Part 19: Suppression, Depression (1546-1560)
Valdislavas II, the new King of Lithuania, represented a much different generation and a much different train of thought than his father. Valdislavas I was born in the upheaval of the Renaissance, and his beliefs largely followed the ones of that period: as in, he and his peers saw man as the greatest value of the Universe, a being capable to unveil the greatest mysteries of the world and reign over it. The humanist school of thought upheld early virtues like intellect, power and knowledge, and actively doubted the religious and ascetist ideals of the Medieval era. Valdislavas I was confident, a patron of the arts and an intellectual. However, by the time of his death, the era of the Renaissance had started to fade. As the Age of Discovery concluded, it had become clear that the world - no, the Universe itself - are vast and impossible to explore with the limitations of the human life. The active doubt of the system that Renaissance was famous for brought the Reformation and the subsequent wars, conflicts and horror. Valdislavas II was an erudite, highly intelligent, he knew numerous languages, from ancient ones like Latin and Ancient Greek to Russian and Spanish, but he was not the same "I am above all and you shall listen to me" type that his father was.
The very first thing the freshly baked King had to deal with was the rising Volanite movement. This movement, fighting for the destruction of the Brest Concordate and the reformation of the Orthodox Church in the spirit of Melanchthon's Reformists, was spreading across the Kingdom of Lithuania like wildfire. The biggest concentrations of the so-called "Volanites" were in the East, in Russia - in Tver, Novgorod and Yaroslavl, for example. It also had some followers in Ruthenia proper, especially around Chernigov and Polotsk, as well as in Lietuva Land. Upon the ascension of Valdislavas II, he was approached by Martynas Mažvydas, a Volanite preacher from Samogitia, on embracing this movement and helping change the Lithuanian Orthodox Church from within. The king considered it for a while, but that's when the court and the Council of Lords - both composed of much more reactionary members that wanted to retain the Concordate - stepped in and convinced him to kick the preacher out. The message was set - the King will not be in favor of the Volanites.
"What if Valdislavas II converted to Volanism?" That's an interesting question for alternate history. One thing can be said - the 16th century might have developed quite differently for the Lithuanians...
Despite the official anti-Volanite stance, Valdislavas II was a tolerant man. In 1547, he extended the section on religious freedom and autonomy to the Volanites, declaring that the supporters of this pseudo-Reformist movement cannot be prosecuted for their religion alone. The King also encouraged healthy religious debate in Vilnius University and other institutions. While in the rest of Europe, say, in the Holy Roman Empire, Reformation was associated with conflict, wars, revolts, book burnings and heresy, Lithuania looked like the exemption, a country where reformists and the orthodox could coexist.
In 1548, King Valdislavas II married Astrid, the Princess of Sweden, who arrived to Vilnius with a large dowry and 500 followers. This was a part of the diplomatic effort of King Jan Bielke, the first post-Kalmar King of Sweden, to find possible allies against Denmark as well as to secure his nation's eastern frontier. Sweden and Lithuania share a long, albeit largely unknown history of both trade and conflict. The battles between the Balts and the Vikings have been recorded in many Scandinavian sagas, and not as one-sided as one may believe - the mentions of such Norse kings like Sigurdr Ring having to defend their homeland from invading Curonians, as well as Baltic names and forgotten settlement ruins in Gotland tell a different story. And now, these two nations were connected by marriage ties.
This marriage produced a single child, a princess named
Sofija, two years later. However, Valdislavas II did not love his North-born wife, and was overall disappointed, even depressed with the burdens of rule and the problems of his private life...
The colonization of the Vespucias continued throughout the 16th century, albeit extremely sporadically and only in limited settlements around the coast. Around the year 1550, the Portuguese made first contact with a native Vespucian empire on the west coast of South Vespucia, in what is now called the Antikuna mountain ridge (after the local name for a mountain and mountain pass in the area) - named the Inca. Lacking any capability of power projection in the region, the Portuguese explorers and colonists - now stretched out in a thin coastal line of settlements across Manuela - decided to avoid any sort of conflict with this peculiar civilization. In the north, the Spanish were struggling with the resurgent Mejico, and slowly making a push towards the control of local trade routes and the Caribbean. However, they weren't the only country interested in North Vespucia... Flying the Anglo-French banner, Dutch explorers under the lead of William van den Soepenberg visited Saint Brendan's Land in 1549 and pushed south and west. van den Soepenberg was the first to discover land beyond the island as well as a gulf beneath them, fertile and full of fish. The explorer named the newly discovered territory "Flevoland", after the Roman name for the Zuiderzee (Lake Flevo), of which the gulf and it's shores reminded the sailors of. Later exploration missions pushed forward across the eastern coast of North Vespucia, still far away from the Spanish-dominated "Mariana Gulf", but close enough that the lands were worthwhile.
The sailors and merchants of the Dutch Free State managed to convince their superiors, the King of England-France, that exploration and possibly colonization of North Vespucia was a lucrative endeavor that could benefit the massive nation. Many other interest groups saw Vespucia as a land of opportunity, too - for example, refugees fleeing religious oppression and wars, or opportunists seeking a better life elsewhere, or peasants wishing to escape from their landlords, or escaped convicts with nothing else to do, or crazed religious sects wishing to spread their heretical beliefs elsewhere - and people like these would later form the basis of the colonists that would arrive to Vespucia decades later.
Not that they would be alone out there, of course - native Vespucians did not take this development from the East lightly.
Late 16th century drawing of Dutch merchant ships
Some news arrived from Europe about the dealings in the Muslim world. Facing stiff and bloody competition in their push into Europe in the form of Visegrad, the Ottomans regrouped to put pressure in the Middle East. The Mamluk sultanate was eradicated decades ago, and the Turks were engaged in wide combat in Arabia and Persia. It was pretty clear by now that the Sultan of the Turks was the one true Caliph - who else was there to challenge him? Well, now there was - news arrived from India that a successor of Tamerlane had began the process of uniting the subcontinent under one banner, beating one local ruler after another...
India had seen numerous empires before, like Maurya and Gupta, but will this new development be any different from what happened before?
Well, it's not like the Lithuanians even knew what was going on over there. They had other matters at hand.
In 1554, the King's wife, Astrid of Sweden, suddenly passed away from malaria after the royal family's visit to Italy, and the nation, the court and her husband was left to mourn. But not for long, as soon plans for a new marriage for Valdislavas II were drafted by the Council of Lords, and especially it's head and the Grand Chancellor, Jonas Antanas Sapiega. Possible choices were Hedwig, the Princess of the Visegrad Union, or the dead Queen's sister Matilda, but Valdislavas was having none of that. It seemed like a sudden mood change for the usually content and malleable King. It was around this time that the monarch had met and got acquainted with one of his courtiers and the daughter of a Lithuanian magnate, Viktorija Kęsgailaitė.
In one of his many failed attempts at writing a some sort of poem to cheer himself up, Valdislavas added a little scribble on the back:
"The boyars, they're judging, they want me to be a good king. Who could have thought that to be one, you have to be a horrible pragmatic monster, though"
It wasn't his fault that he saw everything in such a negative light. Valdislavas II did not see the world in such a materialist, pragmatic light that his father did - he wasn't even the type of person to be a monarch...
The meeting with Viktorija soon developed into a fiery love for each other, one that was becoming more and more visible to the rest of the court. At the same time, Valdislavas was trying to drag out and delay his official marriage, one that Jonas Antanas Sapiega had already decided to be with Hedwig Luxemburg: the King first started chaotically changing possible places of wedding, then demanded for a change to the ornaments and the guest list, then suddenly just didn't respons to the courtiers' questions at all, until finally, in 1557, he declared his betrothal to the Visegradian princess to be null and void and that he shall marry Viktorija Kęsgailaitė.
This caused a massive uproar among the Lithuanian nobility? The King, marrying a mere noble? And declining a betrothal to the Princess of Visegrad? And denying the best wishes and hopes of the Council of Lords? What, are we entering
despotism now? What is the King trying to do, rule all by himself? And Viktorija... are you sure she's not some sort of witch who seduced the young and confused monarch with her magic? She should be burned at the stake for that! But, no matter what, despite the outrage, the marriage went as planned, and contemporary writers noted that it was one of the very few times that Valdislavas II actually made and wore a real, not faked, not forced smile.
The marriage between Viktorija and Valdislavas did not last long, though... Mere months later, the Queen died, cause still unknown. It could be poisoning or an another type of attempt on her life by the opponents of this marriage, or it could just be an unknown disease.
Despite hating on her for this "witchcraft", Viktorija is still described as a beautiful woman, and one that knew how to make the young King lean to her side. The story of Valdislavas II and Viktorija Kęsgailaitė was sung about by numerous poets, writers and bards across the years, it is a very popular setting in Lithuanian literature and art today, but still, none know what exactly went on that day...
"The Death of Victoria" by Nicolo Malbertano, 1885
While the King of Lithuania was mourning the loss of his loved one, something much, much more ominous happened in Western Europe. Ominous, but predictable. The differences and hostilities between the French and the English were set by the Eighty Years' War, and the latter, having enforced a personal union on the former, were not particularly nice overlords. It was also worsened by the fact that the center of the government was located in the British Isles, in Westminster, and thus could not effectively respond to problems in the mainland. However, despite the animosity and differences between the two nations that were there from pretty much very beginning, England-France clinged on and was still a superpower compared to it's neighbours - the reason being that the "French nation" had little in common between each other. They were composed of different regions, each one with different traditions, and while they were for the most part against English rule, they lacked a unifying force to truly set the ball rolling.
Which is exactly what happened when the Reformation, and thus the preachings of Jean de Flammant. The Flammantian ideology carried a tint of national thought with it - it held the idea that man needed to learn in his mother tongue and be surrounded by the people of his nation, and ruled by people of his nation, so he could more easily hear the voice of Christ... Of course, it also embellished ascetism and piety, but that wasn't a bad thing to have along the way. The Flammantian Reformation spread across the cities and countryside of France likewildfire and the suppression carried out by the fanatical Henry VIII did little to stop the expansion. The French reformists were mostly concentrated in the south of the nation, and soon, a man by the name of
Pierre de Foix rose up to unite the French for one more stand...
The beginning of what will be known as the
Flammantian Wars began in late 1558 in Clermont, where de Foix - a somewhat powerful French war hero and veteran of the Burgundian Wars, as well as a devout Reformist - rallied the representatives from all of France into the
Estates General of Clermont, named after the "parliament" of the annexed French kingdom. There, the French representatives from all three estates of the nation declared "the beginning of the struggle of the French nation to rid the country of the Englishmen and to reorganize France according to the teachings of Jean de Flammant".
In the 20th century, historian Jogaila Bucevičius would write: "The followers of de Foix were the first nationalists in Europe..."
Soon, town militas and raised revolter units formed across the nation, and the first military engagements took place. Henry VIII was already dead, replaced by Henry IX, who promptly rallied his troops to sail and march to the Continent and put down this rebellion. Meanwhile, Pierre de Foix was getting ready to reorganize the disorganized French militias according to the newest tactics of war.
This "French Rebellion" soon caught the attention of nearby powers, like Spain and Austria, which faced a dilemma. Supporting the French would mean knocking down England-France a notch and disintegrating it, but then the flag would be set for even more Reformist rebellions across Europe...
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There we go. A longer part than usual. I think. I didn't count.
Don't count words, don't count paragraphs! Count only the number of readers you've caught interest of! - Writer Stalin