An Age of Battleships (Naval expansion 1890-1897)
Many reasons like nationalism and colonial expansions had led to the formations of the alliances blocks dividing the world in 1897. The naval programs of armament were figuring near the top of the list. As the end of the century drew near, many famous retired officers and famous authors had published works speaking of the importance of the sea. These theorists and experts often didn’t agree on many things, but they were of common accord on one point: whoever dominated the oceans and seas of this world would rule the world.
The average citizen in the street and the governments had not debated long before ordering massive programs of warship construction. And warship in this age of modernisation meant everything floating and having the capability to destroy another ship. In centuries before, this would have been limited to ships of the line, frigates and armed merchant raiders. But times had changed. The warships could now weight over 10 000 tons and it was getting difficult to assess the firepower of each class. There were the torpedo boats, small and fragile hulls which were the one-shot attempt to sink the bigger units of the battle-line. There were submarines, supposed to wait in the dark depths of the oceans and then resurface in the middle of a fleet to make a carnage. Mineships could spread their deadly content in critical areas of a naval zone and interdict its navigation for a long time. And then there was the considerable list of more conventional warships: contre-torpilleurs (or as the term would stay in the public imagination, destroyers) to protect a fleet from the torpedo boats, light cruisers, cruisers, heavy cruisers, protected cruisers and armoured cruisers.
But the warships which attracted the majority of the imagination were the battleships. Officially called by the name since 1878, these gargantuan ships were heavily armoured, were steam-powered and without sails of any kind and mounted their guns in turrets. As the guns in question were 300mm and they were two batteries on the fore and the aft of the ship, the captain commanding the battleship could unleash a rain of fire upon any enemy in his range. And these were just the primary guns: a battleship had many secondary batteries all over its superstructure.
Unsurprisingly, the Grande Entente was fiercely supporting the battleship. Between France, England and Russia, the world alliance imagined by the Bourbons and the Romanovs decades ago had a huge merchant marine to protect and a world colonial empire to defend. Light and heavy cruisers would be built by the dozens, entire new classes of submarines were imagined and hundreds of torpedo boats found their way in service of allies like Ireland, Chile and the Satsuma Shogunate. But France needed a powerful unit if it wanted to retain its supremacy at sea. Fortunately, Paris had a lot of shipyards and London did not see any reason to limit the size of is battle-line. By 1897, Louis XVII’s navy had 43 battleships in service not to mention the other hundreds of units loyally accomplishing their duties from Australasia to the Mediterranean. England had confirmed its place as the second naval partner and could boast 10 battleships and an impressive fleet of cruisers. The Russian Empire and the Holy Spanish Empire followed with 8 battleships. Portugal, the Kingdom of Bengal and the Satsuma Shogunate all had between three and four battleships leading their local fleets. In total, the Entente had 81 battleships in active service with six more at different stage of construction in 1897.
For the rest of the world, these were very unwelcome news. Given its control of Suez, Gibraltar and Cape Horn, Southern Australasia and a good part of the Pacific, the Entente fleet could mass in crushing numbers against a single threat and sink them with tonnages they could not really answer. The Slaver’s Alliance had not the warships to oppose this: Florida had managed to build 3 brand new battleships and the Republic of the Cape had one. The European Union was stronger with 14 battleships but the 7 of the united Saxon-Polish fleet were bottled in the Baltic and unable to join the proud Scottish fleet and its 2 battleships. The rest of their naval forces were with New Spain and in the Austrian ports; no strategist was ever able to suggest a scenario which would see them break through the multiple patrols of the French and Spanish fleets intact and ready for battle.
The European Union as a result concentrated above all on it slight cruiser raiders and submarines. Battleships were too costly anyway and they had to build armies big enough to resist the juggernaut of the Entente on land too. They would have to hope the Central Alliance and the Grande Entente neutralised each other on the oceans. The UPNG-led alliance had against the odds managed to build hundreds of warships in various programs in the last decade and while they had not managed to catch up with the sheer numbers of France, they had 52 battleships in service with the UPNG, Denmark and the Carolinas having the greatest numbers of battleships.
Like the Entente however, the Central Alliance had many commitments in the Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic. And it could not reinforce each of its partners, with Denmark and Norway generally seen as the most problematic since France and England could cut the North Sea the moment hostilities commenced. On the other hand, Chuan China and the Californians with the rest of the Alliance could reinforce faster their Pacific fleets due to the newly built Panama Canal...even if it was the cost of Europe and many critical theatres. Still, as long as Batavia served as an involuntary shield, this status quo would persist.
The French Admirals had different priorities in mind. If they wanted to control the North Sea completely, the Scottish land and naval forces had to be crushed quickly. In the Mediterranean, it was Habsburg Italy which was seen as the main threat against the merchant marine and the sea trade with India. In the Middle East, Oman would have to be neutralised with the help of the Ethiopians. France had the largest navy, but Louis XVII knew that in case of war, his warships were going to devour the reserves of coal at a formidable rate to extinguish all threats.
Dozens of secret war plans were made during this date, some which would never be remembered until they were declassified decades later. But with the world at the edge of the abyss, dominating the seas was primordial and nearly every government tried to be kept in the know of where the warships would be engaged the moment the situation exploded out of control. Millions more of francs, pounds, marks were poured into the steel hulls and the prospects of appeasement were ignored...