Operation Hangman II
The news of Kaiser Wilhelm’s death spread fast, and shocked the world. It was a reality check for many of the world’s leaders, that even the highest offices in the land were not spared the horrors of war. Kaiser Wilhelm’s son, Friedrich, took the crown as Wilhelm II, calling on Germans to unite in the face of an evil hat had taken their beloved leader from them. However that was easier said than done. Strategically, the loss of the Second Army in Stuttgart was more crushing than even the High Command wanted to admit. It freed up immense amounts of Allied material and men to other fronts. Luckily for Germany, the front most of them went to was further south.
The capture of Sardinia and Corsica in Operation Hangman was extremely successful in every way except for achieving its ultimate goal; making the Italians capitulate. And so, the second part of Operation Hangman was given the go ahead, with a start date of March 7th, 1921. It began at dawn, with air attacks from the HMS Ark Royal on the beaches of southeastern Sicily. However, this time the Italians were much more prepared. They had decent intelligence on the operation, along with pretty good tactical knowledge that this was the likely place the Allies would strike next. When the air strikes began, Italy had scrambled aeroplanes of their own, even sending out a force to attack the landing craft. This was the first large scale aerial attack on the British naval force, and while the Italian planes took heavy casualties, the element of surprise allowed them to do a significant amount of damage to some landing craft, and one Italian plane scored a lucky hit on the Ark Royal, killed 18 sailors and ripping a decently sized hole on the flight deck.
Light attack aircraft, Short Hornets to be exact, fly in formation above Sicily.
The landings still went through, followed by a French landing on the northwestern tip of the island in the following days, near Marsala. The eventual goal was Messina, but the Italian strategic retreat to the highlands of Sicily slowed down the offensive, bogging the Allies down in the interior of the island. The proximity of the island to the mainland also allowed for Italian supplies to be easily sent to Sicily, unlike with Corsica and Sardinia where it was more difficult and costly. Fighting on the island raged on into the spring, with news on both sides screaming of battles in Syracuse and Palermo, where heavy casualties were recorded for both Italy and the Allies. But as the Italians finally thought they had stopped the Allies, the other foot dropped.
The troops that had seen action and bloodshed in Alsace and Stuttgart had finally arrived to the Alps. The French pushed hard in Savoy, pushing the Italian lines back to pre-German Wars territory, while in the East, Austria succeeded in pacifying the Istrian peninsula and forging the Isonzo river, which had served as the major defensive line for Italy during the entire conflict. In the north, Austrian forces re-captured Trentino, which had been under Italian control for much of the war after the early Italian offensives.
Italians retreat after the initial Allied offensives in northern Italy
The Italian government panicked. The Italian army in the north had yet to contain the dual offensives, and while Sicily was holding, it would mean nothing if the industrial centers of northern Italy fell to the Allies. Meanwhile, the blockade, which had plagued Italy for much of wartime, was bankrupting the country. Unemployment was rising, and factories were being shut down because of lack of materials. Demonstrations in many of Italy’s major cities were becoming commonplace. Still, the coalition government refused to surrender.
In late May, the decision to evacuate almost 100,000 troops across the Straits of Messina after a fighting withdrawal to the city was made. More than 50,000 others surrendered to the Franco-British force. These troops were sent further north to contain the Austrian offensive now threatening to take Venice. The line was drawn at the Piave River, one of the last natural barriers before large open space would allow the superior numbers of the Austrians to overtake the Italians. On June 5th, 1921, the battle opened, with the main Austrian thrust being sent towards Treviso. Hundreds of thousands of men met in the bloodiest battle of the Italian campaign, but at the end, the Italians had been defeated. It was sort of a pyrrhic victory for the Austrians, while they had crossed the Piave, taken Treviso, and were now within a days reach of Venice, they still could not exploit they natural terrain because of the heavy casualties sustained. However, the strategic picture was in their favor, as the French had also once again attacked through the Alps, and had secured victory at Susa, a strategic town on the route to Turin.
It seemed as if the whole house of cards had started falling down within weeks. With the Italian currency almost meaningless, Venice threatened and Turin under siege, the coalition government fell apart, as the Socialist Party walked out. Overnight, demonstrations on the streets became riots and there were overwhelming calls for peace. Faced with the prospect of open revolt, the remains of the Italian government agreed to seek a peaceful resolution to the conflict over the protests of the Russian and German delegation in Rome. A cease-fire took effect on July 9th, 1921, but the chaos in Italy would not end with a peace treaty.