~The United Commonwealth of Poland~
Map of the UCP at its height (1927-1960) superimposed on modern borders. Modern Poland is in Red.
The United Commonwealth of Poland, also known as the Second Commonwealth, or simply Poland, refers to the nation that existed between the Wars of Polish Reunification and the Second Partition (1924-1967). Founded in the initial aftermath of the First World War under the Wilson Agreement in 1918, following a series of intense regional conflicts, the planned borders far outgrew the original plan of the Polish Committee, expanding from Gdynia to Ryga to Odessa, the final borders decided following the Polish-Soviet War in 1927. Surrounded by Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria (Until 1940), Rumania, The Soviet Union, The Kingdom of Königsberg (From 1942), and the Baltic Union (Until 1938), Poland saw a turbulent relationship with her neighbors, switching between alliances and antagonism, often alienating the state from the rest of Eastern Europe; from the end of the Polish-Soviet War to the Second Polish-Soviet War (1960), the UCP controlled a corridor of land that connected the state to the Black Sea. Despite ethnic tensions from it's diverse Ethno-Linguistic makeup, and pressures internal and external, the UCP was able to remain a dominant regional power for most her existence, often refereed to as the 'Second Golden Age' due to it's relative political and economic stability and technological progress. This would end with the Second Polish-Soviet War, which cut Poland from the Black Sea and crippled her accompany, and saw a fragmentation of Commonwealth society, accumulating in the Second Partition in 1967 by the League of Nations.
The UCP has been often refereed to as Switzerland of Eastern Europe- this grew from it's twenty-nine year long period of Armed Neutrality (1930-1959)*, as well as long lasting President Milo Jakubowicz's (1880-1956) emphasis on Banking, Trade, Social Democracy, and Public Works, hoping to make Poland the most modern state in Europe. Whilst it is generally agreed that this was, in a sense, accomplished, this came with disenfranchisement of Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Russian minorities, as well as the controversial Language Laws, both often cited as the reason for the Commonwealths failure. The UCP was succeeded by the Third Polish Republic, with it's Eastern Frontier carved up between the Soviet Union and Königsberg. Today, the legacy of the UCP is physically visible, with it's roads and cities held as marvels of 20th Century Engineering, and a strong Polish Language Presence.
Since 1967, Poland has been in a state of constant Political flux, with the rise of the Far Right organisation Narodowe Odrodzenie (National Revival) through 70's and 80's, leading mass violence against ethnic minorities and homosexuals, as well as rioting against Liberal legislation, NO seeing ethnic diversity, the acceptance of Homosexual lifestyles, and general Liberalism as the causes for Poland's second partition. NO would gain ground in the Polish Elections, with their leader Alex Gmurczyk ascending to high office briefly in the Summer Election of 1988 after running an vigorous Anti-Communist, however would be removed by the Polish Army following his attempt to pass anti-Minority legislation. The Army, led by Wojciech Jaruzelski, took control of the nation, instituting Martial Law and banning Political Parties; this would result in the Polish Civil War, which saw the Army, NO, and Communists fight for domination. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1995, Germany and Czechoslovakia would lead a League of Nations intervention into Poland, annexing western regions in the process. With the League of Nations taking control of the nation, Poland was transitioned back into Democracy, however still suffers from Strong Man politics, high levels of Corruption, and rampant violence against minorities and homosexuals. Since 2006, Poland has been part of the Commonwealth League, however due to antagonism to Königsberg and Ukraine, has seen its membership threatened.
The UCP was a founding member of the ECC, with the Third Republic a having been a member of the ECC's successor, the European Community, since 1999.
*Also referred to as the Golden Age, it is worth noting that Poland did fight armed conflict during this period, namely in the Anglo/Franco-German War (1938-1943), however was itself third party to the events.