The Vivar Cycle, or The Matter of Valencia
A
chanson de geste completed in 1555 by Jofré Ginovart, "the Bard of Valencia." Ginovart was writing at a time when medieval styles were falling out of fashion, being replaced by a revival of Classical styles (in what we would today call the Renaissance). What's more, the newly-unified Kingdom of Spain was actively promoting
Castilianisation -- standardising the Castilian language, having all official and legal business conducted in Castilian, even going so far as to call it "
Spanish" -- and thereby marginalising languages like Catalan, Basque, and so on (not to mention what they did to speakers of Arabic, Hebrew, Ladino, Mozarabic, etc).
Ginovart wrote the
Matter of Valencia as a heroic epic in the Catalan language, in the style of the
Matter of Rome, Matter of France, or
Matter of Britain -- eschewing the Renaissance styles made fashionable by Dante and Petrarch. In it, he tells the tale of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (better known as "El Cid") -- but rather than depict him as an ideal monarch of the Reconquista or Crusades, he depicts him as an ideal
medieval king, emphasising his more legendary or fantastical exploits involving fairies and giants. Ginovart also chose to highlight the cosmopolitan nature of El Cid's court; that El Cid was a most holy Christian lord, but he served all his subjects of all faiths and nations. As Arthur had his Knights of the Round Table; as Charlemagne had his Twelve Paladins; so too did El Cid win the loyalty of diverse heroes. This was controversial with the Spanish Crown, and moreso with the Inquisition.
Although Ginovart is often called the "Bard of Valencia," he actually wrote his
Vivar Cycle in England, under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth I. After the failed invasion of the Spanish Armada of 1556, Ginovart's work was the subject of much interest in England. He's largely credited with keeping the medieval traditions of bards and troubadours alive in England and the rest of Protestant Northern Europe. The
Vivar Cycle would also inspire one of Shakespeare's most famous historical plays:
Rodrigo & Teshufin, focussing on the gallant chivalric rivalry between El Cid and Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin (the Almoravid sultan of Morocco & Andalusia). This would be the play which would introduce the character of Othello -- a Moorish knight whose gallantry stands in contrast to his "heathenry." Although a minor character in
Rodrigo & Teshufin, Othello would be so popular that Shakespeare would give him his own spin-off, which recounts his adventures in Venice and his tragic love for a Christian woman.
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