Guatemalan soldiers interrogate a peasant, Guatemalan Civil War, 1980s
The Guatemalans had been embroiled in a bloody civil war lasting from the early 60's. The situation in the country had become extremely tense during the 80's and the government was overthrown in 1982. General Efraín Ríos Montt was named President of the military junta, continuing the bloody campaign of torture, forced disappearances, and "Scorched Earth" warfare. Internationally, the country became a pariah state.
In 1982, the four guerrilla groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, merged and formed the URNG, influenced by the Salvadoran guerrilla FMLN, the Nicaraguan FSLN and Cuba's government, in order to become stronger. At the same time, extreme right-wing groups of self-appointed vigilantes, including the Secret Anti-Communist Army (ESA) and the White Hand (La Mano Blanca), tortured and murdered students, professionals, and peasants suspected of involvement in leftist activities.
On August 8, 1983, Ríos Montt was deposed by his own Minister of Defense, General Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores, who succeeded him as de facto president of Guatemala. Mejía justified his coup, saying that "religious fanatics" were abusing their positions in the government and also because of "official corruption".
After Doomsday, Victores's government had serious problems keeping its rule in place. Leftist guerrillas, spearheaded by the URNG were also experiencing problems, as they lost the backing of the FSLN in Nicaragua, due to their civil war, as well as the support from Cuba, which had been hit hard during the nuclear exchange. The loss of support from the U.S. severely weakend the rule of government forces. Plans to draft a democratic constitution failed and the URNG got a boost in its forces with the arrival of Cuban refugees who helped the URNG in trying to seize power. Matters took a turn for the worst when general Victores was killed by right wing fanatics, further destabilizing the country. The URNG also actively helped Yucatan in its bid for freedom, although this support was limited due to domestic problems.
From 1984 to 1990, no government officially controlled Guatemala. In 1990, when the URNG headed by Rolando Morán seized Guatemala City, the right wing guerrillas of the ESA and the White Hand decided that dialogue was needed to stop the fighting. In August, both sides agreed to officially end the fighting and an election for the new Constituent Assembly was carried out to draft a new constitution. After nine months of debate, on May 15 1991, a new constitution was drafted which came into effect immediately.