You're missing one key point: mass production on a proto-industrial scale sufficient to build something approaching a network. The technology isn't much more than a curiosity unless it can be deployed widely. Given all of that-especially the need to provide insulated copper wire of consistent quality, and the need to provide standard insulators for the wires, you're probably looking at perhaps the 1820s at the earliest. Before that...it would be limited to spotty, isolated installations: say, a localized network among financial institutions in New York or Boston, or perhaps among government bureaucracies in Washington. And don't forget that it was the rise of the railroad and the need for accurate, timely orders (in the days before block signals, when order boards and timetables ruled) that spurred the development of the telegraph in the first place.