Europe, 1875.
In 1841, the revolt in the Netherlands terminated with the independence of the Rhineland and Flanders-Wallonia. The same year, Hanover became separated from Britain when Victoria of Kent ascended to the British throne. Under Salic Law still in place in Hanover, her uncle, Ernest Augustus, became the King of Hanover.
The Belgian Question was settled by the Convention of London, 1841. Emperor Ferdinand was made King of Lower Lorraine, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine, as well as counts of the traditional counties of Belgium, thus fulfilling the territorial claims of his Burgundian title. Prussia agreed to this only if the provinces of Westphalia and Julich-Cleves-Berg were ceded to Prussian control, which they were. The Kingdom of the Netherlands were greatly diminished. Ferdinand's brother, Franz Karl, was appointed Viceroy of these lands.
In September of 1843, Napoleon II finally succumbed to tuberculosis. His cousin, Prince Charles Louis Napoleon, took the throne as Emperor Napoleon III. He invested much time and power into removing France's dependency on Austria, and pursued the nationalist call for French national rule. In May of 1848, the Duke of Parma was assassinated, along with his children and brothers, in a bloody massacre perpetrated by Italian nationalists. The succession fell to Emperor Ferdinand, who subsumed the Duchy into his empire and title list. A month later, a similar occurrence befell Modena's Duke, Francis V, again by a band of Italian patriots. The Duchy, too, fell under the possession of Ferdinand.
Rumours were soon abound that the Italian "nationalists" were in truth assassins hired by the ageing Metternich, in an attempt to wrangle the Italian peninsula into Austrian direct rule. At his prodding, Ferdinand declared on March 17, 1849, the new Kingdom of Italy, and the dissolution of the individual duchies and the Kingdom of Venetia-Lombardy. He was crowned King of Italy with the Iron Crown in Milan, 20 days later. However, he died the next year, choking on one of his favourite foods, apricot dumplings. His brother, Franz Karl, denied the throne, and instead gave it to his son, Francis Joseph, who took the style
Francis III, Holy Roman Emperor, not even 20 years of age.
In 1853, a new conflict arose. Russia's Emperor, Nicholas I, acclaimed himself Protector of the Christians in the Ottoman Lands and the rightful Lord of Jerusalem and the Levant. This was an affront to not only the Ottoman Emperor, who considered himself the defender of the Christians, fellow "People of the Book", in his lands, and offended the Holy Roman Emperor, who was also the King of Jerusalem. Emperor Francis III had lived a courtly and intellectual life in the palaces with his brother Ferdinand Maximilian, and unlike his other brothers Charles Louis and Louis Victor, had never served in the military. He appointed progressive and experienced generals, who had served in the Succession War, to high commands. So, when he decided to go to war with Russia, his army was well-trained, well-armed, and destroyed the backwards Russian army in Poland.
In other fronts, a combined Franco-British army joined with the Ottomans in the Crimea, which saw some of the bloodiest sieges of the war. Additionally, the Aegean was a hotbed of conflict, as the Hellenic Republic sided with Russia against the Turks, which the more moderate Kingdom of the Hellenes stayed out of the conflict. The Greek republicans were crushed, and forcibly unified with the royal government, which transferred its administration of Athens, though the royal Winter Palace remained in Mycenae.
The Russo-European War ended in 1857, with a death toll of nearly 367,000 for the Alliance and over 500,000 for the Russians. A staggering number of casualties. After the Treaty of Paris, Russian control in Moldavia ended, leading the subsequent rebellion and unification of Romania in 1859, under Alexander John Cuza. Additionally, Poland was given independence from Russia. A new monarch was chosen in a referendum by the Polish people, but regulated so as to avoid Imperial entanglements. Poland became a Kingdom, under the hitherto-disenfranchised Wettin dynasty, represented in Frederick Augustus, the grandnephew of the last Wettin monarch of Saxony proper. He became King Augustus IV. A final corollary of the treaty made the Crimean Peninsula a demilitarised zone of Russia and gave Russian North Lebanon to the Ottomans.
In 1859, at the same time as the Romanian War of Independence, the Lithuanian people rose in revolt and gained liberation, inspired by the Poles two years earlier. Boguslaw Fryderyk Radziwill, a Lithuanian noble sponsored by Prussia, was elected Grand Duke of Lithuania by the Lithuanian Parliament.
The same year, Metternich died, leaving Francis III to rule the Empire absolutely. Throughout the 1860s, nationalism spiked and revolts tore parts of Europe asunder. The Grand Duke of Tuscany was overthrown and the revolutionaries demanded Tuscany's admittance as a province of the Kingdom of Italy under Emperor Francis, in 1861. That year saw the spark of another war. The American Civil War began, and Franco-British involvement on the side of the Confederacy led to Confederate independence and victory in early 1864. From 1865-1872, the Ottomans struggled against the combined forces of the Balkan Alliance, which strove for independence. Bulgaria achieved liberation, as did Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia. Bosnia, however, joined the Habsburg Monarchy and the HRE in 1873, when disagreements with Serbia led them to search for a different monarch. Greece and Albania seized more territory from the Ottomans.
As of 1875, Europe itself is at peace, though the external struggle for vast colonies is only just begun...