The Abode Above The Clouds

Prologue
The Abode above the Clouds – An Alternate History Timeline on Nepal

Prologue

The Indian Subcontinent in 1444 AD was a divided nation. The Delhi Sultanate which had been the most influential sultanate in India was crumbling a mere shadow of its former self. Muslims and Hindus squabbled over lands in India. However in the north, sat the Himalayas adorned a multitude of Nepali princedoms. The most influential and powerful of them all was the Malla Dynasty of Kathmandu Valley. In the Malla Kingdom, Jayaprakash Malla had adorned the thrones of Kathmandu at the age of 16 ascending the throne inn 1444.

He saw the sorry state of North India and knew that the once powerful Delhi Sultanate which had denied Nepal the notion of unification no longer held that power. Jayaprakash set his target on the Kingdom of Makwanpur, arguably the second most powerful kingdom in Nepal. From 1444 to 1446 he launched multiple raids into Makwanpur territory. In the beginning he was repulsed due to his lack of experience however he quickly adapted and by the end of 1446 Makwanpur had been absorbed by the Malla Dynasty with the King and royal family of Makwanpur given noble right in the kingdom.

Makwanpur was a goldmine for Jayaprakash. The vast open fields of the plains allowed for abundant farming. For 4 years Jayaprakash held of any other other conquest to build proper roads and roadways from the hills of Kathmandu to the plains of Makwanpur. In 1450 he invaded the loose confederation of the Chaubise Rajya consisting of 24 small princedoms. With a larger and stronger army the Conquest of Chaubise took Jayaprakash 3 years to complete after which he integrated the kingdoms to his own. In particular, he was impressed by the bravery of the Gurkha troops led by the Kingdom of Gurkha. Jayaprakash would ferociously earn their loyalty and institute the Gurkhas as the elite infantry fighters in all of Northern India. He then settled down for another 5 years to consolidate his rule and build roads. Roads were very important for Jayaprakash who saw them as vital links all throughout his kingdom building an intricate weave of roads all across his domain. In 1458 he invaded the Kingdom of Limbuwan, a formidable power which held all of Eastern Nepal and Sikkim. In a brutal 5 year long war Limbuwan was annexed into his territory. His son, Ratna Malla in the west led a campaign from 1459 into the Baise Rajya and by 1465 after 25 years of grueling conflict the lands of Nepal had been united for the first time after the Maurya Empire days in which the Khas Mallas ruled a united Nepal as a vassal and tributary state of the Maurya Empire.

In 1465, Jayaprakash declared the Kingdom of Kathmandu to be no more and proclaimed the Kingdom of Nepal under the Malla Dynasty. In 21 years of harsh warfare, Nepal stood as a nation from the Kumaon in the west all the way to Sikkim in the east.

Jayaprakash was proclaimed the first ‘Mahadhiraja of Nepal’. Nepal was a peculiar nation to look at in terms of religion and is still today. The country is nominally Hindu with a significant Buddhist minority but in every temple you go you will find a Buddhist gumba, and in every Buddhist monastery you go you will find a small Hindu temple. Because of Buddha being born in Nepal, the Nepalese worshipped both Buddha and Hinduism as one religion. The Buddhists celebrated major Hindu festivals like Krishna Janasthami, Dashain, Tihar, etc and the Hindus celebrated Buddhist festivals like Buddha Jayanti, and Buddha Janasthami. In 1468 with the abundance of Muslim ruling dynasties in India, Jayaprakash proclaimed that Nepal was the ‘Asli Hindustan’ or true Hindu Realm.

Author's note: This is version 0.0001 so its not fleshed out though I would love feedbacks.

After the unification, the country went about on focusing on its economic situation. The country was the bridge and link between Tibet and India and Nepal gained a lot of money through that way. A lot of roadways were built and farming was encouraged in the Terai plains of Nepal.

And thus began the story of Nepal.
 
Maybe a sorta Buddhist revival also happen? Have you thought of making a pala timeline? A good Buddhist timeline is so hard to find in this site.
Buddhism as a separate entity in Nepal is hard to find except in the Tibetan ethnic minority areas. Nepalis believe that since Buddha was born a hindu in Lumbini, which is a part of Modern Nepal, they practice both even today. Unlike Vajrayana and other offshoots of chinese and tibetan buddhism, Nepali Buddhism does not believe in spiritualism or supernatural things. They believe that Buddhism is the absolute code of life that one must follow in their lifetime. Forgiveness, piety, non-violence, these are teachings to Nepalis, not religion unlike in other countries. So yes, there will be a sort of Buddhism rennaisance.
 
Years of Conquest
The Rise and fall and Resurgence of the Empire of Nepal – A History

  • Sir Douglas O’Brien; Avid Historian of Nepali History and Politics
Chapter 1: The Conquest of Tirhut and Jaunpur

In 1465 AD Nepal was unified under the powerful Malla Dynasty which is sometimes called the ‘Habsburg Dynasty of Asia’. This is quite a misnomer because the Malla Dynasty never fell to the disease of inbreeding and did not suffer from inbred genetic problems.

The years after the unification of Nepal was quiet in Northern India. The northern sultanates were too busy fighting each other to actually look at Nepal properly and consider them a threat. Besides, the prevailing attitude of the Sultans was that Nepal’s small population in comparison to their realms. However to anyone who had observed the Nepali campaigns properly would easily discern that the Kingdom had won not due to numbers but quality of veteran and experienced soldiers. Nepal simply sat down and exploited the trade route between India and Tibet as the economic situation of the Kingdom gradually settled down.

However King Jayaprakash was becoming extremely unhappy with the situation south of his borders. The small Kingdom of Tirhut on the bank of Ganges constantly raided border towns and allowed Bengali raiders to use their territory as a base to attack Nepali towns on the border. The local governors were up in arms to do something. Nepal was in no condition to fight the Sultanate of Bengal which was a powerful regional power of the area. However eliminating Tirhut would lead to a lot of problems being solved. In 1469 Jayaprakash died and his son Ratna Malla became Maharaja Ratna Malla of Nepal.

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A portrait of King Ratna Malla


In 1473 Ratna Malla started to raise his army to the border as a clear indication to Tirhut that further entries and raids would not be tolerated. Tirhut clearly alarmed at the 20,000 veteran Nepali soldiers at its borders asked for help from the Sultanate of Jaunpur in the east. However the sultanate was tearing itself apart by fighting against Delhi, Multan and other sultanates and they could spare nothing but a few men to help Tirhut. Tirhut tried to approach Bengal and Bengal gave its pledge that they would support Tirhut.

Ratna Malla alarmed by this increased the armies and diverted the eastern armies and had a grand total of 45,000 of its 60,000 men army on the border with Tirhut.

By this point Ratna Malla knew war was inevitable and brought his country to war footing pretty quickly. In 1474 war broke out as a Bengali army started a skirmish with the 15,000 strong army under Gopal Shah, the former crown prince of Gorkha. Gopal Shah repelled the Bengalis.

Against this aggression the Nepali troops immediately poured into Tirhut. The Battle of Tirhut plains is extremely romanticized in Nepali history for the last century or so extremely so after the First World War. However this battle wasn’t a single decisive battle. It was a battle that took place all over Tirhut as the Royal Nepali Army took on the Tirhutian armies scattered across their small kingdom. By 1475 however the Battle of Tirhut had ended decisively in Nepal’s favor and the entire country was occupied by Nepali troops. The Bengalis tried to mount a defense however they were routed at the Battle of Rangpur in which the Nepali Gurkha Regiments rebuffed any Bengali attempt to attack. By 1476 a peace agreement was signed. Tirhut had been fully annexed by Nepal and the Bengalis had to pay extremely high tribute to Kathmandu for at least 10 years.

After the war, Ratna Malla started the ‘Nepalification’ program. His logic was that if they had territories which weren’t ethnically Nepali, they would eventually rise up in rebellion against the Nepali crown and that was not acceptable. Bihari traditions slowly became supplanted by Nepali ones. Nepali language was encouraged and the native tongue repressed. It was a brutal process however it had its fruits, unfortunately for the now extinct Bihari culture in Bihar. By 1524 all semblance of Bihari culture would fade supplanted by the new Nepali cultured new generation. The only places where Bihari culture survived was in Jaunpur at the time and even that would be snuffed out later.

In 1481 AD Ratna Malla invaded the Kingdom of Kangra and by 1483 had annexed the lands to his kingdom. The Kingdom of Kangra had a huge minority of Nepalese and he was not resisted by the populace.

However by now the Sultans of Delhi, Jaunpur and Multan were getting weary of Nepal in the north. However as Multan and Delhi were dragged into another war, Nepal stood alone to face against the lonely Jaunpur Sultanate. The ‘Nepali War of Subduing Jaunpur’ was a short but extremely brutal war that saw Nepali troops sack Jaunpur and eventually annex all the lands of Jaunpur north of the Ganges river. The process of Nepalification continued in the newly captured and won territories. The Sultan of Jaunpur after the war against Nepal was deposed for his weakness in submitting to the Nepalis. His jingoistic uncle, Mir Khan was installed as Sultan. He began building up his forces for another war against Nepal. This war would erupt in 1490 AD and end in 1494. In this short war, Nepal would not show mercy. She annexed all lands that Jaunpur had and the royal family was escorted out of the country. Nepalification continued again.

In 1497 King Ratna Malla would die of cancer. He would be succeeded by his son, Surya Malla. Or as modern day remembers him, Surya Malla The Great.
 
My brother there is no special Nepali tradition vs Bihari tradition , in wake of Muslim conquest in North-India/Bihar the brahmin of Bihar went to Nepal due to this there is more Gaurakhnath devoti in Nepal in comparison to Mainland India ,also name of Nepali army as Gurkha come to known . There is not much difference community of both state other than some Tibatian fusion in Nepal which happen due to Dalai lama fled to India.
Also in modern Bihar there is 3 culture - mathali, bhojpuri and Nepali
Nepal and India together are hair of this history custom . If you think about Nepalifiction, take note that there is not any thing as such in medieval period .
And for your TL -Use Gaurakhnath city as capital of state/ empire and than expand it both side.
 
Well there are several differences you will find in Bihari and Nepali customs. And I also stress the fact about language. Supplanting cultures weren't anything new in India either. The Bhutanese uprooted the Tsang culture, the Manipur culture virtually wiped the Tripura culture for many decades. The Nepali Assamese culture wiped the former Koch culture. The kumaonese culture supplanted the Kangrese culture so it wasn't anything new.

Kathmandu was the capital of the Mallas it would make sense for them to use Kathmandu as their capital as it was the richest city back then and still is. Nepal or Nipal as it was known was used to describe the land of the Kathmandu Valley and lands surrounding it and was called by Akbar 'the abode of Mallas'. Gourakhnath is a God in Nepal. I believe gorkha is the city you are trying to imply.

yes Hindustan is a Persian word but it already had popular use by the 15th century.

but thanks for Ur replies ☺️☺️ they are appreciated
 
There is not much difference community of both state other than some Tibatian fusion in Nepal which happen due to Dalai lama fled to India.
Also, Nepali is infact not considered to be an Indian Race because of its history of not being under the Indian Empires. Genetic strands also have proven that the majority of Nepali genetics show that Nepalis are a mix of Indian Aryan and Mongolian genes making the Nepali people quite different. More Indian origin Nepalis live in Terai and more Mongolian type live in the Himalayas. The Hilly region has a mix of Tibetan, Aryan and Mongolian genes all mixed right in making them quite different from the Indian races
 
For you - genetics of Nepal -it show regular migration from north to south . Also Northern people are mainly Han Chinese ,tibetan where in south there is more Indo-Aryan . In middle both groups make up Nepali genetics.

For Nepal in any Indian empire - Maurya empire and licchavis tributery of Gupta ruled Nepal.
 
For Nepal in any Indian empire - Maurya empire and licchavis tributery of Gupta ruled Nepal.
Nepali states were vassal states to the Mauryas while the Guptas did seize the Terai reigions.
And regarding the Genetics yes, that's what i was basically saying, a mixture of Mongolian, Tibetan and Indo-Aryan genetics make up the Nepali ancestry.
 
Conquest of Bengal and the Europeans
Chapter 3: Conquest of Bengal and the Europeans

By 1499 tensions between Bengal and Nepal were mounting once again. Bengal had failed to properly pay its tribute to Nepal in the past few years and Bengali raiders were once again starting to raid and sally into Nepalese territory. Border skirmishes were breaking out and relations were becoming increasingly hostile. In late 1499 Surya Malla and his advisors along with his generals made the decision. The time for Bengal as an independent nation was up. Mobilization started and the Nepali government started to plant spies into Bengal. Bengal was of course not oblivious to what was happening however they believed that Nepal was preparing a show of force not actually a war and only a quarter to a third of their wartime resources were mobilized by the Bengali government. In March 23rd 1500, 25,000 Nepali soldiers split into two armies invaded Bengal from the North and West from Sikkim and Tirhut. The surprised Bengali forces at the borders broke immediately only putting up a token defense as the Nepali soldiers roared down upon them.

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A portrait of Surya Malla The Great

It was only about two months later at the Battle of Barind that the Bengalese forces won did the Nepali forces falter in their rapid advance. The Bengalese forces after winning the desperate defense at the Battle of Barind started to shore up their defenses however by this point it was futile. A week later the Second Battle of Barind had beaten the Bengalis back. The Bengalis could not even recruit more men. Many of their army was at the border with Orissa and Arakan who were veering into Bengali territory as they rapidly lost land to the invading Nepalese.

The 1st Gurkha Army would settle down for a siege of Gaud while the 3rd Royal Army pursued the fleeing Bengali army towards Dhaka. The Battle of Dhaka broke any sort of military resistance the Bengalis could mount against Nepal as they were heavily outnumbered, the general in charge was Surya Malla himself who was an extremely capable military commander and the Nepali heavy cavalry tactics that they had picked up from Jaunpur were unstoppable to the Bengali forces. On 26th September 1500 the Bengalis suffered a huge defeat at the Battle of Dhaka (Actually a few miles east of the City) ended their military resistance except at Gaudh. The Siege of Gaudh would last until November until the starving and shattered Bengali garrison surrendered. In December Surya Malla announced the annexation of the entirety of Bengal into Nepal giving Nepal access to the sea for the first time in their history.

The old Bengalese aristocracy thought that the nepali aggressive actions in taking Bengal would result in diplomatic fallout however Orrisa was all too happy to see its rival gone and Arakan and former Bengali vassal states were happy that their overlord was gone.

It is during this time that the Nepalis came into contact with the Portuguese. A few ships were moored in Calicut harbor with the Portuguese sailors aboard them when the city was occupied by the Nepalese troops. Later on after they received news that Bengal had been annexed by Nepal they asked to meet with Surya Malla himself to negotiate a new trade treaty considering the old one was obsolete. Surya Malla who had only heard rumors and tales about Europeans agreed to meet the Portuguese on the Braganza. Using interpreters Surya Malla agreed to provide preferred trade to the Portuguese in silk and spice however he had a condition. Surya Malla was fascinated by the majestic Portuguese warships and muskets. He asked for engineers to build a new Nepali fleet with European style warships and trade muskets and musketballs with them. This of course caught the Portuguese off-guard. However they agreed to trade Muskets and Musketballs with Nepal. However they refused to engineer European style warships for Nepal. Legend goes to say that Surya Malla simply shrugged and said “Fine then. You won’t get your spice, your silk, your fleet docking rights and despite your technological edge I believe that may army of more than 10,000 is more than capable of taking a few 100 sailors captive.”

Of course this was a bluff of epic proportions but this frightened the Portuguese diplomat. He agreed to engineer a few ships for Nepal until orders from Lisbon arrived to prove countering against the deal. Surya Malla agreed.

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Portuguese traders trading musketballs in boxes for spices with Nepali merchants in Calicut harbor

Thus began the slow yet enriching influence of European culture in Nepal.
 
The North and the Renaissance
Chapter 4: The North and the Renaissance

After bartering with the Portuguese, Nepal turned its eyes north. The Kingdom of Koch, Tripura, Ahom and Manipur were all weary about invasions coming from the Burmese kingdoms which were more powerful than them. Seeing Nepal was a military power that had remained virtually undefeated since inception, the rulers of these states, became tributary states of Nepal in return for protection against the Burmese. Surya Malla graciously accepted. In 1503 he led a campaign to invade Ladakh and Kashmir and brought the countries into his kingdom by early 1505. Mountain warfare was something his troops excelled at considering their homelands were in the mountains.

During this time as Jharkhand was being invaded by the Bahamanis in the south, Surya’s brother Ranodip was given generalship to pursue a war of partition of Jharkhand. In late 1505 north Jharkhand was ceded to Nepal. After these five years of war, Surya Malla settled down to consolidate his empire. Better infrastructure were built. Dams and floatation’s were built in the flood-prone rivers in Bengal. In 1506 the order from Lisbon came to stop engineering warships for the Nepalese. By this time Surya Malla was quite indifferent to the Portuguese for stopping the construction of new warships for them however by this time, his maritime engineers had been able to get their hands on the blueprints and plans regarding the ships so he was fully capable of building his own. In the past 6 years, the Portuguese had built 8 Ship of the Lines and 10 Frigates for the Nepalese in European style warships. In 1506 Surya Malla officially declared the establishment of the Royal Nepali Navy modeled after the Royal Portuguese Navy.

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The Nepali Navy Ensign

During this era of consolidation, Nepal went through what is called the ‘Nepalese Renaissance.’ Nepali culture was propagated everywhere in the empire. Paintings, pottery etc of Nepali origin were high in demand. Nepali style pagoda architecture grew far and wide in the empire. However Nepal also renewed Buddhist culture in the empire during this time. In 1507 Surya Malla ordered that the old abandoned Bengali Buddhist sites be renovated and be made open for Buddhist worship. These sites were renovated by the best of the Nepali Engineer class and soon Buddhist followers poured in to worship Buddha in these areas. Nepali textile industry boomed as well. The Nepali textile industry fed by the resources of Northern India produced high quality textiles much in demand in Europe which were sold to the Portuguese at extremely profitable prices. Nepali Hindu-Buddhist dual worship was becoming extremely popular in the empire as well which saw a major Buddhist revival during this time. Since Lumbini was seen as the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Surya Malla himself went to Kapilvastu and led the team of engineers and laborers to rebuild the ancient sites. Beside the Ashoka Pillar he built the Surya Pillar as well showing his devotion to Lord Buddha as well. Pilgrimage trips from Buddhist communities in Tibet, Burma, Siam, Laos, Khmer, Dai Viet, Ming and places as far away as Joseon Korea also happened when news filtered to them about the news of the Buddhist revival. Arguably, Lumbini became the world’s first tourist spot with rich pilgrims being taxed and priced to enter the high end pilgrim sites (Though records show these prices were extremely low).

The Portuguese were also affected by the Buddhist revival. Unlike Islam with which they had a lot of agonies, the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism were foreign to them except in speech and stories. Also the concept of following two faiths as one was quite frankly, extremely foreign to the Christian Portuguese. A lot of Nepali Buddhist imagery, pots, decorations etc were bought by the Portuguese traders. Eventually these decorations would worm their way into the homes of the wealthy elite of Lisbon and eventually the portrait depicting Lord Buddha and his life would find its way into the court of Manuel I of Portugal. He reportedly said “Ah what a splendid portrait? From an Indian country you say? Why they must have the best artists in the world!”

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A Painting depicting Buddha made in Nepal found in the home of the Count of Faria

In 1509 After the Battle of Diu Surya Malla gave his letter of congrats to the head of the Portuguese delegation based in Calicut. However the Battle of Diu had underlying problems for the Nepalese. First was commerce. Portugal would dominate the route of trade to Europe for them which would make their trade dependent on Portugal. Second was diplomatic. Portugal was now the leading European power in the Indian Subcontinent. Surya Malla did not wish to see Nepal subjected to any foreign power.

During this time, Surya Malla also pursued better relations with the Ming Dynasty. Surya Malla himself married Zhu Xiamei, a princess of the lower cadet branch of the Zhu Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty in 1508 after years of increased better relations. The Ming Dynasty saw Nepal as their gateway for their markets to flourish in India and saw to that, Surya’s pursuit of better relation with the Ming Dynasty was fruitful. Queen Xiamei would be the first non-Nepali bride any Nepali King had married and written documents say that Surya Malla was extremely taken with her. In 1509 Queen Xiamei would give birth to Crown Prince Amshuverma or known popularly in Nepal as Amshuverma the Second after the first ruler of the name Amshuverma of the Lichavi Dynasty who had pioneered cultural revolution in Nepal when it was briefly united from 630 AD to 710 AD.

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A portrait of Queen Xiamei of Nepal

In 1512 Nepal would invade the small Kingdom of Bishnupur to secure its trade routes to Southern India and integrate it. During this time Surya Malla received news that a warlord from the north based in Kabul was coming towards India seeking to rule it and were4 skirmishing against the Punjabi and Balochi states already. Surya Malla whose enemies were the Punjabis was all to happy to let them fight each other. However knew that if Eastern North India were to fall to this warlord he would turn his eyes to Surya’s vast kingdom. So he hatched a plan. A plan that would see the destruction of the Mughal Empire before it even began properly.
 
The Clam before storm; Interim Years
Chapter 5: The Calm before storm (Interim)

In 1513 Surya Malla signed a treaty with the Portuguese allowing them to build manufactories in the Bengal coast in exchange for land taxation. Surya Malla began to create a system called the ‘The Stated System’. The Stadning army was divided into military sectors and were assigned to strategic locations making mobilization of the army much faster than any other state in the area at the time. Using the revenue of the empire, Nepal began the construction of the Ganges highway. This road was paved from its delta in Bengal all the way to Nepal’s border with Delhi. This large project was overseen by many educated Nepali engineers with rest stops and shelters being made in places around the highway to accommodate travelers. The Ganges Highway would be fully constructed by 1519 AD and would significantly reduce travelling time.

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A picture of the remains of the Old Ganges Highway

During 1517 the Nepalis would have their first interaction with the Turkish Ottoman Empire which had sent ships in the Indian Ocean after the conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Surya Malla much to the chagrin of the Portuguese allowed the Turkish ships to dock at Nepali ports which sort of fled uncomfortable to the Turkish and Portuguese sailors as they docked right beside each other often in Chittagong and Calicut.

However as the Ottoman Empire began to start funding pirate activities in the Indian Ocean, Surya Malla angrily expelled the Turkish fleet based at his ports in retaliation. The Turks would sink the HNpMS (His Nepali Majesty’s Ship) Ratna in response. This would anger Surya Malla so much that he would send the Nepali fleet in hot pursuit of the Turkish fleet and make the fleet lose many of its ships against the Nepali fleet in the Bay of Bengal in 1520 AD.

In 1521 Queen Xianwei gave birth to twins, Prince Pratap and Princess Laxmi. During this time, Surya Malla would establish the University of Pokhara as the premier North Indian University as the center of education. Many shcolars from around the subcontinent would flock to the city.

In 1525 as the Mughals invaded Delhi, the Nepali 3rd Army was mobilized. Surya Malla was now going to go to war.
 
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