A White Victory in the Russian Civil War would have been a lot worse for Russia, if not the world, than what happened in OTL (let alone a Red Victory in general).
Chances of a burgeois-democratic Russia after the civil war are remote to non-existent. The Bolsheviks and Left-SRs had the absolute majority of the people on their side, even before the civil war began. And their popularity only increased as the war progresed. Therefore, had the White Movement really established a burgeois-democracy after their victory, the Bolsheviks and Left-SRs would have won the first election by a landslide (which was, of course, unacceptable to the ruling class). Not even to speak of ethnic minorities and seperatism. Even if the new white regime had somehow gained popular support after some years (and thats a big if), it would still not allow the Bolsheviks and national liberation groups to agitate freely, fearing another revolution. A ban on unions and strikes (1. They violate the direct economic interst of the bourgeoisie. 2. Look what role strikes played in the October Revolution) would be very good for the ruling class, too. Moreover, the russian ruling class would definetly try to reconquer the "lost territories" (i.e. everything that belonged to Tsarist Russia in 1914), and while major aggressive wars are possible under a burgeois-democracy, a more authoritarian form of government would definetly facilitate the economic and psychological preparations for war. And let's also not foget that many of those who fought in the white movement opposed the very idea of democracy (not only the tsar loyalists). Last but not least, a burgeois-democracy would've been hardly able to cope with the post-war devastation (from the ruling classes perspective, strikes and protests against long working hours, high land taxes and the white regime as a whole would be less than ideal in the post-war recovery). Most of the russian ruling class would prefer a fascist or at least very reactionary dictatorship for these reasons.
You can be sure that in the 1920s there wouldn't be an 8 hour working day, a brief legalization of homosexuality, an indigenization pollicy towards minorities and a period of indirect soviet democracy from 1917 to 1936.
As allready mentioned, the Bolsheviks and Left-SRs (later the Bolsheviks alone) had the support of the absolute majority of the people (actually the Bolsheviks alone had won the absolute majority of seats in the Second All Russian Congress of Soviets in October of 1917), and it's doubtfull that the whites would try to integrate their enemies into the new society the way the Bolsheviks did in OTL (many white soldiers were given amnesty and the post-civil war purges were actually very limited compared to how they could have been). It's likely that millions of suspectes bolsheviks and bolshevik sypathizers would be murdered or worked to death in Siberian labour camps.
And thats only where things start to go downhill. It's unlikely that the new white regime would be able to pacify the countryside as it would severely lack popular support, at least in the first decade (I know I've mentioned it two times allready but again, the Bolsheviks had the majority of the people on their side. And even many of those that didn't support the Bolsheviks would have opposed a reactionary, potentially military, dictatorship). Bolshevik and ethnic minority insugencies would remain a problem for the Petrograd government for years if not decades to come. More bloody purges would follow in order to suppress these insurgencies, but their effect would likely be limited. Russia is huge and if the people don't support you it's hard to project power beyond the urban regions.
There would be no state led industrialization and collectivization (at least not on the OTL scale). Best case is that Tsarist growth rates of around 2 to 3 percent more or less continue, though not even that is given, considering the massive devastation of the war (had the whites gotten the upper hand, the civil war would at least have gone way into 1925). It's not even clear how (or if at all) the new regime would have attacked the remainders of the feudal nobility. It's very possible that feudal or at least semi-feudal relations in the countryside persist way into the 50s and 60s (like in India or Nationalist China).
Now to the treatment of the various ethnicities: The white movement massively propagated great russian chauvinism (you know "Russia Unified, Great and Indivisible") and it is allmost innevitable that russia's ruling class continues the pollicy of russification. It would very likely double down on these efforts, way more than the Tsarist regime ever did (the October Revolution and Civil War had clearly proven the "disloyalty" of ethnic minorities to the White Movement. Moreover, as allready mentioned, ethnic minority insugencies would continue to be a problem for the white regime. Therefore it is only logical that the Petrograd government would increase the cultural assimilation efforts). Massive deportations would take place in non-russian territories (the scale depends on which territories the whites are able to get control over. Deportations in a white Russia with Ukraine for example would be very different from deportations in a white Russia without Ukraine). Vocal minorities would be sent to labour camps in Siberia, where they'd be worked to death. Russian would be the official language and it's very likely that the use of other languages would get baned (Ems Ukaz writ large and all over the empire with dracoic punishment in case of "violation". Unlike the Ems Ukaz, these pollicies would most likely also concern the spoken word. Immagine someone in Karkov reporting his neigbour to the Okhrana, because he ostensibly heard the man speak ukrainian to his wife while taking a smoke).
These pollicies might have shown good results in some areas, and might have bread massive resentment in others. More insurgencies would basicly be guaranteed. On the jews, there would be massive anti-semitism. During the civil war of OTL, Denikins forces murdered an estimated 150.000 unarmed jews in Ukraine and Southern Russia alone. A proclamation by one of Denikin's generals incited people to "arm themselves" in order to extirpate "the evil force which lives in the hearts of Jew-Communists". Anti-semitism in white Russia would not be late Stalin era "some jews cooperate with our enemy Israel so all of them are under suspicion". It would be "The jews betrayed Jesus - now we kill them!". Russias jewish population would be either directly murdered or worked to death in Siberia. It's doubtfull wheater even a fraction of the jewish minority would have survived these purges at all.
Science and education would be very limited compared to OTL. Mass alphabetization would not taken place. People only have to be able to read if thats neccessary for the production process. In the cities, purely russian schools would likely be established. But the peasants wouldn't need to read, if they could they would only get bad ideas. The russian orthodox church would have a lot of influence in society, non-orthodox faiths would be brutally suppressed.
Without mechanization of agriculture, Russia would remain a country of constant famine every 5 years or so. It would remain the prisonhouse of nations and one of the poorest countries in Europe if not the world.
Ok so, now to foreign pollicy:
As allready mentioned, White Russias fascist/reactionary regime would try to regain the "lost territories" (i.e. everything that belonged to Tsarist Russia in 1914, maybe even more) very aggressivly. Expect wars in Finland, Ukraine (if it's independent), the Baltics and what's left of Central Asia.
Russia would be heavily economically dependent on France and Britain. In OTL 1913, foreign corporations held 49,7% of the russian governments debt and owned nearly 100% of all petrolium fields, 90% of mines, 50% of chemicals and 40% of metallurgical industries. As the war progressed, the Russian Empire became more and more heavily indebted so that, in 1917, Russia had a total debt of 538 to 568 million pounds to the UK, 3,573 million francs to France and 147 million US dollars (converted) to Japan. The white regime, wanting to keep good relations with the other capitalist powers in order to secure trade, would inherit these debts. France and Britain would most likely continue to massively export capital to Russia in the 20s and 30s, increasing Russias economic dependence on those countries even more. Looking at the numbers above, and taking into account that the level of dependence would increase even more, Russia could end up as a virtual pupet state of France and Britain. French and british corporations would continue to extract value from Russia, the russian people would see very little from their countries incredible riches.
The rise of fascism in Germany had little to do with the USSR. Granted, a socialist state to the east was important to the nazis OTL propaganda, but fascism in Germany rose because the ruling class wanted to regain what was lost in the Great War, and even more. Additionally they wanted to get rid of the archievements of the november revolution (like basic workers rights). So Germany would become fascist in this scenario, aswell. The details could differ from OTL, but it would still happen.
How this scenario's WW2 would develope is uncertain, and everything I could say now would be pure speculation. What is certain however, is that white Russia could never survive an OTL-like german attack. Without the industrialization of OTL, they would neither be able to build their tanks nor to power them. There would be waaay less of anything, guns, planes, trucks, mines, amuntion, etc.
Another aspect is how the Bolsheviks and USSR affected the western leftist and workers movement. Many were impressed by the successes of socialism, especially during the great depression when the USSR was basicly the only country not affected. Without that (or with only the memories of 1917 to 1925) the western socialist and workers movement would be weakened. Thats also true for trade unions.
To sum it all up, Russia would be a very poor, economicly dependent, warmongering, famine-stricken, racist and murderous reactionary dictatorship. It would be a secondary power at best and nowhere near OTL in terms of development. Even if the white regime eventually falls to a homegrown revolution, say in the 50s or 60s, Russia would not be a world power today. Not even close. A white Russia would not have two sides - it would just be absolutely horrible.
This might sound very pesimistic but thats the way the white army was and planed to be in OTL, and thats what would happen in this TL.
Maybe this scenario would even end with a German Reich from the Elsace to the Urals, but again, thats speculation.
