The British Commonwealth (United Kingdoms, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa and Rhodesia-Zimbabwe; outlined in maroon) are (surprisingly) the remnants of the British Empire that agreed to confederate into an agreement resembling the OTL EU. It has no capital, rotating parliaments every two years with the secretary-general. Considered a major power but has much less prestige than the old empire did.
The Union of Sovereign States (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia) are the remaining members of the former Union of Socialist States founded after the Revolutions of 1914. The Union is now quite decentralized but with strong military, industrial and economical ties. All members are currently recognized as democracies with free and fair multi-party elections in every state. Considered a major power and in recent years has begun to engage the Ottoman Empire over conflicting land-claims: particularly in the Northern Caucasus and Southern Kazakhstan/Ottoman Turkestan.
The Sublime Ottoman State (or Ottoman-wank) is a federative constitutional monarchy and consists of OTL Ottoman Empire, most of their claims in Africa including Egypt, North Sudan, Eritrea, Djbouti but minus Tripoltania and Tunisia, Yemen, Armenia, Azerbaijan, parts of the Russian Caucasus (Dagastan, Chechnya, etc.) and all of Russian Central Asia south of Kazakhstan. It is largely secular and democratic with most regions having free multi-party elections (those underdeveloped ones along the Sahel, Caucasus and Central Asia are a bit more suspect).
The European Federation is a transnational confederation led by regional powers Germany, France, the Iberian Union and Italy. It was formed shortly after the very short TTL equivalent of the Second World War (though ittl it's the Second Great European War), with an alliance with TTL USSR formed and upheld and Britain largely ignored after an analogue of the Blitz and a disastrous attempt at a Sealion both fail miserably. All the countries within were or are fascist/autocratic, though since the mid-'80s they've undergone a slow transition into multiparty democracies.
Too lazy to write out the rest fancily so I'll summarize. The other major powers are the U.S., China, Japan and India. China had a Sun Yat-sen figure to guide them to independence and beyond, and was able to secure a much more peaceful transition to competent statehood than OTL. There was a period of unrest till about the late '40s, when they got their shit together basically and provinces with rebellions or de facto independent governments were reabsorbed. They were helped by a much more friendly Japan, led by a very charismatic and enthusiastic pan-Asian emperor. Up until about the '60s (around his death) he was able to suppress the Japanese far-right, and since then tensions between the two have exploded into everything but war (sort of like a contained Asian Cold War). India had two ATL Gandhis as well as some more violent revolutionaries, and the ATL equivalent of the Congress Party were a lot more receptive to local political autonomy leading to Muslim separatism being a minority position among Indians. After constant border conflicts in the early '50s with native Pashtuns and Balochs who did not want to be apart of the new Indian Federation, the government controversially agreed to secede a huge amount of territory to the Kingdom of Afghanistan. India has profited from the retreat from the haphazard and indistinct Durham Line and is much more defensible than OTL to terrorism and such, though Afghanistan has had a lot more ethnic conflicts due to Pashtuns now making up a majority of the state.
The United States lost the South around the late '40s/'50s (in ATL "Great Compromise" Era) and initially it was big, followed by two wars within two decades that bankrupted the state but resulted in few territorial gains. Thanks to support from Europe, the South ends up with most of its claims plus bits of New Mexico, Arizona and Southern California. Around the '80s most Northern politicans renounce irredentism unofficially and US immigration and migration, rather than being funnelled southwards as IOTL moves west. The Midwestern, Great Plains and all of the Pacific states are much more populated than OTL, with Chicago remaining the nation's second city and San Francisco a close third. The United States is still a major power though until recently it has been far more isolationist than OTL, more like pre-'20s U.S.
The Confederate States are a developing country, with a lot of disparities in wealth and a painful history of slavery and unequal human relations. They have long been a bitter source of labor since Emancipation (around the 1920s) for the developed world however, being one of the only countries in the world to legally permit indentured servitude. Its cheap base of manpower has brought it a great deal of industrial investment especially in the past 20-30 years (even from the U.S.). However armed rebellions and "secessionism" [1] is rife throughout the reason, partly probably due to the widespread availability and ease of acquiring firearms.
I've also thrown in an independent Alsace-Lorraine (called "Lotharingia"), a buffed up Luxembourg (gaining back its old parts from Belgium!), an independent Borneo and balkanized Indonesia and New Guinea partitioned north-south instead of east-west. Typical Russian-monarchist Alaska as well.
[1] "seccessionism" is the term used by Confederate authorities for the phenomenon of towns or homesteads essentially declaring independence when they perceive government authorities to be enacting injustices upon them, despite secession having been outlawed since 1929. However, many of these 'rebellions' happen in shanty towns filled with mostly black or colored laborers: and the response to them is often harsh and violent.