Io is a very dry, hot and volcanic planet. As such, during the period of colonization of the moons of Jupiter, Io was largely forgotten. Humans (Ionians) and the draconic xtlil are the native species of Io. Pre-contact civilization was not particularly advanced. Humans lived mostly on the coasts and had retained largely Bronze Age-civilization reminiscent of ancient Mesopotamian civilization, while the xtlil lived mostly as desert nomads and shepherds. There are no indengeous nations on Io, though there are still large number of xtilil tirbal nomads. Most off-world civilization has been along the coasts of the shallow seas and lakes (the central Colchis Sea has an average depth of 480 feet (146 meters), comparable to that of the American great lakes). The frontier is extremely dry and inhospitable, similar to the Arabian Empty Quarter.
Because of heavy volcanism, the soil of Io is very fertile and agriculture has become its dominant industry despite its relative dryness. The United States has come to dominate Io, and has formed the Io Waterworks and Aquifer Commission with other technocratic states. They have plans--dubbed Project AMBROSIA--to use low-yield nuclear warhead and massive earth movers to create canals and artificial lakes on the Empty Quarter and to fill it with water mined from other Jovian moons and asteroids. Comintern and the Non-Aligned League are highly skeptical of the project and are worried about environmental impact.
The Federation of Ionian Anarchists (the so-called Black Army) is a former Soviet SSR populated largely by ethnic Ukrainians, Finns, Lithuanians and Estonians. After a prolonged insurrection, the Black Army has gained independence of large number of anarchist communes, though Soviet occupation in some areas remain. The People's Republic of Jinggang is a Maoist remnant state who declared their independence from the Republic of China following the collapse of Communism in the past century, and the Holy Islamic Caliphate of Io is a fundamentalist Islamic state who is quite paranoid of everyone else, and rightfully so.