues of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, i.e. such percentage of the total revenues of those countries is submitted to the Croatian-Slavonic national or legislative fund, where the legislature or government of the partner countries will require.
§ 17. 55 percent of the total revenues of the Croatian-Slavonic countries shall be submitted to the common treasury to cover the common costs.
§ 18 The incomes, which according to §§ 16 and 17 are to be divided between the administrative needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries and the costs of common affairs, with the exception of:
a) wine and meat consumption taxes, which in Croatian-Slavonic countries, according to the previous practice, can also be used to cover municipal expenses;
b) the 1867:XII. by virtue of the article of law, the income of the border customs.
§ 19. If the government territory of the Croatian-Slavonic countries would increase by the actual annexation of Dalmatia, or by the administrative unification of the border guard: the incomes of the territories united with the Croatian-Slavonic countries are also distributed according to the rate established in §§ 16 and 17 to the Croatian-Slavonic internal administration and between the costs of common matters.
§ 20. The currently existing national allowance, as in Hungary and in the Croatian-Slavonic countries, is attached to the state taxes.
§ 21. However, the land relief supplement is managed by the land relief directorate of these countries until the national land relief debt is paid in full, and is transferred to the treasury of that directorate by the financial directorate. Nevertheless, the joint guarantee of the countries of the Hungarian crown for this land relief debt will remain from now on, and the necessary aid for this purpose will be advanced from the common treasury according to the method and practice up to now.
§ 22. The Hungarian Royal Minister of Finance in Croatia and Slavonia exercises the enforcement of individual and indirect taxes, excises, stamps, fees, levies and state assets through the Financial Directorate in Zagreb to be appointed by him.
§ 23. The departments of the National Audit Office in Zagreb, which manage objects belonging to the self-government of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, are in all respects subject to the provisions of the mentioned countries. However, the results of the final accounts conducted by the relevant accounting departments must be shared with the joint finance minister so that the financial data of all the countries of the Hungarian crown can be fully compiled.
§ 24. The separate national government and legislative authorities of the Croatian-Slavonic countries fully support the entities of the joint financial government in the provision and collection of public revenues, and they strictly comply with the legal decrees of the finance minister responsible for the joint national assembly.
§ 25. If, in some years, 45 percent of the total income does not cover the internal administration needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries established above (§ 15), Hungary will advance the deficit.
§ 26. If, on the other hand, the affected 45 percent goes to an amount greater than the amount agreed upon for the internal administration needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, the surplus shall be used to cover common costs.
§ 27. If, however, the incomes of the Croatian-Slavonic countries would exceed the share of the joint costs that falls on them according to the tax capacity rate set out in § 12, due to the increase in their tax capacity, the surplus will be at the disposal of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, without Croatia - The Slavonic countries would be obliged to cover the sums for which they were left behind in the previous years, in terms of common costs, in retrospect.
§ 28. Regarding the incomes of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, the settlement is prepared based on the principles mentioned in the sections above, and submitted to the joint legislature of the countries of the Hungarian crown at the same time as the final accounts of all the countries of the Hungarian crown.
For your information, the settlement examined here will also be communicated to the national assembly of the Croatian-Slavonic countries.
§ 29. The maintenance of a separate statement for the incomes of the Croatian-Slavonic countries can be started after the establishment of the convention and only on January 1 of the following year, 1869. While this agreement has not been accepted by the two legislatures and has not been ratified by His Majesty, the 1867 appropriation is the governing one for the Croatian-Slavonic countries in the vouchering of administrative costs.
§ 30. 63 percent of the remaining and recoverable tax arrears of the countries of Croatia and Slavonia up to the end of 1867 are used for the needs of the named countries, while 37 percent belong to the common treasury.
§ 31. With regard to those subjects which are common between the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty, or to be managed by agreement, as well as those which are designated as common between the countries of the Hungarian crown in the above sections, the legislative right of all the Hungarian crown regarding the joint country assembly of its countries to be convened in Pest every year.
§ 32. In this joint national assembly, the Croatian and Slavonic countries are represented by 29 representatives in proportion to the number of their inhabitants, not including the city of Fiume and its coastal district due to the reason given in section 66. If the number of representatives in Hungary were to change over time: The number of representatives of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, while maintaining the population ratio, would be determined according to the same principles that are used to determine the number of representatives in Hungary.
§ 33. If the population of the Croatian and Slavonic countries increases, either through the administrative unification of the border guard or the annexation of Dalmatia: the number of representatives of the named partner countries will also increase in proportion to the increase in population.
§ 34. Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries elect their representatives to the joint national assembly from among their own national assemblies, and for the entire period to which the mandate of the joint house of representatives extends.
In the event that the Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian State Assembly is dissolved in the meantime, the representatives of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia will remain members of the joint State Assembly until the newly convened Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian State Assembly elects new representatives.
§ 35. The representatives of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia exercise their right of personal expression and voting in the discussion of all the matters which have been presented as common in the sections above, also independently, without instructions, in the same way as the other members of the joint national assembly.
§ 36. The Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries also send two representatives from their respective national assemblies to the main house of the common national assembly.
§ 37. The Grand Orders of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and those secular and ecclesiastical dignitaries, who before 1848 had the right to sit and vote in the Grand House of the Hungarian National Assembly, will henceforth be members of the upper house of the joint National Assembly with the same right, until the house is not on other grounds arranged.
§ 38. Joint matters, as far as possible, are discussed in advance and one after the other at the joint national assembly; and in any case, care will be taken to ensure that the representatives of the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries are allowed at least three months' time each year to manage their own internal affairs in their own state assemblies.
§ 39. All the expenses of the joint national assembly, including the daily fees and accommodation costs of the representatives of Croatia and Dalmatia, are to be covered from the joint state treasury.
§ 40. After the joint state assembly of the countries of the Hungarian crown exercises part of its duties, namely the determination of the budget for common matters known as pragmatica sanctionio, by a committee (delegatio) sent from its own bosom: from the representatives of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, by the joint state assembly as many members are elected to the Hungarian delegation, according to the key according to which the named partner countries are represented at the joint national assembly, it falls to them.
§ 41 Compared to this, it is established that four members from the House of Representatives and one member from the House of Grand Order should be elected to the delegation from the representatives of the Croatian-Slavonic countries.
§ 42. If the number of representatives of the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian National Assembly increases as a result of the territorial expansion referred to in § 33: the number of members who are elected to the delegation from the representatives of the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries will increase in a corresponding proportion.
§ 43. Regarding all the cases which the 1867:XII. in the article of law and in this agreement, all the countries of the Hungarian crown are designated as joint, with the exception of the objects contained in § 10, the executive power is also exercised in the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries by the central government based in Buda-Pest, through its own agents.
§ 44 In order to represent the interests of the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries, a separate Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian minister without a portfolio is appointed for these countries to the central government based in Buda-Pest. With this minister's vote, he is a member of the joint ministerial council and is responsible for the joint national assembly. He is the link between His Majesty and the national government of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 45. The central government, in the territory of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, tries to act in agreement with the separate governments of these countries; however, since the joint national assembly, in which Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia are also represented, is responsible for the procedure, the actions of the Croatian, Slavonia and Dalmatian national governments and legislative authorities must be promoted as a matter of necessity, and in fact, to the extent that the central government does not have its own institutions, they are also to be implemented directly.
§ 46. Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries, at their request, ensure that the central government both the Croatian-Slavonic departments of the central offices and the media operating in the territory of the named countries, with regard to the necessary professional qualifications, as far as possible, Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian appointed from among his compatriots.
§ 47. With regard to all subjects that are not reserved for the joint national assembly and the central government in this convention, the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries have full self-government rights (autonomy) both in terms of legislation and execution.
§ 48. For this reason, the self-government law of the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries covers both the legislative and governmental aspects of those countries' internal administration, religious and public education matters and the judiciary, including not only the administration of maritime law, but also legislation at all levels.
§ 49 Regarding the claims of the religious and public education funds, the excess or the debts are equalized by means of a mutual settlement.
§ 50. The head of the autonomous national government in the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian states is the ban, who is responsible for the Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian State Assembly.
§ 51. The Bant of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is appointed by His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Highness, upon the proposal and countersignature of the Hungarian Royal Prime Minister.
§ 52. Next year, however, the civil dignity of the ban will be chosen separately from the military one, and a rule will be established so that from now on the civil affairs of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia cannot be influenced by a military individual.
§ 53. In his civil position, he continues to live with the title of ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, and enjoys all the privileges and dignities of the office of ban, which are compatible with his new position. Therefore, he remains a member of the House of Commons of the joint national assembly.
§ 54. The further organization of the autonomous country government is determined by the Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian national assembly, based on the proposal of the ban, with the highest consent of His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Majesty.
§ 55. After the sanctification of this agreement, the Croatian-Slavonic Court Chancellery will be dissolved immediately.
§ 56. In the entire territory of Croatian-Slavonia, the language of both the legislature and public administration and legislation is Croatian.
§ 57. The Croatian language is established as the official language of the joint government within the borders of the Croatian-Slavonic countries.
§ 58 Proposals and submissions in Croatian-Slavonic countries from Croatian-Slavonic countries must also be accepted by the joint ministry, and responses to them must be given in the same language.
§ 59 It is further declared that the Croatian-Slavonic countries, as a political nation with a separate territory, and the representatives of countries with their own legislation and government regarding their internal affairs, can use the Croatian language both in the joint national assembly and in its delegation.
§ 60. The laws to be created by the joint legislature for the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries shall be issued in the original Croatian text, signed by His Majesty, and shall be sent to the assembly of the named countries.
§ 61 Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries can use their own national united colors and crests in their internal affairs within their borders, the latter being covered with the crown of St. Stephen.
§ 62. The badge of common affairs of the countries of the Hungarian crown: the united crests of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 63. During the discussion of joint matters, the joint Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian flag must be raised in addition to the Hungarian flag on the building in which the joint state assembly of the countries of the Hungarian crown is held.
§ 64. On the coins to be minted by the countries of the Hungarian crown, the king's czim of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is also included in the royal czim.
§ 65. Hungary recognizes the territorial integrity of the Croatian-Slavonic countries and promises to promote its addition. In particular, he will urge that the part of the border guard area that belongs to Croatia-Slavonia, and the military villages in the border guard area, be united with these countries, as well as in terms of legislation, i.e. public administration and legislation, and as he has spoken on this matter in many meetings so far, he will also demand will demand the return of Dalmatia by the right of the Hungarian Holy Crown, and will demand its connection to Croatia. Regarding the conditions of this feedback, however, Dalmatia should also be heard.
§ 66 Pursuant to the previous section, it is announced to those belonging to the territory of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia:
1. All the territory that currently belongs to the county of Fiume together with the city of Buccari and its district, with the exception of the city of Fiume and its district, which city, port and district form a separate body attached to the Hungarian crown (separatum sacrae regni coronae adnexum corpus), and which, as such, , with regard to its separate autonomy and its legislative and governmental relations, an agreement will be reached by mutual agreement between the National Assembly of Hungary and the National Assembly of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and the city of Fiume, through delegation negotiations.
2. Zagreb County, with the cities of Zagreb and Károlyváros and the free district of Turmeze;
3. County of Varasd with the city of Varasd;
4. Körösmegy with the city of Körös;
5. Pozsega county with the city of Pozsega;
6. Verőcz County with the city of Eszék;
7. Szerem County;
and the following border guard regiments:
1. likkai,
2. ottocsányi,
3. abrasions,
4. szluini,
5. first treat,
6. second treat,
7. Varazsd-körösi,
8. Varazsd-Szentgyörgyi,
9. gradually,
10. broodi,
11. St. Petersburg;
finally the current Dalmatia.
§ 67 Until the territorial integrity of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia described in the previous point is restored: Hungary agrees that the customs offices of Zimony, Mitrovica, Raca, Klenak and Jakov, excepted from the current direct administrative position, in recognition of the territorial relationship, be subordinated to the financial directorate in Zagreb.
§ 68. After the sanctification of this convention, all existing laws and resolutions that contradict it shall cease to be valid.
§ 69. On the contrary, all those constitutional rights and fundamental laws, the enjoyment and protection of which in the past extended to both Hungary and the Croatian-Slavonic countries, and which do not conflict with this convention, continue to be considered the common rights and fundamental laws of the countries of the Hungarian crown.
§ 70. After the highest sanctification, this agreement, as the joint basic law of Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, will be incorporated into the separate law books of the named countries. It is also agreed that this convention cannot be the subject of separate legislation of the contracting countries, and changes to it can only be made in the same way as it was created, with the contribution of all the factors that concluded it.
Since the Croatian and Slavonic countries belonged to the crown of St. Stephen for centuries, both legally and de facto, it is also stated in sa sanctio pragmatica that the countries of the Hungarian crown are also inseparable from each other: on these grounds, Hungary on the one hand, and Croatian and Slavic countries on the other, in order to settle the public law issues between them, the following agreement was concluded:
§ 1 Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia form one and the same state community, both in the direction of the other countries under His Majesty's rule and other countries.
§ 2. It follows from state community and belonging that the king of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is crowned with one and the same crown and with one and the same act of coronation, and for all the countries under the crown of István Sz. at the national assembly, a common coronation certificate is established and issued.
However, the original of this coronation certificate, in addition to the Hungarian text, must be edited in Croatian and issued to Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, and the integrity and national constitution of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia must be ensured in it.
The coronation certificate from 1867 in the original Croatian text will also be issued afterwards, and will be sent to the National Assembly of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia as soon as possible.
§ 3. Furthermore, it follows from the above-mentioned indivisible state community that, with regard to all matters which are common to all the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty or to be dealt with by common agreement, Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia have one and the same legal with representation, legislation, and implementation with a joint government.
§ 4. Article XII of the Hungarian National Assembly of 1867, which defines the common or non-common matters between the countries of the Crown of St. Stephen and the other countries of His Majesty, and the manner of handling them, as well as the agreements already established based on the law, and especially the 1867:XIV., XV. and XVI. Articles of law are also recognized as valid and binding by Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, with the definite stipulation that in the future, similar basic laws and conventions can only be enacted with the legal consent of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
The basic law and articles of law affected in this section will be subsequently issued in the original Croatian text and sent to the Croatian, Slavonic, and Dalmatian national assemblies as soon as possible for promulgation.
§ 5. In addition to the subjects which are common between the countries of the crown of St. Stephen and the other countries of His Majesty, or which must be managed by agreement, there are also other matters which are of common interest to Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, and the community of legislation and government between all the countries of the Hungarian crown is declared necessary by this convention.
§ 6. The common cause of this is, above all, to offer the costs of court maintenance to all the countries of Sz. -István's crown.
§ 7. In addition, the recommendation of recruits, the defense system and legislation regarding military conscription, and the measure on the accommodation and food of the army are also a common matter, with regard to which, however, it is determined in relation to the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries:
a) that the portion of the contingent to be voted jointly for Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is determined according to the ratio of the total population, meaning that if the current protection system is transformed, the rules of the newly established system will also be applied in Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia;
b) recruits from Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia are assigned to the regiments of these countries;
c) finally, during enlistment, there will be a problem that the recruits are most suitable for the type of weapon, and the recruits from the coast are mainly assigned to the navy.
§ 8. Common between Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, both in terms of legislation and government, is the financial matter as described below. In relation to this, the determination of all tax systems, the recommendation of direct and indirect taxes, both for the types and amounts of taxes, as well as the imposition, management and collection of taxes, the collection of new taxes, the voting of the budget for common matters, and the annual final accounts regarding the costs of common matters examining, taking on new state debt or converting existing debts, managing, transforming, encumbering and selling immovable state assets, disposing of royalties and royal incomes (jura regalia majora), and in general all measures that the crown of István Sz. refers to a common financial object with the countries under which the Hungarian no. it concerns the joint assembly of all the countries of the crown; regarding the sale of Croatian-Slavonic state land, however, with the restriction that the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian State Assembly must also be heard in this section, without whose consent no sale can take place. And with regard to all these objects, the common financial government, which is exercised by the Hungarian Royal Minister of Finance, who is responsible for the joint national assembly, also extends to Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 9. The common affairs of all the countries of the Hungarian crown are money, coinage and bank notes, as well as the definition of the monetary system and the general monetary base, and the examination and approval of those commercial and state treaties that concern both the countries of the crown of István Sz. measures concerning banks, credit and insurance institutions, patents, measures and weights, commodity stamps and sample insurance, hallmarks, literary and artistic property; maritime, commercial, bill of exchange and mining law, and in general the matter of trade, customs, telegraphy, post offices, railways, ports, shipping and those state roads and rivers which are of common interest to Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 10 Regarding the regulation of industrial matters, including door-to-door trade, also in the case of non-profit associations, and the passport system, the police over foreigners, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation is common, but the enforcement is in respect of these subjects It is reserved for Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 11. The Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries acknowledge that they would be obliged to contribute to the costs, which on the one hand are known to be common between the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty, and on the other hand, which are designated as higher common among all the countries of the Hungarian crown, in proportion to their tax capacity .
§ 12. This tax capacity ratio, according to the same official data, on the basis of which the contribution ratio of the countries of the Hungarian crown to the costs of common affairs compared to the other countries of His Majesty was determined for ten years, for the same period
93. 5,592 for Hungary. 201;
6. 4,407 for Croatia and Slavonia. 799 percent.
§ 13. However, since all the net incomes of the countries of Croatia and Slavonia would cover the amount, which, according to the tax capacity key referred to in the section above, would fall on them from the costs of common affairs, according to this time, they would only be able to cover it if they transferred a larger part of the amounts necessary for their administration: Hungary, in view of the renewal of the fraternal relationship that has existed between Croatia and the Slavonic countries for centuries, they readily agree that a certain amount, which is sometimes determined by convention for the administrative costs of these countries, should be deducted from the incomes of the Croatian and Slavonic countries, and what remains after covering the administrative needs amount should be used for the costs required by common matters.
§ 14 Based on the principle explained in the previous sections, the following financial unity was established between Hungary on the one hand and Croatia and Slavonia on the other.
§ 15. The administrative needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries for the 10 years, as long as the agreement between the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty lasts, is estimated at 2. 200,000 frts.
§ 16. This amount is primarily covered by 45 percent of the direct and indirect taxes and other public revenues of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, i.e. such percentage of the total revenues of those countries is submitted to the Croatian-Slavonic national or legislative fund, where the legislature or government of the partner countries will require.
§ 17. 55 percent of the total revenues of the Croatian-Slavonic countries shall be submitted to the common treasury to cover the common costs.
§ 18 The incomes, which according to §§ 16 and 17 are to be divided between the administrative needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries and the costs of common affairs, with the exception of:
a) wine and meat consumption taxes, which in Croatian-Slavonic countries, according to the previous practice, can also be used to cover municipal expenses;
b) the 1867:XII. by virtue of the article of law, the income of the border customs.
§ 19. If the government territory of the Croatian-Slavonic countries would increase by the actual annexation of Dalmatia, or by the administrative unification of the border guard: the incomes of the territories united with the Croatian-Slavonic countries are also distributed according to the rate established in §§ 16 and 17 to the Croatian-Slavonic internal administration and between the costs of common matters.
§ 20. The currently existing national allowance, as in Hungary and in the Croatian-Slavonic countries, is attached to the state taxes.
§ 21. However, the land relief supplement is managed by the land relief directorate of these countries until the national land relief debt is paid in full, and is transferred to the treasury of that directorate by the financial directorate. Nevertheless, the joint guarantee of the countries of the Hungarian crown for this land relief debt will remain from now on, and the necessary aid for this purpose will be advanced from the common treasury according to the method and practice up to now.
§ 22. The Hungarian Royal Minister of Finance in Croatia and Slavonia exercises the enforcement of individual and indirect taxes, excises, stamps, fees, levies and state assets through the Financial Directorate in Zagreb to be appointed by him.
§ 23. The departments of the National Audit Office in Zagreb, which manage objects belonging to the self-government of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, are in all respects subject to the provisions of the mentioned countries. However, the results of the final accounts conducted by the relevant accounting departments must be shared with the joint finance minister so that the financial data of all the countries of the Hungarian crown can be fully compiled.
§ 24. The separate national government and legislative authorities of the Croatian-Slavonic countries fully support the entities of the joint financial government in the provision and collection of public revenues, and they strictly comply with the legal decrees of the finance minister responsible for the joint national assembly.
§ 25. If, in some years, 45 percent of the total income does not cover the internal administration needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries established above (§ 15), Hungary will advance the deficit.
§ 26. If, on the other hand, the affected 45 percent goes to an amount greater than the amount agreed upon for the internal administration needs of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, the surplus shall be used to cover common costs.
§ 27. If, however, the incomes of the Croatian-Slavonic countries would exceed the share of the joint costs that falls on them according to the tax capacity rate set out in § 12, due to the increase in their tax capacity, the surplus will be at the disposal of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, without Croatia - The Slavonic countries would be obliged to cover the sums for which they were left behind in the previous years, in terms of common costs, in retrospect.
§ 28. Regarding the incomes of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, the settlement is prepared based on the principles mentioned in the sections above, and submitted to the joint legislature of the countries of the Hungarian crown at the same time as the final accounts of all the countries of the Hungarian crown.
For your information, the settlement examined here will also be communicated to the national assembly of the Croatian-Slavonic countries.
§ 29. The maintenance of a separate statement for the incomes of the Croatian-Slavonic countries can be started after the establishment of the convention and only on January 1 of the following year, 1869. While this agreement has not been accepted by the two legislatures and has not been ratified by His Majesty, the 1867 appropriation is the governing one for the Croatian-Slavonic countries in the vouchering of administrative costs.
§ 30. 63 percent of the remaining and recoverable tax arrears of the countries of Croatia and Slavonia up to the end of 1867 are used for the needs of the named countries, while 37 percent belong to the common treasury.
§ 31. With regard to those subjects which are common between the countries of the Hungarian crown and the other countries of His Majesty, or to be managed by agreement, as well as those which are designated as common between the countries of the Hungarian crown in the above sections, the legislative right of all the Hungarian crown regarding the joint country assembly of its countries to be convened in Pest every year.
§ 32. In this joint national assembly, the Croatian and Slavonic countries are represented by 29 representatives in proportion to the number of their inhabitants, not including the city of Fiume and its coastal district due to the reason given in section 66. If the number of representatives in Hungary were to change over time: The number of representatives of the Croatian-Slavonic countries, while maintaining the population ratio, would be determined according to the same principles that are used to determine the number of representatives in Hungary.
§ 33. If the population of the Croatian and Slavonic countries increases, either through the administrative unification of the border guard or the annexation of Dalmatia: the number of representatives of the named partner countries will also increase in proportion to the increase in population.
§ 34. Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries elect their representatives to the joint national assembly from among their own national assemblies, and for the entire period to which the mandate of the joint house of representatives extends.
In the event that the Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian State Assembly is dissolved in the meantime, the representatives of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia will remain members of the joint State Assembly until the newly convened Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian State Assembly elects new representatives.
§ 35. The representatives of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia exercise their right of personal expression and voting in the discussion of all the matters which have been presented as common in the sections above, also independently, without instructions, in the same way as the other members of the joint national assembly.
§ 36. The Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries also send two representatives from their respective national assemblies to the main house of the common national assembly.
§ 37. The Grand Orders of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and those secular and ecclesiastical dignitaries, who before 1848 had the right to sit and vote in the Grand House of the Hungarian National Assembly, will henceforth be members of the upper house of the joint National Assembly with the same right, until the house is not on other grounds arranged.
§ 38. Joint matters, as far as possible, are discussed in advance and one after the other at the joint national assembly; and in any case, care will be taken to ensure that the representatives of the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries are allowed at least three months' time each year to manage their own internal affairs in their own state assemblies.
§ 39. All the expenses of the joint national assembly, including the daily fees and accommodation costs of the representatives of Croatia and Dalmatia, are to be covered from the joint state treasury.
§ 40. After the joint state assembly of the countries of the Hungarian crown exercises part of its duties, namely the determination of the budget for common matters known as pragmatica sanctionio, by a committee (delegatio) sent from its own bosom: from the representatives of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, by the joint state assembly as many members are elected to the Hungarian delegation, according to the key according to which the named partner countries are represented at the joint national assembly, it falls to them.
§ 41 Compared to this, it is established that four members from the House of Representatives and one member from the House of Grand Order should be elected to the delegation from the representatives of the Croatian-Slavonic countries.
§ 42. If the number of representatives of the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian National Assembly increases as a result of the territorial expansion referred to in § 33: the number of members who are elected to the delegation from the representatives of the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries will increase in a corresponding proportion.
§ 43. Regarding all the cases which the 1867:XII. in the article of law and in this agreement, all the countries of the Hungarian crown are designated as joint, with the exception of the objects contained in § 10, the executive power is also exercised in the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries by the central government based in Buda-Pest, through its own agents.
§ 44 In order to represent the interests of the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries, a separate Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian minister without a portfolio is appointed for these countries to the central government based in Buda-Pest. With this minister's vote, he is a member of the joint ministerial council and is responsible for the joint national assembly. He is the link between His Majesty and the national government of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 45. The central government, in the territory of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, tries to act in agreement with the separate governments of these countries; however, since the joint national assembly, in which Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia are also represented, is responsible for the procedure, the actions of the Croatian, Slavonia and Dalmatian national governments and legislative authorities must be promoted as a matter of necessity, and in fact, to the extent that the central government does not have its own institutions, they are also to be implemented directly.
§ 46. Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries, at their request, ensure that the central government both the Croatian-Slavonic departments of the central offices and the media operating in the territory of the named countries, with regard to the necessary professional qualifications, as far as possible, Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian appointed from among his compatriots.
§ 47. With regard to all subjects that are not reserved for the joint national assembly and the central government in this convention, the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries have full self-government rights (autonomy) both in terms of legislation and execution.
§ 48. For this reason, the self-government law of the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries covers both the legislative and governmental aspects of those countries' internal administration, religious and public education matters and the judiciary, including not only the administration of maritime law, but also legislation at all levels.
§ 49 Regarding the claims of the religious and public education funds, the excess or the debts are equalized by means of a mutual settlement.
§ 50. The head of the autonomous national government in the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian states is the ban, who is responsible for the Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian State Assembly.
§ 51. The Bant of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is appointed by His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Highness, upon the proposal and countersignature of the Hungarian Royal Prime Minister.
§ 52. Next year, however, the civil dignity of the ban will be chosen separately from the military one, and a rule will be established so that from now on the civil affairs of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia cannot be influenced by a military individual.
§ 53. In his civil position, he continues to live with the title of ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, and enjoys all the privileges and dignities of the office of ban, which are compatible with his new position. Therefore, he remains a member of the House of Commons of the joint national assembly.
§ 54. The further organization of the autonomous country government is determined by the Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian national assembly, based on the proposal of the ban, with the highest consent of His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Majesty.
§ 55. After the sanctification of this agreement, the Croatian-Slavonic Court Chancellery will be dissolved immediately.
§ 56. In the entire territory of Croatian-Slavonia, the language of both the legislature and public administration and legislation is Croatian.
§ 57. The Croatian language is established as the official language of the joint government within the borders of the Croatian-Slavonic countries.
§ 58 Proposals and submissions in Croatian-Slavonic countries from Croatian-Slavonic countries must also be accepted by the joint ministry, and responses to them must be given in the same language.
§ 59 It is further declared that the Croatian-Slavonic countries, as a political nation with a separate territory, and the representatives of countries with their own legislation and government regarding their internal affairs, can use the Croatian language both in the joint national assembly and in its delegation.
§ 60. The laws to be created by the joint legislature for the Croatian, Slavonian and Dalmatian countries shall be issued in the original Croatian text, signed by His Majesty, and shall be sent to the assembly of the named countries.
§ 61 Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries can use their own national united colors and crests in their internal affairs within their borders, the latter being covered with the crown of St. Stephen.
§ 62. The badge of common affairs of the countries of the Hungarian crown: the united crests of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
§ 63. During the discussion of joint matters, the joint Croatian-Slavonic-Dalmatian flag must be raised in addition to the Hungarian flag on the building in which the joint state assembly of the countries of the Hungarian crown is held.
§ 64. On the coins to be minted by the countries of the Hungarian crown, the king's czim of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is also included in the royal czim.
§ 65. Hungary recognizes the territorial integrity of the Croatian-Slavonic countries and promises to promote its addition. In particular, he will urge that the part of the border guard area that belongs to Croatia-Slavonia, and the military villages in the border guard area, be united with these countries, as well as in terms of legislation, i.e. public administration and legislation, and as he has spoken on this matter in many meetings so far, he will also demand will demand the return of Dalmatia by the right of the Hungarian Holy Crown, and will demand its connection to Croatia. Regarding the conditions of this feedback, however, Dalmatia should also be heard.
§ 66 Pursuant to the previous section, it is announced to those belonging to the territory of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia:
1. All the territory that currently belongs to the county of Fiume together with the city of Buccari and its district, with the exception of the city of Fiume and its district, which city, port and district form a separate body attached to the Hungarian crown (separatum sacrae regni coronae adnexum corpus), and which, as such, , with regard to its separate autonomy and its legislative and governmental relations, an agreement will be reached by mutual agreement between the National Assembly of Hungary and the National Assembly of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and the city of Fiume, through delegation negotiations.
2. Zagreb County, with the cities of Zagreb and Károlyváros and the free district of Turmeze;
3. County of Varasd with the city of Varasd;
4. Körösmegy with the city of Körös;
5. Pozsega county with the city of Pozsega;
6. Verőcz County with the city of Eszék;
7. Szerem County;
and the following border guard regiments:
1. likkai,
2. ottocsányi,
3. abrasions,
4. szluini,
5. first treat,
6. second treat,
7. Varazsd-körösi,
8. Varazsd-Szentgyörgyi,
9. gradually,
10. broodi,
11. St. Petersburg;
finally the current Dalmatia.
§ 67 Until the territorial integrity of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia described in the previous point is restored: Hungary agrees that the customs offices of Zimony, Mitrovica, Raca, Klenak and Jakov, excepted from the current direct administrative position, in recognition of the territorial relationship, be subordinated to the financial directorate in Zagreb.
§ 68. After the sanctification of this convention, all existing laws and resolutions that contradict it shall cease to be valid.
§ 69. On the contrary, all those constitutional rights and fundamental laws, the enjoyment and protection of which in the past extended to both Hungary and the Croatian-Slavonic countries, and which do not conflict with this convention, continue to be considered the common rights and fundamental laws of the countries of the Hungarian crown.
§ 70. After the highest sanctification, this agreement, as the joint basic law of Hungary and the countries of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, will be incorporated into the separate law books of the named countries. It is also agreed that this convention cannot be the subject of separate legislation of the contracting countries, and changes to it can only be made in the same way as it was created, with the contribution of all the factors that concluded it.
CHAPTER I
The obligation and freedom of teaching
§ 1. All parents or guardians, including those who have children in their homes as apprentices or domestic servants, are obliged to send their children or wards (if they have not been educated at home or in a private educational institution) to public school, from the age of 6 until the Until the age of 12 or 15.§ 2 However, the school board (§ 117) may exempt physically or mentally weak children from the obligation to attend school for a shorter or longer period of time, upon the proof of the official doctor.
§ 3 People suffering from contagious diseases or mental illness, or people with unteachable dull minds, are to be excluded from public institutions.
§ 4. If the parent (guardian or farmer) keeps the compulsory student from school: he must be seriously warned to fulfill his duty. And if the use of the moral tools that can be used for this purpose proves to be unsuccessful, and the compulsory student continues to be kept from school: the parent (guardian or farmer) who does not want to fulfill his duty in this way will be fined 50 kr in the first term, 1 forint in the second term, 2 fr in the third term, be fined 4 fr., to the benefit of the school treasury. What's more, if even this fourfold penalty would not compel the parent (farmer or guardian) to fulfill his duty: then the relevant school chair reports this to the higher school authority, which can then also advocate for the village authority to appoint a separate guardian for the compulsory child who has been kept from school.
§ 5 The cases justifying the omission are established in the decree to be issued by the Minister of Public Education.
§ 6. Parents and guardians are free to educate their children at home or in private and public institutions of any religion, as well as in educational institutions in other localities.
However, parents or guardians must present a stamp-free certificate to the local school office; and the relevant school authorities are also obliged to ensure that such children receive at least as much education as they could receive in a public elementary school organized according to the law, and that they are taught for the duration of the compulsory years.
§ 7. Pupils studying at the house are obliged to take an annual exam in front of the relevant teachers of a suitable public educational institution.
II. CHAPTER
The scope and influence of public education institutions
§ 8 Folk education educational institutions: elementary and higher folk schools, civil schools and teacher training colleges.§ 9 The public education institutes are either public or private schools.
§ 10. Public educational institutions for popular education can be established and maintained in the manner prescribed by law by faith denominations, associations and individuals, municipalities, and the state.
III. CHAPTER
Educational institutes set up by religious denominations
§ 11. The religious denominations, in all the villages where their followers live, can maintain and set up public educational institutions of public education with their own resources, they will use the financial contribution of their followers for the establishment and maintenance of such educational institutions in the manner and in proportion to be determined by their own representatives, as has been the custom until now. they can choose the teachers and teachers in those institutes themselves, they can determine their salaries, they can customize the textbooks themselves, and they can also take measures regarding the teaching system and method, taking into account the provisions of § 45, under the following conditions:1. to comply with the regulations of Sections 27 and 28 of this law regarding the construction and conversion of their school buildings;
2. that Sections 29 and 34, as well as Sections 133 and 141 of this law, which deal with the separation of male and female students, the number of children to be taught by one teacher, the teacher's ability and occupation of the opposite sex, should also be kept in mind;
3. that the subjects in their folk schools should be at least the following:
a) religious and moral studies;
b) reading and writing;
c) counting by heart and marks, and knowledge of domestic measures;
d) grammar;
e) elements of natural history and natural history, taking into account the way of life and the region to which the parents of most of the children belong.
f) domestic land survey and history;
g) practical instructions from the fields of agriculture and especially horticulture;
h) brief description of civil rights and duties;
i) song;
k) physical exercise, with regard to military practice;
4. that the school should be equipped with blackboards, as far as possible, globes, maps, natural history figures and, in general, the most necessary teaching aids;
5. that the working time in schools should be at least eight months in villages and at least nine months in cities.
§ 12. In the higher folk schools and civil schools maintained or to be established by religious denominations, except for the sections of this law on the separation of male and female students (Sections 29 and 63) and the number of students that can be taught by one teacher (Section 34) are mentioned, the regulations regulating the year (§61.68) and subject (§64.74) of the upper folk school and civil school courses must also be observed.
§ 13. All religious denominations can establish and maintain teacher training schools under the condition that these training schools are connected to a training school for the practical training of students, so that they teach at least the sciences and at least the scope of which and in what scope state training schools are taught in view of this law, it is ordered (Section 88) that they hold public examinations every year, the results of which are brought to the notice of the Minister of Public Education, so that the students who graduate from them are finally given examinations that comply with the strictures stipulated in Sections 102 and 103.
§ 14. All religious educational institutions are under the supervision of the state. Therefore, the government has the right and duty to:
a) to have the denominational schools also visited from time to time by its members;
b) strictly ensure that the conditions set out in §§ 11, 12 and 13 are met exactly;
c) to make sure whether the religious authorities in question fulfill their duty to supervise the safe placement of the school's property and its transfer to its intended purpose;
d) to obtain statistical data on religious schools through the relevant religious authority.
§ 15. If the main authorities of the religious denominations do not fulfill the conditions set out in Sections 11, 12 and 13 even after the government has issued three summonses outside the semester: the government can order the establishment of a common village school; The municipality is also authorized to levy the school tax established by law on religious denominations that do not want or are unable to fulfill the conditions set out in the relevant sections above, even after the said three times of warning, for their own denominational schools.
ARC. CHAPTER
Educational institutes set up by individuals and associations
§ 16. Private individuals and associations may also set up elementary and high schools, civil schools and teacher training colleges, ifa) the private individuals are qualified with a diploma for the course they intend to open, or, according to the knowledge of both the school district school council and the government, they have acquired close knowledge due to their operation in that field;
b) the associations were formed specifically for this purpose according to their articles of association, which were already announced to the government.
§ 17. These institutes will be open to the public if the persons involved in the structure and curriculum of the educational institute to be established, which must be presented to the government at least one month before the opening through the school district school council, meet all the requirements that this law provides for the corresponding municipal and state educational institutes states.
§ 18 However, private educational institutes may also be established, in which case they must notify the government of their intention at least one month in advance, in addition to presenting the institute's organization and curriculum, through the school district school council.
§ 19. All such private educational institutes must comply with the subjects to be taught and their scope as well as the public educational institutes they wish to replace.
§ 20. Public examinations must also be held in such private educational institutions every year, the day of which must be announced to the district inspector and the local school chair at least one month in advance so that he can appear and represent himself.
§ 21. The government can provide moral and financial support to private educational institutions that are extremely necessary and excellent due to the circumstances.
§ 22. On the other hand, if the measures of this law are not observed in these educational institutions, or if the government becomes aware of moral problems: the school district school council can order an investigation and, based on its results, the educational institution can be closed; moreover, in exceptional cases, the operation of the respective educational institution may be suspended even before the investigation is conducted.
CHAPTER V
The village public education institutes
§ 23. In municipalities where religious denominations do not maintain folk schools in accordance with the decrees of the law, as well as in other cases specified in this law, the municipality is obliged to set up the necessary educational institutions for popular education.§ 24. Those schools, which are established by the municipality, are joint educational institutions for the children of the residents of the municipality, regardless of religious denomination.
§ 25 In general, those educational institutions that are maintained by all the members of the village from the property and income of the village, regardless of denomination, are not considered to be denominational schools.
Regarding the already existing religious schools, which have been maintained from the property and income of the municipality, the respective municipality is free to continue the practice up until now; but in such a case, the aid must be distributed among the schools of different religious denominations in a fair proportion, and it may not be withdrawn from the schools of one religious denomination, until it is abolished in the direction of the schools of other religious denominations as well.
§ 26. In villages with different denominations, if some denominations are able to maintain folk schools in accordance with the requirements of this law, but they are convinced that they can maintain a common school in a more prosperous condition with the help of the public, for which they can use the aid of the entire village and even the state: the separate denominational schools can be converted into a joint school. The common school united in this way will become a fully municipal school, to which all the regulations of this law, which refer to municipal schools, will be extended.
§ 27. The newly constructed school buildings must be built in a healthy location, dry and have a sufficient number of spacious, bright and easily ventilated classrooms for the number of children (60 children per room, and at least 8-12 square feet of space for each child).
§ 28. The public school authorities, denominational, village, county and government bodies are all obliged to use all the means within their competence to ensure that existing school buildings, to the extent that they do not meet the requirements mentioned in the previous section, are to be replaced by both religious denominations and municipalities , as soon as possible, be transformed everywhere in accordance with the relevant supplies.
§ 29. Boys and girls are to be educated separately, as much as possible, in separate rooms.
§ 30. The municipality is responsible for equipping the school with a globe, map, blackboards, natural history diagrams and all necessary and sufficient teaching aids.
§ 31. Children who demonstrate poverty receive free books from the school.
§ 32. The municipality is obliged to purchase the necessary school books and teaching materials every year in advance, and to distribute them among the students, in accordance with the need, under the supervision of the teachers. The purchase price of these books and school supplies is collected together with the tuition fee.
§ 33. Pursuant to this law, the municipality takes care of the remuneration of the teacher.
§ 34. A teacher cannot normally teach more than 80 students.
In exceptional cases, the respective school superiors may grant permission.
§ 35. The burdens of the village folk schools are primarily borne by the village, which can levy a special tax on all citizens and property owners of the village or those belonging to them for this purpose.
However, this tax cannot exceed 5% of the state direct taxes.
§ 36 Those village members and owners who maintain a denominational school in accordance with the provisions specified in this law are only obliged to contribute to the maintenance of the village school to the extent of the amount with which they contribute in money or produce to the maintenance of their own denominational schools, five percent of their direct taxes it doesn't exhaust you.
§ 37. Wilderness or majorság estates that form a separate tax municipality, but do not have a vernacular school that complies with the legal requirements, and cannot be obliged to set up such a school in accordance with § 44, shall be annexed by the relevant legal authority to one of the neighboring municipalities, and its school burdens shall be governed by § 35 are to be worn according to
§ 38. Every village that sets up a village school pursuant to this law is obliged to create a school fund in real estate or in cash, and to increase it as much as possible from year to year.
§ 39. In order to increase this basic school property, wherever the division and separation of pastures will take place from now on, at least one hundredth part of the common area to be divided will be set aside for the already existing or newly established village folk school, which will be proportionally included in everyone's salary.
§ 40. The tax levied pursuant to § 35 and the income of the school fund formed pursuant to § 38 shall be used only for the establishment and maintenance of a village school.
§ 41. In the case of municipal estate planning, the income of the part of the common area set aside for school purposes according to the decree of § 39, where the municipal school does not currently exist, may be used to support a religious school or schools that meet the requirements of the law. In the event that a village school is later established in such a village, § 40 of this law shall govern.
§ 42. The construction and maintenance of school buildings and teacher's houses also belongs to the municipality.
§ 43. If the municipality shows that it is unable to generate sufficient financial resources to set up and maintain its necessary educational institutions for public education in accordance with this law, it may apply to the state for assistance through its respective authority. The Minister of Public Education assists the applicant village from the amount voted for this purpose in the state budget.
A) Elementary folk schools
§ 44. In a village where, in addition to members of a church or churches with an educational institution that meets the requirements of the law, there are at least 30 compulsory school children belonging to other religious denominations, whose parents do not want to use the existing denominational schools: the village is obliged to establish a common public school. The costs of such a village school must first of all be covered by the income of the common property of the village, which is allocated for school purposes, and in such proportion as the number of children attending the village school is in proportion to the students of the denominational school or schools. Village residents and property owners who maintain a religious folk school in accordance with the requirements specified in this law are only obliged to contribute to the maintenance of such a village school with a village tax, to the extent of the amount with which to contribute to the maintenance of their own denominational schools with a village tax, to the extent of the amount of the , with which they contribute money or produce to the upkeep of their own denominational schools, does not exhaust five percent of their direct taxes.§ 45. And where the number of children belonging to other religious denominations does not reach 30, these children, to the extent that their parents do not provide for their education in any other way, will attend the existing denominational school, and their parents will pay for the costs of this school in the same way and they will contribute in proportion as members of the religious denomination that supports the school.
Why should the teaching of faith and morals be restricted to certain hours in such places, during which children belonging to other faiths will be given religious and morals education under the care and supervision of their own faiths.
§ 46. Villages located at a distance of at most half a geographical meter from each other, which are unable to maintain a statutory elementary school on their own, may unite for this purpose and establish a common elementary school or have a common elementary school teacher.
§ 47. The municipalities to which the farms belong are obliged to provide for the education of the children of the homestead residents; and also:
a) or by claiming farm schools;
b) or in areas where, due to the distance between the farms, permanent farm schools would not meet the goal, by employing traveling (ambulatory) teachers.
§ 48 Elementary folk school education includes two courses, as well as:
1. everyday for 6 years, and
2. 3 years of repeated school teaching.
§ 49. Children who have reached the age of 6 must attend everyday school until they reach the age of 12. An exception is allowed only for those children who, after four years of elementary education, enter higher education (civilian school, secondary school) and study there for at least two years.
§ 50 Children who have reached the 12th year and who have completed the entire course of the everyday school are obliged to attend the repeating school.
If there are religious or other folk schools in the same locality, which only have a 6-year course, children who leave those schools are also obliged to attend the village repeating school until they turn 15.
§ 51 Children who demonstrate poverty do not pay tuition.
§ 52. The number of lessons per week for students: at least 20 in everyday school, at most 25, including religion and morals, but not including physical exercise and agricultural or horticultural exercises.
In the repeat school, 5 a week in winter and 2 in summer.
§ 53. Pupils attending school every day until the age of 10, with the exception of holidays, are equally obliged to attend school in winter and summer; however, for children over 10 years of age in farming villages, the school board may allow them to attend school only on Sundays during peak working hours for two months, except for holidays.
§ 54. The period of diligence should be at least eight months in a village and at least nine months in a city.
§ 55 Compulsory subjects in the village elementary folk school:
a) religious and moral studies;
b) writing and reading;
c) counting by heart and notes, and knowledge of domestic measures and currencies;
d) grammar;
e) speech and comprehension exercises;
f) domestic land survey and history;
g) some general overview and history;
h) natural science and
i) elements of natural history (with special regard to the lifestyle and the countryside, to which the parents of most of the children belong.)
k) practical instructions from the fields of agriculture and horticulture;
l) teaching the main civil rights and duties;
m) song;
n) physical exercise, with regard to military exercises.
§ 56 The determination of the curriculum from time to time is the responsibility of the Minister of Public Education.
§ 57. Children of all religious denominations can attend village elementary schools, and the respective religious denominations are responsible for the religious and moral education of their followers.
This religious education must take place outside of common school hours and also in public.
§ 58 All students should be educated in their mother tongue, to the extent that this language is one of the most popular languages in the village. For this reason, in a mixed-language village, a teacher is used who can teach in the languages that are in vogue in the village. In more populous villages, where residents of several languages live en masse, assistant teachers of different languages are also chosen, as far as the strength of the village allows.
B) Higher folk school
§ 59. The municipalities of villages and towns with a population of at least 5,000 are obliged to establish and maintain secondary public schools or, if financial resources permit, civil schools.§ 60 Localities located at a maximum distance of half a mile from each other can also establish a common high school together.
§ 61. The course in the upper folk school is 3 years for boys and 2 years for girls.
§ 62. The student who wants to be admitted must either present a (stamp-free) certificate that he completed the 6th grade folk school course in a public school in accordance with the law, or else he must pass an entrance exam covering the knowledge required as a basis for the higher folk school.
§ 63 Regarding the language of teaching and the teaching of religion, as well as the number of children under the guidance of a teacher, as well as holidays, the above §§ (34, 54, 57, 58) also apply here.
Boys and girls should always be taught separately in these schools.
§ 64 Subjects:
a) For boys:
a) faith and morality;
b) calligraphy and drawing;
c) native language;
d) in schools where the language of instruction is not Hungarian, Hungarian is the language;
e) arithmetic and geometry, with application exercises;
f) natural history and natural history, with particular regard to agriculture and industry;
g) geography and history (general and domestic);
h) basic lines of agricultural economics;
i) domestic constitutional theory;
k) simple accounting;
l) physical exercise, with regard to military exercises;
m) song;
b) For girls:
a) religion and morality;
b) calligraphy and drawing;
c) arithmetic;
d) native language;
e) in schools where the language of instruction is not Hungarian, Hungarian is the language;
f) geography and history;
g) natural history and natural history, (with particular regard to gardening and women's occupations);
h) song;
i) women's handicrafts.
§ 65. At least two regular and one assistant teachers work in a higher folk school.
§ 66. Each class can have a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 24 hours per week, including religious studies.
A teacher is not obliged to teach more than 30 hours a week.
C) Civil schools
§ 67. Larger municipalities, whose financial strength allows, are obliged to establish and maintain civil schools instead of upper secondary schools, for the inhabitants of the municipality without religious distinction.§ 68. In civil schools, the course is 6 years for sons and 4 years for girls.
§ 69. A student who wishes to be admitted to a civil school must present a certificate that he has completed the first four years of the folk school, or he must pass an entrance exam of the knowledge required to be admitted to a civil school.
§ 70. A teacher may not normally teach more than 50 students, in exceptional cases the relevant school superiors may grant permission.
§ 71. Boys and girls must be completely separated in civil schools.
§ 72. In the civil school, there must be between four and six, but at least three regular and one assistant teacher, in relation to the financial strength of the municipalities and the number of courses (§79).
§ 73. Students of a class of a civil school can have a minimum of 24 and a maximum of 26 lessons per week, including religion and morals.
§ 74 Subjects of the civil school.
a) religious and moral studies;
b) mother tongue literature and literature;
c) where the language of instruction is not Hungarian, the Hungarian language is used;
d) where the language of instruction is Hungarian, German is used from the third year onwards;
e) accounting, extended to civilian political accounting;
f) geometry - domestic and universal;
g) geography - domestic and universal;
h) history - domestic and universal;
i) natural history - with regard to industry, trade and economy;
k) natural science - with regard to industry, trade and economy;
l) chemistry - with regard to industry, trade and economy;
m) agriculture or industry, taking into account the needs of the village and its countryside;
n) statistics;
o) basic lines of public, private and bill of exchange law;
p) accounting;
q) drawing, in harmony with geometry, and calligraphy;
r) song;
s) physical and weapons training.
Extraordinary subjects, as the strength of the village allows, and in extraordinary hours, Latin, French, etc. languages and music.
§ 75 The rules of sections 57 and 58 of this law apply to the language of instruction and the teaching of religion in civil schools.
§ 76. With regard to the subjects listed in section 74, in civil schools created for boys, the curriculum must be established so that during the first four years of the civil school, albeit more exhaustively, the same subjects are taught as those in the middle school (real gymnasium). are taught in four lower classes, with the exception of Latin. The other subjects can be started in the first four years of the course at most, and must be taught mainly in the last two years of the civil school.
§ 77. The curriculum of the civil school, with regard to the regulations of the previous two sections, is sometimes approved by the Minister of Public Education.
§ 78. The minister of public education also determines which of the subjects listed above should be dropped in civil schools for girls, and how many other subjects should be taught instead.
§ 79. Every municipality must first of all fulfill its obligation to establish the educational institutions of public education as perfectly as possible, which it is obliged to establish in accordance with this law; however, if he has fulfilled this obligation, he has the right to set up the higher educational institutes of popular education, either as a whole, or to create only one or two years of them.
VI. CHAPTER
State-run public education institutions
§ 80. In addition to the educational institutions of public education, which the municipalities are obliged to maintain according to the law, the Minister of Public Education has the right and the duty, wherever he deems it necessary, at purely state expense, to establish educational institutions of public education required by local conditions, which are defined in Articles 23-78. are under the authority of the district school council and school inspector.VII. CHAPTER
The teacher training courses
a) Training courses:§ 81. The state establishes 20 teacher training institutes in different regions of the country.
§ 82. The training center must be connected to a training school, in which the student teachers can practically be trained.
§ 83. At least 2 acres of garden must be attached to the educational institution, so that the students can also receive practical education in farming, fruit and grape growing.
§ 84. The teaching staff consists of a head teacher, at least two regular and one assistant teacher and one teacher working in the training school.
§ 85. The salary of ordinary teachers is 1000 frt and 100 frt for accommodation. In addition, the principal teacher receives an honorarium of 200 frt for the duties of the principal.
The assistant teacher's salary is 450 francs, the apartment in the school building includes heating and free meals at the public service table. The salary of the teacher of the practical school is 700 francs, excluding housing.
§ 86. Healthy students who have passed the age of 15 and who have knowledge of their mother tongue, accounting, geography and history are admitted to the teacher training course are at least as proficient as those in the 4th grade of the gymnasium, real school, or civil school. the teachers. The student wishing to enter must either present his public school certificate (no stamp) or submit to an entrance exam.
§ 87. The training course lasts 3 years.
§ 88 Compulsory subjects:
a) Faith and morality;
b) Education;
c) Educational methodology;
d) Geography - general and domestic;
e) History - general and domestic;
f) Native language;
g) Hungarian language;
h) German language;
i) Natural sciences and their application to agriculture and industry;
k) Economics, with economic and horticultural practices;
l) Domestic constitutional theory;
m) Quantity and geometry;
n) Singing and music (especially violin and piano);
o) Calligraphy and drawing;
p) Teaching physical exercise;
q) Practicing teaching in the training school.
§ 89. The curriculum to be published from time to time by the Minister of Public Education shall determine which subjects are taught in each class and to what extent.
§ 90. The religious education of these students is the duty of the respective religious denominations at state institutes, regardless of religious denomination. The state pays the fees of these special teachers of religion and morals.
§ 91. The buildings of the teacher training college include rooms necessary for teaching and for feeding the students.
§ 92. In each form, a public service is claimed, in which all students receive full food for a moderate fee.
The public administration fee is determined every year by the board of directors of the school.
The institute pays for the wood and servants required for public maintenance.
In other respects, participation in public behavior is left to the student's discretion.
§ 93. Instead of several poor, hard-working, well-behaved students in each school, the institute pays the necessary fees for public maintenance.
Many of the poor, hardworking and well-behaved students are awarded scholarships.
§ 94. Food and scholarship benefits are distributed by the board of directors, based on the documents submitted to it and the proposal of the teaching staff.
These benefits are given to the children of poor teachers and are also extended to the children of religious school teachers, in addition to good behavior and diligence.
§ 95 The director maintains order in the institute's building and supervises cleanliness.
§ 96. Every school must be provided with a library, preferably consisting of specialized works, that can be freely used by students.
A certain amount is spent every year for the expansion of the library.
§ 97. In disciplinary matters and in the personal relationship of students, the first level of action is taken by the faculty chair.
§ 98 Above the teacher's chair is the board of directors. It consists of five members appointed by the head teacher and the minister of public education under the chairmanship of the relevant school inspector.
§ 99. According to the instructions of the minister of public education, the board of directors manages the financial and intellectual affairs of the school, supervises the operation of the teaching staff and judges in cases appealed to it from the teaching seat.
However, in more important cases, the parties can appeal to the Ministry of Public Education against the rulings of the Board of Directors.
§ 100. The members of the board of directors, apart from the president and the head teacher, are reimbursed for travel expenses to Netalán and receive daily stipends from the fund of the institute.
§ 101 Public exams are held once a year in the presence of the school district inspector and members of the board of directors.
§ 102. After completing the course, for one year, but no more than two years, during which time the student can spend in practical teaching, every student is required to pass an exam in all subjects, written papers and especially teaching practice, and only this condition is successful after completing it, you can get a teacher's certificate.
§ 103. Those who want to qualify for the post of teacher in a high school or civil school must, in addition to the examination established in § 102, pass the subjects of the high school or civil school and their teaching methods before the authority appointed by the government. stand out.
Section 104 Those who fail the exams specified in Sections 102 and 103 twice will not be allowed to take the exam again.
§ 105. Only those individuals who maintain an elementary or higher folk school or civil school, in which the individuals to be trained as teachers can also receive practical training, may hold a private teacher training school. However, the students of such private schools are obliged to take the theoretical and practical exams in a public teacher training institute, which students of public teacher training institutes are subject to according to this law.
b) Women's technical schools:
§ 106. The state also establishes institutes for the training of female teachers in different regions of the country, in which female teachers should be trained especially for the girls' classes in upper folk and civil schools.
§ 107. In institutes that train female teachers, the students all live in and eat together under the supervision of a resident female teacher.
The board of directors can only exceptionally permit the out-of-home.
§ 108. Girls over the age of 14 who have completed the upper folk school course are eligible for admission.
All students must pass a strict entrance exam in the subjects of the upper folk school.
§ 109. The course is 3 years.
§ 110. In addition to male teachers, in the institute that trains female teachers, sufficient numbers and qualifications of female teachers are also used for female studies.
§ 111 Compulsory subjects of institutes training female teachers:
a) religious and moral studies;
b) calligraphy and drawing;
c) native language and orthography;
d) Hungarian language;
e) German language;
f) geography and history;
g) education;
h) arithmetic;
i) natural science and natural history, (with special regard to gardening and women's occupations, or cooking);
k) song;
l) housewifery and household rules;
m) women's jobs;
n) practicing teaching in the girls' class of the training school.
§ 112. The government determines the number of students who can be admitted to each institute.
§ 113. There is no tuition fee. Residents receive accommodation and laundry for free, and food at a moderate price.
The institute pays the maintenance fee for several poor and outstanding hard-working girls. The number of these is determined by the Minister of Public Education on the proposal of the Board of Directors.
§ 114. In addition to the annual exams, students who have completed the entire course must pass a rigorous exam for all their studies, and only then can they receive a diploma.
Those who fail this exam twice will not be allowed to take the exam again.
§ 115. In disciplinary matters over the students, the head teacher and the regular female teachers judge in the first degree, and the board of directors in the second degree.
In other respects, the female training college is under the same authority as the training college.
VIII. CHAPTER
The public school authorities
§ 116. The Mindenmü village public education institute is directly under the authority of the municipality. The municipality exercises this authority through the school seat it chooses.§ 117. From this end, a school council consisting of at least 9 members is formed in each municipality, whose members are elected from among the residents of Kebele, preferably from individuals who are knowledgeable about education matters, in municipalities and cities with a representative body, by the representative body, and in other municipalities by the public assembly of the village residents. In addition to the elected members, the local pastors and the teacher of the village folk school, or where there are several teachers, the elected representative of the board of teachers are also members of the school board with the right to consult and vote.
§ 118. The village school chair is elected for three years. However, its members can be re-elected each time.
§ 119. If the respective municipality postpones the election of the school seat for more than two weeks after the three years have passed, the members of the school seat will be appointed by the school district school council from among the members of the village.
However, the appointment is only valid for one year; after this time, it should be watered only if the village does not exercise its right to vote within two weeks.
§ 120. The presence of two-thirds of the members of the school board is required for the validity of elections, and the presence of an overall majority for other valid decisions.
§ 121 The school chair is chosen by the teacher according to § 136; every week one of its members visits the local schools; determines the tuition fee; makes sure that the children go to school properly; admonishes the guardians of defaulters and, if necessary, calls for punishment at the court; strictly supervises teaching and the exact implementation of school laws; supervises the management of the school fund and ensures its increase in agreement with the village authority; provides for the proper repair of school buildings and the provision of teaching materials to schools; furthermore, it forms a first-degree tribunal in complaints between the teacher and the students' parents and guardians and in all major disciplinary matters; is present at the annual exams; asks the guardians for an account; and reports on its procedure to the municipality every year, and in urgent and more important cases, more often. The leaders of the village submit these reports to the county or city school district school council every time.
§ 122. The village school board elects one or more custodians according to the number of schools, who manages the school's property, repairs the buildings and pays the officials according to the instructions of the school board, and submits a detailed and documented account to the school board every year .
After these figures have been examined by the school chair, they are transferred to the municipality for review, and from there to the school district school council.
§ 123 The entire country is divided into the corresponding number of school districts according to the counties.
Among the royal cities, only Buda-Pest forms a separate school district.
§ 124. The affairs of all village public education institutes in the school district are managed by the school inspector appointed by the Minister of Education and the school council chaired by him, and the main supervision is exercised over religious schools with the intervention of the school inspector.
A school inspector can work in several school districts, if there are no more than 300 villages in their territory.
If the accumulation of tasks requires it, the government can appoint a second inspector or assistant.
§ 125. The school council of the school district is formed as follows:
1. each religious denomination, which has wards in the territory of the county, elects one member from its own bosom;
2. public teachers of all villages in the territory of the educational district elect four members from among themselves;
3. the other members are chosen by the county committee from among themselves, their number is at least 14 and at most 34;
4. counties in which there are royal cities, they elect a part of the members specified in point 3 in the proportion in which their population is to the total population of the county.
§ 126. The school council of the school district is elected for five years. However, its members can be re-elected after five years.
§ 127. Buda-Pest, which forms a separate school district according to this law, is divided into several school districts outside the city district, with the same number of school seats.
These school seats are elected for 3 years by the city voters of the city districts. However, their members can be re-elected.
The tasks of these school chairs are the same as those listed in § 121, except for the election of teachers and the supervision of the management of school property, which tasks in Buda-Pest belong to the city school council and the city representative body.
The Buda-Pest (school district) school council is elected by the representative body and for the same number of years as the representative body. However, its members can be re-elected.
The members of the city school board, with the right to consult and vote, are the local pastors, regardless of denomination, and two representatives of the village teachers' board.
§ 128 The school district inspector:
1. at least once a year, he visits all municipal, denominational, and private lower and higher public education school districts in the territory of the school district, and strictly supervises the exact implementation of the law in them;
2. takes action in municipal and state schools according to the instructions of the Minister of Public Education, implements its educational regulations in municipal private and association schools in the area of the educational district, and submits a detailed report to the government on both those and denominational schools every year;
3. the chairman of the school district folk school council and the board of directors of other schools (po tanitóképezdék).
§ 129 The supervisors and their assistants draw a regular salary.
§ 130. The school council:
1. revises the calculations examined by the village school board;
2. second-degree tribunal for the village school and the parents in tanitókal cases and in all kinds of folk school disciplinary cases;
3. adjudicates complaints of the teacher or the teacher against the school board (the parties can apply directly to the Ministry of Public Education) and usually gives judgment to the school board on the procedure;
4. consults on the educational conditions of the educational district, and in the case of deficiencies it cannot help itself, it sends a report and a proposal to the county or city representative body, which makes a referral to the Minister of Public Education.
§ 131. The school council meets every quarter, and on this occasion its members pay travel expenses and daily time.
§ 132. The school council shall submit an annual report on the functioning of the school council and the state of education in the school district to the county committee or city representative body.
This annual report is always presented to the Minister of Public Education by the relevant committee or representative body.
IX. CHAPTER
About the teachers
§ 133 From now on, only those individuals who have completed the entire course in a public school and obtained a (stamp-free) tanito certificate after passing the mandatory exams are qualified for the office of tanito; or even if they did not complete a public training course, they successfully passed both the theoretical and practical exams in public training.Those non-certified teachers who were already in office when this law was promulgated may remain at their posts, but they are obliged to prove their teaching skills and abilities before the main authority that inspects schools. Those who cannot prove this can be obliged to take supplementary studies at the nearest school during the summer holidays.
§ 134. It is also possible to take the Tanitó exam in certain disciplines and their teaching methods. However, the teacher's diploma obtained in this way only qualifies him to teach the subjects that are designated in it.
§ 135. Exceptionally, professional men who do not have a teaching certificate, but who have distinguished themselves through several years of continuous study of certain sciences, in the field of literature, can be called as teachers in civil schools.
§ 136 Tanitos are elected by a vote of the village school chair under the chairmanship and leadership of the school district school council delegate.
The result of the election must be reported to the relevant school council for approval.
§ 137. Not only certified teachers, but also young people who have completed training courses can be called assistant teachers. The right of invitation also belongs to the school chair.
If the municipality fails to fill the position of assistant teacher that has become necessary, or postpones the filling of this position: the chief school inspector of the school district may appoint an assistant teacher, reporting his appointment to the county school board.
§ 138. Teachers are elected for life, and they can only be removed from their office due to gross negligence, moral violation, or civil crime, as a result of the judgment of the school district school council.
However, such judgments must be submitted to the Minister of Public Education for confirmation.
§ 139. Vacated Tanito stations must be filled within six months at the most. During this time, an assistant teacher is employed at the school.
§ 140. In the event of the death of the teacher, his widow and orphans enjoy the entire salary and apartment for half a year from the date of death.
§ 141. A teacher may be a national, county, city, village and church representative, as well as a jury member, but may not hold any office in addition to being a teacher.
However, tasks that can be carried out locally and outside of school hours can be undertaken with the prior permission of the school authority.
Religious school teachers can assist at divine services and funerals.
§ 142. The salary of the teacher is determined by the school chair according to local conditions, with the approval of the school council of the school district.
However, even outside a decent apartment and a garden of at least a quarter of an acre, the salary cannot be less than:
a) for a regular elementary school teacher 300 frts. He. e.;
b) for an elementary folk school assistant teacher 200 frts. He. e.;
c) for upper secondary school teachers 550 frts. He. e.;
d) for an upper secondary school assistant teacher 250 frts. He. e.;
e) civil school teachers in larger cities 800 frts. He. é., in smaller places 700 frt. He. e.;
f) for civil school assistant teachers in larger cities 400 frts. He. é., in smaller places 350 frt. He. eh.
§ 143. Where it has been customary until now, or where it appears to be desirable in relation to local conditions, the proportional part of those payments in crops, calculating the 10-year average of their prices, is determined which crops are harvested and delivered by the leaders of the respective villages.
Once the quantity of these products has been determined, they cannot be shipped below.
§ 144. Where the teachers are currently drawing a salary higher than the amounts set out in § 142: they must be allowed to enjoy it for the time being.
§ 145. The municipality withholds 2 percent of the annual salary of the regular teachers each year for the aid fund and entrusts it to the county school board.
The money collected in each school district is collectively managed by the Minister of Education, publishing a detailed open account of it every year.
From this fund, teachers who have become permanently unable to work due to old age or illness and therefore cannot remain at their stations, female teachers who have become unable to work, as well as the widows (until they get married) and orphans (up to the age of 16) of deceased teachers are assisted, especially if the teacher who is to be helped or his widow has more to his needy family consisting of members.
§ 146. Aid is also given from the state treasury for the education of poor orphans of deceased teachers, and in this way:
1. that the amount voted annually is distributed among at least 100 children;
2. children can study anywhere and in any educational institution;
3. orphans only receive state aid until they are 16 years old.
§ 147. The village folk and civil school teachers are obliged to form a teaching body in every school district.
The school board of teachers is divided into as many circles as there are districts in the county.
The district circles, with the help of the villages, are obliged to meet twice a year, and the entire board once a year for a teacher's meeting.
The Minister of Public Education issues a decree to regulate student meetings.
§ 148. The implementation of this law is entrusted to the Minister of Religion and Public Education, who reports annually to the National Assembly on the matter of public education.
Since all the citizens of Hungary, according to the basic principles of the constitution, form one nation in political terms, the indivisible unified Hungarian nation, of which all citizens, regardless of nationality, are members with equal rights;
as, furthermore, this equality only applies to the official use of the various languages in vogue in the country, and they can only be subject to separate rules to the extent that the unity of the country, the practical possibilities of the government and public administration, and the accurate delivery of justice make this necessary;
the full equality of citizens and all other conditions remaining intact, the following rules will serve as a yardstick for the official use of various languages:
§ 1. Due to the political unity of the nation, the state language of Hungary is Hungarian, and the language of the deliberations and handling of affairs of the Hungarian National Assembly is henceforth the only language; the laws are made in Hungarian, but must also be issued in authentic translations in the languages of all other nationalities living in the country; the official language of the country's government in all branches of the government is from now on Hungarian.
§ 2. The minutes of the legislative authorities shall be drawn up in the official language of the state; but in addition to this, they can also be conducted in any language that at least one fifth of the members of the body or committee representing the legislative authority wants as the language of the protocol.
In cases of discrepancies in the various texts, the Hungarian text is the regulator.
§ 3. In meetings of legal authorities, everyone who has the right to speak there can either speak in Hungarian or in their own mother tongue, if it is not Hungarian.
§ 4 The legal authorities use the official language of the state in their documents addressed to the state government; but they can also use any of the languages they use in their protocols. In their mutual documents, they can use either the language of the state or one of the languages accepted by the legal authority to which the document is sent, according to the second section, for keeping records.
§ 5 In the field of internal administration, law enforcement officials use the official language of the state; but to what extent it would be a practical difficulty for one or the other legal authority or official: the respective officials may exceptionally use any of the protocol languages of their legal authorities. However, whenever the eyes of the state supervision and the public administration require it: their reports and case files must also be published in the official language of the state.
§ 6. In their official contacts with municipalities, congregations, associations, institutes and private individuals in the territory of their own legal authorities, the officials of the legislative authorities shall use their language as far as possible.
§ 7. Every resident of the country can take and use the protection of the law and the help of the judge in the cases in which, without the intervention of a lawyer, either as plaintiff, defendant, or in the capacity of petitioner, personally or by proxy:
a) his native language before his own municipal court;
b) before another municipal court, the case management or protocol language of one's own municipality;
c) before his own district court, the case management or protocol language of his own municipality;
d) before other tribunals, whether they are tribunals of his own legal authority or of another legal authority, he may use the protocol language of the legal authority to which the respective tribunal belongs.
§ 8 In the cases of § 7, the judge handles the complaint or request in the language of the complaint or request; interrogations, witness hearings, examinations and other judicial actions are carried out in the language of the litigant as well as outside the trial, as well as in the language of the litigants and the interrogated persons in criminal proceedings; however, it keeps the records of the trials in the language that the litigants choose by mutual agreement from among the languages of the legal authorities' records. If an agreement is not reached in this regard, the judge may record the trial minutes in any of the official languages of the legal authority, but is obliged to explain its contents to the parties with the help of an interpreter if necessary.
It is also the duty of the judge to explain and interpret the most important documents of the lawsuit to the parties, if they were drafted in a language that one or the other of the parties to the lawsuit does not understand.
The subpoena order must be drafted for the benefit of the subpoenaed party, if it can be known immediately, in the native language of the subpoenaed party, otherwise, in the official language of the municipality where the subpoenaed party resides, or in the official language of the state.
The judge's decision must be made in the language of the court record: but the judge must also announce it to each party, or issue it in the language they wish, to the extent that the language of the legal authority to which the judge belongs is one of the record languages.
§ 9 In all civil and criminal lawsuits, which are to be continued with the intervention of a lawyer, the language of both the litigation and the judgments to be passed at the first courts until the final settlement of the first courts and the introduction of oral proceedings is not decided by the legislature, the previous practice shall be maintained everywhere .
§ 10 The ecclesiastical tribunals themselves determine the languages of case management.
§ 11. The case management language of the respective court may be used at the land registry offices also from the point of view of the supervision of the court; but if the parties so request, both the order and the extract must be issued in the official language of the state or in one of the protocol languages of the legislative authority in whose territory the land registry office is located.
§ 12. In appealed cases, if they are conducted in a non-Hungarian language or are provided with non-Hungarian documents, the appeals board will have both the case and the documents, to the extent necessary, translated into Hungarian by the certified translators who are at the appellate courts they will be used at state expense, and sa pert will be examined in this authentic translation.
The appellate court will always render its rulings, decisions and judgments in the official language of the state.
When the case is sent to the relevant first court, it will be obliged to announce and publish the order, decision or verdict of the court of appeal to each party in the language in which it requests it, to the extent that the language is used by the court for case management, or by the legal authority. would have protocol language.
§ 13. The official language of all tribunals appointed by the state government is exclusively Hungarian.
§ 14. Without prejudice to the legal rights of their ecclesiastical superiors, parishes may determine the language of education in their schools as they wish for the management of their registers and the management of their ecclesiastical affairs, otherwise - within the limits of the national school law.
§ 15 The higher ecclesiastical bodies and authorities themselves establish the language of meetings, minutes, administration and communication with their parishes. If this were not the official language of the state: from the point of view of state supervision, the minutes must also be published in an authentic translation in the official language of the state.
If different churches and higher church authorities communicate with each other, they use either the official language of the state or the language of the church with which they are communicating.
§ 16. In their submissions to the state government, higher and supreme ecclesiastical authorities use administrative or protocol languages and separately the official language of the state, and the language of the state in their submissions to the legislative authorities and their media; or, if there is more than one protocol language, any of them: and the ecclesiastical communities, in all of their official contacts with the state government and their own legal authorities, use the official language of the state or their own case management languages; and in the direction of other legal authorities, they can use one of the protocol languages of the respective legal authorities.
§ 17. The definition of the language of instruction in educational institutions already established by the state or the government, or to be established based on the need, to the extent that the law does not provide for this, belongs to the duties of the Minister of Public Education. But the success of public education, in terms of public education and public welfare, is also the main goal of the state; it is the duty of the state educational institutes to ensure that the citizens of any nationality living together in large groups near the regions where they live can be educated in their native languages up to the point where higher academic training begins.
§ 18 In state middle and high schools existing or to be established in those areas where more than one language is in vogue, language and literature departments shall be established for each of those languages.
§ 19. The language of lectures at the national university is Hungarian; however, for languages that are in vogue in the country and their literature, departments will be established to the extent that they have not yet been established.
§ 20. The village assemblies themselves choose the language of minutes and administration. The minutes must also be taken in the language in which one-fifth of the voting members deem it necessary.
§ 21 The village officials are obliged to use their language in their contacts with the villagers.
§ 22. In the submissions addressed to the municipality's own legislative authority, its members and the state government, the official language of the state or its own case management language; may use the official language of the state or one of the protocol languages of the relevant legal authority in its submissions to other legal authorities and their media.
§ 23. All citizens of the country may submit their petitions to their own municipality, church authority and legislative authority, their communities and the state government in their native language.
You may use either the official language of the state or the official language of the respective municipality or legislative authority or one of its languages in your submissions to other municipalities, legislative authorities and their media.
In the field of legislation, the use of language is defined in Articles 7-13. § are regulated.
§ 24 Judges with the right to speak in municipal and church meetings may freely use their native languages.
§ 25. If individuals, churches, private associations, private educational institutes and non-legislative municipalities do not use the official language of the state in their submissions to the government: an authentic translation in the language of the submission must be attached to the original Hungarian text of the ruling on such submissions.
§ 26. Just as up to now, individual citizens of any nationality have had the right to set up lower, middle and upper schools on their own or through association, in the same way as municipalities, churches, and church-communities. For this purpose, as well as for the establishment of other institutes for the promotion of language, art, science, economy, industry and trade, individual citizens may form associations or associations under the statutory supervision of the state, and by forming rules, they may act in accordance with the rules established by the state government. , they can collect a fund and, although under the supervision of the state government, manage it in accordance with their nationality legal needs.
Cultural and other institutes created in this way - schools, however, in keeping with the regulations of the law regulating public education - have equal rights with state institutes of a similar nature and of the same degree.
The language of private institutes and associations is determined by the founders.
Associations and the institutes established by them can communicate with each other in their own languages; in their contacts with others, the decisions of § 23 will be the regulations regarding the use of language.
§ 27. In filling the offices next year, personal ability alone will serve as a guideline; someone's nationality cannot be seen as an obstacle to rising to any position or dignity in the country. Rather, the state government will ensure that national judicial and administrative offices, and especially chiefdoms, are employed as far as possible by persons of various nationalities who are perfectly proficient in the necessary languages and who are otherwise qualified.
§ 28 The decrees of the previous laws contrary to the above decisions are hereby repealed.
§ 29. The decrees of this law do not extend to the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries, which have separate territories and form a separate nation from a political point of view, but for these countries, also in terms of language, the convention which, on the one hand, the Hungarian national assembly, and on the other hand, the Croatian-Slavonic convention shall serve as the rule was created between the national assembly, and according to which their representatives can also speak in their own mother tongue at the joint Hungarian-Hotva national assembly.
as, furthermore, this equality only applies to the official use of the various languages in vogue in the country, and they can only be subject to separate rules to the extent that the unity of the country, the practical possibilities of the government and public administration, and the accurate delivery of justice make this necessary;
the full equality of citizens and all other conditions remaining intact, the following rules will serve as a yardstick for the official use of various languages:
§ 1. Due to the political unity of the nation, the state language of Hungary is Hungarian, and the language of the deliberations and handling of affairs of the Hungarian National Assembly is henceforth the only language; the laws are made in Hungarian, but must also be issued in authentic translations in the languages of all other nationalities living in the country; the official language of the country's government in all branches of the government is from now on Hungarian.
§ 2. The minutes of the legislative authorities shall be drawn up in the official language of the state; but in addition to this, they can also be conducted in any language that at least one fifth of the members of the body or committee representing the legislative authority wants as the language of the protocol.
In cases of discrepancies in the various texts, the Hungarian text is the regulator.
§ 3. In meetings of legal authorities, everyone who has the right to speak there can either speak in Hungarian or in their own mother tongue, if it is not Hungarian.
§ 4 The legal authorities use the official language of the state in their documents addressed to the state government; but they can also use any of the languages they use in their protocols. In their mutual documents, they can use either the language of the state or one of the languages accepted by the legal authority to which the document is sent, according to the second section, for keeping records.
§ 5 In the field of internal administration, law enforcement officials use the official language of the state; but to what extent it would be a practical difficulty for one or the other legal authority or official: the respective officials may exceptionally use any of the protocol languages of their legal authorities. However, whenever the eyes of the state supervision and the public administration require it: their reports and case files must also be published in the official language of the state.
§ 6. In their official contacts with municipalities, congregations, associations, institutes and private individuals in the territory of their own legal authorities, the officials of the legislative authorities shall use their language as far as possible.
§ 7. Every resident of the country can take and use the protection of the law and the help of the judge in the cases in which, without the intervention of a lawyer, either as plaintiff, defendant, or in the capacity of petitioner, personally or by proxy:
a) his native language before his own municipal court;
b) before another municipal court, the case management or protocol language of one's own municipality;
c) before his own district court, the case management or protocol language of his own municipality;
d) before other tribunals, whether they are tribunals of his own legal authority or of another legal authority, he may use the protocol language of the legal authority to which the respective tribunal belongs.
§ 8 In the cases of § 7, the judge handles the complaint or request in the language of the complaint or request; interrogations, witness hearings, examinations and other judicial actions are carried out in the language of the litigant as well as outside the trial, as well as in the language of the litigants and the interrogated persons in criminal proceedings; however, it keeps the records of the trials in the language that the litigants choose by mutual agreement from among the languages of the legal authorities' records. If an agreement is not reached in this regard, the judge may record the trial minutes in any of the official languages of the legal authority, but is obliged to explain its contents to the parties with the help of an interpreter if necessary.
It is also the duty of the judge to explain and interpret the most important documents of the lawsuit to the parties, if they were drafted in a language that one or the other of the parties to the lawsuit does not understand.
The subpoena order must be drafted for the benefit of the subpoenaed party, if it can be known immediately, in the native language of the subpoenaed party, otherwise, in the official language of the municipality where the subpoenaed party resides, or in the official language of the state.
The judge's decision must be made in the language of the court record: but the judge must also announce it to each party, or issue it in the language they wish, to the extent that the language of the legal authority to which the judge belongs is one of the record languages.
§ 9 In all civil and criminal lawsuits, which are to be continued with the intervention of a lawyer, the language of both the litigation and the judgments to be passed at the first courts until the final settlement of the first courts and the introduction of oral proceedings is not decided by the legislature, the previous practice shall be maintained everywhere .
§ 10 The ecclesiastical tribunals themselves determine the languages of case management.
§ 11. The case management language of the respective court may be used at the land registry offices also from the point of view of the supervision of the court; but if the parties so request, both the order and the extract must be issued in the official language of the state or in one of the protocol languages of the legislative authority in whose territory the land registry office is located.
§ 12. In appealed cases, if they are conducted in a non-Hungarian language or are provided with non-Hungarian documents, the appeals board will have both the case and the documents, to the extent necessary, translated into Hungarian by the certified translators who are at the appellate courts they will be used at state expense, and sa pert will be examined in this authentic translation.
The appellate court will always render its rulings, decisions and judgments in the official language of the state.
When the case is sent to the relevant first court, it will be obliged to announce and publish the order, decision or verdict of the court of appeal to each party in the language in which it requests it, to the extent that the language is used by the court for case management, or by the legal authority. would have protocol language.
§ 13. The official language of all tribunals appointed by the state government is exclusively Hungarian.
§ 14. Without prejudice to the legal rights of their ecclesiastical superiors, parishes may determine the language of education in their schools as they wish for the management of their registers and the management of their ecclesiastical affairs, otherwise - within the limits of the national school law.
§ 15 The higher ecclesiastical bodies and authorities themselves establish the language of meetings, minutes, administration and communication with their parishes. If this were not the official language of the state: from the point of view of state supervision, the minutes must also be published in an authentic translation in the official language of the state.
If different churches and higher church authorities communicate with each other, they use either the official language of the state or the language of the church with which they are communicating.
§ 16. In their submissions to the state government, higher and supreme ecclesiastical authorities use administrative or protocol languages and separately the official language of the state, and the language of the state in their submissions to the legislative authorities and their media; or, if there is more than one protocol language, any of them: and the ecclesiastical communities, in all of their official contacts with the state government and their own legal authorities, use the official language of the state or their own case management languages; and in the direction of other legal authorities, they can use one of the protocol languages of the respective legal authorities.
§ 17. The definition of the language of instruction in educational institutions already established by the state or the government, or to be established based on the need, to the extent that the law does not provide for this, belongs to the duties of the Minister of Public Education. But the success of public education, in terms of public education and public welfare, is also the main goal of the state; it is the duty of the state educational institutes to ensure that the citizens of any nationality living together in large groups near the regions where they live can be educated in their native languages up to the point where higher academic training begins.
§ 18 In state middle and high schools existing or to be established in those areas where more than one language is in vogue, language and literature departments shall be established for each of those languages.
§ 19. The language of lectures at the national university is Hungarian; however, for languages that are in vogue in the country and their literature, departments will be established to the extent that they have not yet been established.
§ 20. The village assemblies themselves choose the language of minutes and administration. The minutes must also be taken in the language in which one-fifth of the voting members deem it necessary.
§ 21 The village officials are obliged to use their language in their contacts with the villagers.
§ 22. In the submissions addressed to the municipality's own legislative authority, its members and the state government, the official language of the state or its own case management language; may use the official language of the state or one of the protocol languages of the relevant legal authority in its submissions to other legal authorities and their media.
§ 23. All citizens of the country may submit their petitions to their own municipality, church authority and legislative authority, their communities and the state government in their native language.
You may use either the official language of the state or the official language of the respective municipality or legislative authority or one of its languages in your submissions to other municipalities, legislative authorities and their media.
In the field of legislation, the use of language is defined in Articles 7-13. § are regulated.
§ 24 Judges with the right to speak in municipal and church meetings may freely use their native languages.
§ 25. If individuals, churches, private associations, private educational institutes and non-legislative municipalities do not use the official language of the state in their submissions to the government: an authentic translation in the language of the submission must be attached to the original Hungarian text of the ruling on such submissions.
§ 26. Just as up to now, individual citizens of any nationality have had the right to set up lower, middle and upper schools on their own or through association, in the same way as municipalities, churches, and church-communities. For this purpose, as well as for the establishment of other institutes for the promotion of language, art, science, economy, industry and trade, individual citizens may form associations or associations under the statutory supervision of the state, and by forming rules, they may act in accordance with the rules established by the state government. , they can collect a fund and, although under the supervision of the state government, manage it in accordance with their nationality legal needs.
Cultural and other institutes created in this way - schools, however, in keeping with the regulations of the law regulating public education - have equal rights with state institutes of a similar nature and of the same degree.
The language of private institutes and associations is determined by the founders.
Associations and the institutes established by them can communicate with each other in their own languages; in their contacts with others, the decisions of § 23 will be the regulations regarding the use of language.
§ 27. In filling the offices next year, personal ability alone will serve as a guideline; someone's nationality cannot be seen as an obstacle to rising to any position or dignity in the country. Rather, the state government will ensure that national judicial and administrative offices, and especially chiefdoms, are employed as far as possible by persons of various nationalities who are perfectly proficient in the necessary languages and who are otherwise qualified.
§ 28 The decrees of the previous laws contrary to the above decisions are hereby repealed.
§ 29. The decrees of this law do not extend to the Croatian, Slavonic and Dalmatian countries, which have separate territories and form a separate nation from a political point of view, but for these countries, also in terms of language, the convention which, on the one hand, the Hungarian national assembly, and on the other hand, the Croatian-Slavonic convention shall serve as the rule was created between the national assembly, and according to which their representatives can also speak in their own mother tongue at the joint Hungarian-Hotva national assembly.
I used google to translate these laws so there might be some peculiarities in the wording of the sentences, but it's still understandable, imo.
It doesn’t matter how big an empire is, it matters how it acted and how it treated its minorities. All of them were bad by modern standards but Hungarians were bad even by contemporary standards. They literally saw themselves as superhumans ruling over subhuman masses, destined to rule and lord over Romanian and Slavs. Even in moment of their betrayal of the empire, of blockading food to other parts of the empire and ensuring fall and surrender to entente powers comes swiftly, they remained firm in their belief that not only will they not be treated poorly but that they will manage to keep all of the land they claimed, that they’ll manage to continue to lord over non Hungarians and that they’ll even get foreign support for their oppression. It was one justice of WW1s end that Hungarians got nothing they wanted as far as I’m concerned.
Russia has magnificent laws for democracy and personal freedoms and rights on paper.
I feel like people are really unfair with the Hungarians given that the Austrians flat out reduced Hungary to economic vassalhood against the desires of the Magyar nobility/gentry. Liberty to the Hungarians in respects to their self governance and the resulting magyarisation policies was the result of a compromise with that matter which itself came from the Hungarians being the victim/recipients of significant German settlers and Germanisation policies. Just because the Austrians failed at imposing German-centric absolutism doesn’t mean the attempt wasn’t made.
To be frank, I do think the magyar chauvinism was a stressor on the empire but its origin in reactionary nationalism in response to Austrian domination was understandable. I certainly don’t blame the Magyar nobility/gentry for their prioritisation of national/class interests in a context where they had to jealously guard said interests in times past. Just as I don’t blame the other minorities in the Empire being a source of instability due to them naturally resenting magyar-centric policy in Hungary due to their own nationalisms.
This isn’t so much a comment on the history itself but rather the common AH board conception of the Hungary in this time period as some exception “ruiner” of the Austrian Empire/Austria-Hungary.
To be frank, I do think the magyar chauvinism was a stressor on the empire but its origin in reactionary nationalism in response to Austrian domination was understandable. I certainly don’t blame the Magyar nobility/gentry for their prioritisation of national/class interests in a context where they had to jealously guard said interests in times past. Just as I don’t blame the other minorities in the Empire being a source of instability due to them naturally resenting magyar-centric policy in Hungary due to their own nationalisms.
This isn’t so much a comment on the history itself but rather the common AH board conception of the Hungary in this time period as some exception “ruiner” of the Austrian Empire/Austria-Hungary.
I would personally characterize Hungary much like Italy in this timeframe - a good potential squandered through mediocre leadership.
During the events of 1848-49, it appears to me there never was any meaningful attempt to realize less-than-maximalist goals; Hungary set forth to fight with no allies or friends except maybe some of the other revolutionary factions. Then even when the reversals elsewhere forced Austria to relent into striking the Ausgleich deal - and yet again, Hungarians saw it as a failure and not as an opportunity. The Nagodba was imposed by Franz Joseph, not purposefully sought out in an understanding of how to reinforce Hungary's status against the competing nationalities. The Liberals always cared more about how to reiinforce Hungary's status inside the Dual Monarchy, and quite never on how to get the minorities to buy-in.
So to come back to the main question - an Hungary that actually wins the War of Independence probably has found a way to draw a measure of international support, away from OTL gradual failure. How and why can greatly vary (and I think probably requires an excellent diplomat or some serious Austria screw), but the common denominator is that Austria and Russia never work together and Hungary is thus able to leverage its victories against Austria to striking a peace settlement.
This Hungary is still likely to lose the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, but would retain most other minorities' homelands (Vojvodina, Transylvania, Slovakia) and will then have to quickly strike a deal, or succumb itself. Such an event also is likely to force Austria to also give up Lombardy to Savoy, changing the subsequent events for Italian nationalism as well. Beyond that, Hungary will always have to contend with the Russian bear positioned against it, and try to forge a different Balkan policy than OTL, to the joy of the Ottomans. Again, the common judgement I can have is that it'll be a very hard situation for Hungary, one that requires excellent leadership to not end up with an earlier Trianon or a poorer country overall (or both!).
During the events of 1848-49, it appears to me there never was any meaningful attempt to realize less-than-maximalist goals; Hungary set forth to fight with no allies or friends except maybe some of the other revolutionary factions. Then even when the reversals elsewhere forced Austria to relent into striking the Ausgleich deal - and yet again, Hungarians saw it as a failure and not as an opportunity. The Nagodba was imposed by Franz Joseph, not purposefully sought out in an understanding of how to reinforce Hungary's status against the competing nationalities. The Liberals always cared more about how to reiinforce Hungary's status inside the Dual Monarchy, and quite never on how to get the minorities to buy-in.
So to come back to the main question - an Hungary that actually wins the War of Independence probably has found a way to draw a measure of international support, away from OTL gradual failure. How and why can greatly vary (and I think probably requires an excellent diplomat or some serious Austria screw), but the common denominator is that Austria and Russia never work together and Hungary is thus able to leverage its victories against Austria to striking a peace settlement.
This Hungary is still likely to lose the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, but would retain most other minorities' homelands (Vojvodina, Transylvania, Slovakia) and will then have to quickly strike a deal, or succumb itself. Such an event also is likely to force Austria to also give up Lombardy to Savoy, changing the subsequent events for Italian nationalism as well. Beyond that, Hungary will always have to contend with the Russian bear positioned against it, and try to forge a different Balkan policy than OTL, to the joy of the Ottomans. Again, the common judgement I can have is that it'll be a very hard situation for Hungary, one that requires excellent leadership to not end up with an earlier Trianon or a poorer country overall (or both!).
Well, putting aside the “bear” part (which is, AFAIK, the British stereotype 😉), there was actually a realistic alternative which would require a relatively simple thing, namely Nicholas I being more pragmatic than ideological (and firing Nesselrode or just not listening to him). Of course, the “rebellion” was a bad thing but there were legitimate reasons behind it, which could satisfy his consciousness and, anyway, FJI was not a crowned king of Hungary, blahblahblah.
Objectively, it was much more beneficial for the RE to have an independent Hungary than OTL Austrian Empire, which was the main competitor on the Balkans. It is rather hard to imagine Hungary trying to implement the same expansionist policy on the Balkans as the Hapsburgs so where is the reason for confrontation? If anything, both are gaining from the good relations. If in 1849 Russia provides military support to Hungary vs. Austria then Hungary ends up as a de facto Russian depended state thus seriously improving Russian chances to dominate the Balkans. And a much weaker Austria would be good for the RE as well. In OTL NI stuck with the idiotic policy of his brother but this was a “subjective” rather than “objective” factor.
Basically, if Hungary formally remains a kingdom, Nicholas can spare Grand Duke Constantine (his second son) as a candidate to the Hungarian throne.
It certainly didn't help (the Habsburgs had a very easy time setting the nationalities against Hungary) but even with it they managed to fight the Habsburgs to a stalemate. Russian intervention doomed the revolution.
Victory ultimately depends on better diplomacy in Europe. But no matter what form it takes, a Hungary without external allies and the nationalities issues left to simmer is doomed in a few decades just like OTL.
Let us also not forget that 1848 was the last dying gasp of the Congress of Europe system - in other words major powers not wanting to upset the applecart in any way and disturb the balance of power. They also wanted to curb any possibility of a return to the revolutionary period. So Russia was always going to keep a close eye on what was happening on its borders and the Austrian request to intervene against the Hungarians was always going to be viewed very favourably.
Which is my way of saying that unless the Hungarians get a very quick victory & a political settlement, they were always going to be facing the little issue of Russian armies coming over the Carpathians & looking to squelch any 'revolution'.
Which is my way of saying that unless the Hungarians get a very quick victory & a political settlement, they were always going to be facing the little issue of Russian armies coming over the Carpathians & looking to squelch any 'revolution'.