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timelines:africa_and_the_middle_east_progress_decline_and_hope [2012/07/20 17:49] – Broader Libertytimelines:africa_and_the_middle_east_progress_decline_and_hope [2017/05/24 06:55] – petike
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-==== Africa and the Middle East (Progress, Decline and Hope) ====+===== Africa and the Middle East (Progress, Decline and Hope) =====
  
 **July 16th, 2011**: Following a NATO bombing raid the previous night, Libyan rebels from Misrata attack Zliten in hopes of liberating it from forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi. **July 16th, 2011**: Following a NATO bombing raid the previous night, Libyan rebels from Misrata attack Zliten in hopes of liberating it from forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi.
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 **February 29th, 2012**: Former South African President Nelson Mandela dies of undisclosed causes at the age of 93. His death is intensely mourned throughout the world, and over 50 heads of state come to attend his funeral in Cape Town. **February 29th, 2012**: Former South African President Nelson Mandela dies of undisclosed causes at the age of 93. His death is intensely mourned throughout the world, and over 50 heads of state come to attend his funeral in Cape Town.
  
 +**July 22nd, 2012:** A vast aquifer is discovered under northern Namibia, quickly named Ohangwena II. The aquifer is estimated to be able to supply water to northern Namibia for up to 400 years if tapped sustainably.
  
  
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 **August 5th, 2014**: A Palestinian extremist opens fire on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Fortunately, no one is even injured, however the would-be assassin flees the scene before anyone can capture him. **August 5th, 2014**: A Palestinian extremist opens fire on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Fortunately, no one is even injured, however the would-be assassin flees the scene before anyone can capture him.
 +
 +**August 27th, 2014:** General elections are held in Namibia. Elijah Ngurare of the SWAPO Party of Namibia is elected to the post of President, and will serve until 2019. Ngurare was previously the leader of SWAPO's youth wing, and replaces outgoing President Hifikepunye Pohamba, also of SWAPO.
  
 **September 19th, 2014**: King Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia (b. 1924) dies from complications of a cerebral hemorrhage. He is succeeded by his half-brother Nayef (b. 1933).  **September 19th, 2014**: King Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia (b. 1924) dies from complications of a cerebral hemorrhage. He is succeeded by his half-brother Nayef (b. 1933). 
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 **March 25th, 2015**: In Iraq the Second Mahdi Army Revolt is crushed, much the same as the first. While many of the 20,000 MNF-I troops left in country acted in non-combat roles, facilitating much of the intelligence gathering, and logistical planning of higher level formations of the Iraqi Army and Iraqi National Police, host nation forces proved themselves surprisingly competent. When it came to operations at the brigade level and below the ability of Iraqi units to effectively engage enemy forces, and also to operate independent of MNF-I assistance, surprised a number of defense analysts, especially regional analysts in the Middle East. The end of the Second Mahdi Army Revolt is often cited as the true end of the Iraq War, being both the last time that MNF-I forces were involved in hostilities in Iraq, and the last time that sectarian violence or religious extremism constituted a substantial threat to the rule of law, or the democratic process, in Iraq. **March 25th, 2015**: In Iraq the Second Mahdi Army Revolt is crushed, much the same as the first. While many of the 20,000 MNF-I troops left in country acted in non-combat roles, facilitating much of the intelligence gathering, and logistical planning of higher level formations of the Iraqi Army and Iraqi National Police, host nation forces proved themselves surprisingly competent. When it came to operations at the brigade level and below the ability of Iraqi units to effectively engage enemy forces, and also to operate independent of MNF-I assistance, surprised a number of defense analysts, especially regional analysts in the Middle East. The end of the Second Mahdi Army Revolt is often cited as the true end of the Iraq War, being both the last time that MNF-I forces were involved in hostilities in Iraq, and the last time that sectarian violence or religious extremism constituted a substantial threat to the rule of law, or the democratic process, in Iraq.
  
 +**November 3rd, 2015:** //The Economist// reports that agriculture in northern Namibia has become much more profitable since the discovery of the Ohangwena II reservoir in 2012. Farmers have begun growing more water-intensive crops such as maize, sorghum, tobacco. They also grow wheat more intensively, causing a drop in food prices in Namibia. The cost-of-living has dropped more than 12%, as less food must be imported.
  
  
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 **March 27th, 2019**: Rwandan troops pull out of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending their intervention in the Second Congolese Civil War. President Rose Mukantabana announces that "the FDLR has been destroyed and its leaders have been killed. This terrorist organization no longer poses a threat to Rwanda or to the people of the DRC." Troops loyal to ousted President Joseph Kabila take control of the eastern provinces from Rwandan troops. **March 27th, 2019**: Rwandan troops pull out of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending their intervention in the Second Congolese Civil War. President Rose Mukantabana announces that "the FDLR has been destroyed and its leaders have been killed. This terrorist organization no longer poses a threat to Rwanda or to the people of the DRC." Troops loyal to ousted President Joseph Kabila take control of the eastern provinces from Rwandan troops.
 +
 +**August 27th, 2019:** General elections are held in Namibia. Elijhah Ngurare of the SWAPO Party of Namibia is reelected to the post of President, and will serve until 2024. President Ngurare has made fighting the chronic unemployment in the country a top priority of his first and second terms.
  
 **December 12th, 2019**: The nations of Jordan and Morocco become members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Both countries had requested membership in May 2011, as they were the only Arab monarchies outside the council.  **December 12th, 2019**: The nations of Jordan and Morocco become members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Both countries had requested membership in May 2011, as they were the only Arab monarchies outside the council. 
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 **April 4th, 2020**: The newly reelected Congress of the People in the People's Republic of Guinea repeals the Protecting the Revolution Directive of 2016, which removes most limits on freedom of speech and press in the PRG. Repealing the directive had been a major goal of opposition parties in the 2020 elections. **April 4th, 2020**: The newly reelected Congress of the People in the People's Republic of Guinea repeals the Protecting the Revolution Directive of 2016, which removes most limits on freedom of speech and press in the PRG. Repealing the directive had been a major goal of opposition parties in the 2020 elections.
  
 +**December 9th, 2020:** Anima Mills, leader of the National Democratic Congress Party, wins the Ghanian presidential election with 54.2% of the vote, thus avoiding a runoff. She is the second female African head of state/government, after the venerable Ellen-Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia, who had retired 6 years previously. She promises to usher in a new era of development, focusing especially on education.
  
  
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 **February 9th-May 20th, 2021**: The first stage of the Nigerien Civil War occurs. President Ali Lamine Zeine, who claims to have won the disputed 2021 election, had subsequently launched a military coup and jailed the opposition candidate, Ilguilas Weila. However, Weila was supported in the military by reformist general Salou Djibo, who took control of several towns and launched an attack on Niamey.  **February 9th-May 20th, 2021**: The first stage of the Nigerien Civil War occurs. President Ali Lamine Zeine, who claims to have won the disputed 2021 election, had subsequently launched a military coup and jailed the opposition candidate, Ilguilas Weila. However, Weila was supported in the military by reformist general Salou Djibo, who took control of several towns and launched an attack on Niamey. 
 +
 +**April 17, 2021**: Publication by Yale University Press of Throne of Bones and Blood: The Fall of Assad and the Rebirth of Syria by Dr. Gregory Thomas Gottschalk.
  
 **May 21st, 2021**: In Niger, former opposition presidential candidate Ilguilas Weila is executed for treason by President Ali Zeine's government. Weila had been supported in his claim to the Presidency by General Salou Djibo. However, with Weila's execution, Djibo announces that he himself will seek to temporarily take the Presidency, in order to "restore democracy once again" to Niger. **May 21st, 2021**: In Niger, former opposition presidential candidate Ilguilas Weila is executed for treason by President Ali Zeine's government. Weila had been supported in his claim to the Presidency by General Salou Djibo. However, with Weila's execution, Djibo announces that he himself will seek to temporarily take the Presidency, in order to "restore democracy once again" to Niger.
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 **August 3rd, 2022**: Government troops finally manage to crush the Islamist uprising in Mogadishu, and continue holding out in the Battle of Jowhar. Al-Shabab announces a ceasefire, saying that their advances "must be secured and defended in God's name." The Islamist militant group has captured much of central Somalia since the Spring, and has also sent feelers into Puntland. In the wake of their defeat, public confidence in the Transitional Federal Government has collapsed throughout much of the country.  **August 3rd, 2022**: Government troops finally manage to crush the Islamist uprising in Mogadishu, and continue holding out in the Battle of Jowhar. Al-Shabab announces a ceasefire, saying that their advances "must be secured and defended in God's name." The Islamist militant group has captured much of central Somalia since the Spring, and has also sent feelers into Puntland. In the wake of their defeat, public confidence in the Transitional Federal Government has collapsed throughout much of the country. 
  
 +**December 22nd, 2022:** In an effect to lower the chronically high unemployment rate, the Parliament of Namibia, at the urging of President Ngurare, passes the National Works and Employment Act, which authorizes the government to hire large numbers of workers to work on public projects.
 +
 +**December 28th, 2022:** President Ngurare of Namibia announces the first three large projects under the National Works and Employment Act. The first will be a high-speed rail link to Cape Town, South Africa from Windhoek. Running over 1,600 km, the line will employ over 12,000 Namibians in construction, management, and design jobs. Similarly, a high-speed rail link will be built through the Namib Desert to Gaborone, Botswana. This shorter line will employ 7,000 Namibians for six years to construct, with the help of German and French engineers. Finally, President Ngurare announces the creation of the Namibian Renewable Solar Power Company (NSH, in Afrikaans), which will be partially state-owned and partially private. NSH intends to build three massive solar stations in the Namib Desert and sell the power to South Africa, as well as, of course, supplying Namibia. The three stations, employing 9,000 Namibians, will be finished in 2026 and are expected to provide up to 60% of Namibia's electricity and 8% of South Africa's.
  
  
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 **May 28th, 2023**: Yemen joins the Gulf Cooperation Council, a regional association of Arab states. **May 28th, 2023**: Yemen joins the Gulf Cooperation Council, a regional association of Arab states.
  
 +**July 2nd, 2023:** Twenty-year-old Crown Prince Moulay Hassan of Morocco dies in a motorcycle accident. His sister, Lalla Khadija, is now in line to the throne.
 +
 +**September 12-15th, 2023**: Nigerian President Ibrahim Shekarau visits South Africa. The two countries sign the Joint Development and Free Trade Pact, marking the beginning of what is known as the "Alliance for Democracy". Nigeria has overcome it's sectarian troubles of past years after a deal signed in 2015 between northern and southern politicians granted great autonomy to the newly re-organized 21 states. The states, larger in size than before and more equal in population, are each headed by a powerful governor, while the authority of the federal government is reduced to mostly military and foreign issues, as well as national parks, etc. With several peaceful transfers of power consecutively, Nigeria is now marked as a "stable democracy", and Freedom House ranks Nigeria as "Free" in 2019, an update from "Partly Free".
  
  
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 **April 27th, 2024**: The World Bank grants a $2.1 billion loan to twelve African countries to subsidize their purchase of Erinle, the new anti-AIDS drug. These countries are buying huge stockpiles of the drug in an effort to make them affordable to most Africans, who often cannot afford the $1280 yearly price tag. **April 27th, 2024**: The World Bank grants a $2.1 billion loan to twelve African countries to subsidize their purchase of Erinle, the new anti-AIDS drug. These countries are buying huge stockpiles of the drug in an effort to make them affordable to most Africans, who often cannot afford the $1280 yearly price tag.
  
 +**August 27th, 2024:** General elections are held in Namibia. Incumbent President Ngurare of the SWAPO Party of Namibia is overwhelmingly elected to the post of President, and will continue to serve until 2029.
  
  
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 +**February 20th, 2025:** The first of three solar power stations in the Namibian Desert is completed by the Namibian Renewable Solar Power Company (NSH), a public-private entity created in 2022. Located near the small town of Kalkrand, the power station consists of over 13,000 solar panels with a total installed capacity of over 700 MW. 
  
 **June 5th, 2025**: The East African Federation announces that it will join the Joint Development and Free Trade Pact, thus cementing the three members of Africa's "Alliance for Democracy". Together, the three members (Nigeria, South Africa, and the EAF) make up approximately 30% of Africa's population and economy. All three are stable democracies. Their intergovernmental organization, the African Democracy League, is increasingly replacing the African Union as a forum to solve Africa's problems. In addition to the three main members, the group also includes Morocco, Ghana, Madagascar, Somaliland, and Namibia, as well as several other African nations. **June 5th, 2025**: The East African Federation announces that it will join the Joint Development and Free Trade Pact, thus cementing the three members of Africa's "Alliance for Democracy". Together, the three members (Nigeria, South Africa, and the EAF) make up approximately 30% of Africa's population and economy. All three are stable democracies. Their intergovernmental organization, the African Democracy League, is increasingly replacing the African Union as a forum to solve Africa's problems. In addition to the three main members, the group also includes Morocco, Ghana, Madagascar, Somaliland, and Namibia, as well as several other African nations.
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 **July 12th, 2025**: The East African Federation Parliament passes a groundbreaking infrastructure bill which is designed to bring East Africa's transport network "up to date." Costing ∂620 billion East African shillings ($125 billion) over 10 years, the Infrastructure Investment and Improvement Act (III-A or 3-A Act) devotes $15 billion to high-speed rail, $20 billion to port construction and improvement, $5 billion to airport construction and improvement, $25 billion to highway construction, $40 billion to conventional rail, and $20 billion to urban mass-transit systems.  **July 12th, 2025**: The East African Federation Parliament passes a groundbreaking infrastructure bill which is designed to bring East Africa's transport network "up to date." Costing ∂620 billion East African shillings ($125 billion) over 10 years, the Infrastructure Investment and Improvement Act (III-A or 3-A Act) devotes $15 billion to high-speed rail, $20 billion to port construction and improvement, $5 billion to airport construction and improvement, $25 billion to highway construction, $40 billion to conventional rail, and $20 billion to urban mass-transit systems. 
- 
  
  
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 +**January 13th, 2027:** The last of three solar power stations in the Namib Desert is completed. The third, an expansion and refitting of the previously existing Gobabeb plant (completed 2004), provides over 300 MW of power, and they collectively supply 2100 MW of power, of which 1200 MW will go to South Africa, which helped finance the project.
 +
 +**May 12th, 2027:** The Namibian section of the Windhoek-Cape Town high-speed rail line is completed, meeting the border near the South African town of Uppington. The South African portion is nearly 90% complete, and the final track will allow trains to travel at speeds of up to 200 km/hr. 
 +
 +**September 29th, 2027:** The King of Morocco, Mohammed VI, announces in a speech to Parliament that he will step down at the end of the year. He will be succeeded by his daughter, Princess Lalla Khadija. As the last act of his reign, he will sign over his vast executive powers to the Prime Minister and the Parliament of Morocco and create "a true parliamentary democracy for the people of Morocco". The Crown Princess is very popular among the Moroccan people, noted for her beauty and intelligence. The King's speech is greeted with widespread acclaim from both the people of Morocco and the world community. Despite their surrender of political power, the royal family will continue to exert considerable economic power in the years to come.
 +
 +----
  
 **June 2nd, 2026**: Ethiopian dictator Meles Zenawi is assassinated by one of his generals in a coup attempt, plunging the country into chaos. Several rival generals seize control of the provinces, while the capitol is held by the coup leader, Aman Gabre, who claims to be following the will of the people. However, when he begins to purge the the capitol of the press corps, killing over 200 journalists, whatever support he May have had among the people evaporates. This marks the beginning of the Second Ethiopian Civil War.  **June 2nd, 2026**: Ethiopian dictator Meles Zenawi is assassinated by one of his generals in a coup attempt, plunging the country into chaos. Several rival generals seize control of the provinces, while the capitol is held by the coup leader, Aman Gabre, who claims to be following the will of the people. However, when he begins to purge the the capitol of the press corps, killing over 200 journalists, whatever support he May have had among the people evaporates. This marks the beginning of the Second Ethiopian Civil War. 
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 +
 +**January 1st, 2028**: As part of a negotiated settlement spearheaded by the Alliance for Democracy, the Morocco-Western Sahara dispute is finally put to rest. Western Sahara agrees to relinquish its claims to independence and become an autonomous province of Morocco. The Alliance for Democracy is applauded for its diplomatic efforts, especially those efforts of the President of South Africa, who is personally credited for leading the negotiations and bolstering the Alliance's standing on both the African and global geopolitical stages.
  
 **May 1st, 2028**: Premier Cruz of the People's Republic of Guinea (PRG) is replaced by Thierry Fidjeu after elections to the Congress of the People. The PRG has been able to hold fairly free elections since the 2016 Revolution, which ousted former President Obiang. Premier Fidjeu announces his intent to take the PRG in a new pro-business direction, including the privatization of the mining industry. However, he pledges not to stop the equal distribution of the country's oil profits - currently, each citizen of Equatorial Guinea receives $180 a month from the nation's oil industry. These handouts are, of course, wildly popular. **May 1st, 2028**: Premier Cruz of the People's Republic of Guinea (PRG) is replaced by Thierry Fidjeu after elections to the Congress of the People. The PRG has been able to hold fairly free elections since the 2016 Revolution, which ousted former President Obiang. Premier Fidjeu announces his intent to take the PRG in a new pro-business direction, including the privatization of the mining industry. However, he pledges not to stop the equal distribution of the country's oil profits - currently, each citizen of Equatorial Guinea receives $180 a month from the nation's oil industry. These handouts are, of course, wildly popular.
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 **July 10th-15th, 2029**: Fifth Battle of N'Djamena: A coalition of rebel groups in Chad, composed of the Sudanese Patriotic Army (PAS), the Rally of Democratic Forces (RFD), Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD) and New Vulcan Army (VNA), launch a major attack on the capitol, N'Djamena. In six days of heavy fighting, the coalition, known as the Chadian Democratic Front (FDP) manage to seize the city and expel the junta government led by General Japhet Malloum. Malloum flees to the hinterlands and starts a rebellion, backed by his Patriotic Salvation Movement (FPS).  **July 10th-15th, 2029**: Fifth Battle of N'Djamena: A coalition of rebel groups in Chad, composed of the Sudanese Patriotic Army (PAS), the Rally of Democratic Forces (RFD), Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD) and New Vulcan Army (VNA), launch a major attack on the capitol, N'Djamena. In six days of heavy fighting, the coalition, known as the Chadian Democratic Front (FDP) manage to seize the city and expel the junta government led by General Japhet Malloum. Malloum flees to the hinterlands and starts a rebellion, backed by his Patriotic Salvation Movement (FPS). 
 +
 +**August 27th, 2029:** General elections are held in Namibia. In an upset, Percy Montgomery of the Rally for Democracy and Progress is elected to the post of President, and will serve until 2034. Former President Ngurare, who remains immensely popular, chose not to stand for a third term, and his chosen successor from SWAPO, Heiko Nyamo, had unrevealed marital issues. Montgomery is the first White African leader of Namibia in the nation's history, and the first non-SWAPO president since independence. Montgomery, a former rugby player who got into politics in the 2010s, promises to be a President for all Namibians, and focuses on ending the AIDS epidemic once and for all.
  
 **September 1st, 2029**: Former Lieutenant Birhanu Bayeh of Ethiopia is elected President with 71.2% of the vote over several rivals in a vote which international observers deem "free and fair." President Bayeh, only 30 years old, declares that his first act as President will be to supervise a Constitutional Convention to draft a new Constitution for Ethiopia. **September 1st, 2029**: Former Lieutenant Birhanu Bayeh of Ethiopia is elected President with 71.2% of the vote over several rivals in a vote which international observers deem "free and fair." President Bayeh, only 30 years old, declares that his first act as President will be to supervise a Constitutional Convention to draft a new Constitution for Ethiopia.
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 **February 20th-23rd, 2030**: Second Battle of Sarh: Chadian forces under the banner of the Chadian Democratic Front engage and decisively defeat rebel MPS forces in the town of Sarh. The leader of the MPS (Patriotic Salvation Movement), General Japhet Malloum, is killed, and the group is disbanded. **February 20th-23rd, 2030**: Second Battle of Sarh: Chadian forces under the banner of the Chadian Democratic Front engage and decisively defeat rebel MPS forces in the town of Sarh. The leader of the MPS (Patriotic Salvation Movement), General Japhet Malloum, is killed, and the group is disbanded.
  
 +**July 8th, 2030:** The high-speed rail link between Walvis Bay, Namibia, and Gaborone, Botswana is completed. The track, running more than 1,300 km, will allow trains to move between the two cities at more than 220 km/hr.
  
  
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 **October 8th, 2031**: The Nobel Committee announces that Presidents Marco Rubio and Sahane Muftuoglu of the USA and Turkey will receive the Nobel Peace Prize for their "considerable efforts to alleviate the Somali Crisis and avoid potential conflict." Rubio is the third American president to accept the Peace Prize, while Muftuoglu becomes to the first female head of state to be so honored. **October 8th, 2031**: The Nobel Committee announces that Presidents Marco Rubio and Sahane Muftuoglu of the USA and Turkey will receive the Nobel Peace Prize for their "considerable efforts to alleviate the Somali Crisis and avoid potential conflict." Rubio is the third American president to accept the Peace Prize, while Muftuoglu becomes to the first female head of state to be so honored.
 +
 +**October 1st, 2031:** In a ceremony in Rabat, Queen Lalla of Morocco marries James Viscount Severn of Great Britain. They had met four years previously at the coronation of Prince Andrea of Monaco. Viscount Severn converts to Islam and moves to Morocco with his wife.
  
 **November 11th, 2031**: Gunmen from Al-Shabaab attack the parliament of Somalia in Mogadishu. One parliamentarian is killed, along with two Indian troops, but all twelve attackers are dispatched.  **November 11th, 2031**: Gunmen from Al-Shabaab attack the parliament of Somalia in Mogadishu. One parliamentarian is killed, along with two Indian troops, but all twelve attackers are dispatched. 
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 +**January 1st, 2032:** The Central African Republic changes its official name to the Republic of Ubangi-Shari, widely known simply as Ubangi. The demonym is Ubangan. Ubangi and Shari are the names of the two largest rivers in the CAR, and when it was a French colony, it was known as Oubangi-Chari. Additionally, the largest language group in the former CAR is the Ubangi family.
  
 **January 2nd, 2032**: The final regiment of Indian paramilitaries leave Mogadishu, completing the Indian withdrawal. Mogadishu police forces are considered "mostly ready" to return to work by American intelligence analysts, but India wants to avoid becoming the target of an insurgency. **January 2nd, 2032**: The final regiment of Indian paramilitaries leave Mogadishu, completing the Indian withdrawal. Mogadishu police forces are considered "mostly ready" to return to work by American intelligence analysts, but India wants to avoid becoming the target of an insurgency.
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 +**May 3rd, 2033:** AIDS prevalence in Namibia has been reduced to under 4% of the adult population, following the rise of Erinle, the vaccination project, and better education measures. 
  
 **July 1st, 2033**: Somaliland joins the Islamic Nations of Freedom (A'ama). Somaliland is the poorest and smallest state in the group, and brings total membership to eleven countries. **July 1st, 2033**: Somaliland joins the Islamic Nations of Freedom (A'ama). Somaliland is the poorest and smallest state in the group, and brings total membership to eleven countries.
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 **July 18th-27th, 2034**: A messy coup occurs in Burkina Faso, led by Army Chief Moussa Poitroipa. Poitropa succeeds in overthrowing President Jerome Bogouma, who ruled the country for only two years following the death of long-time dictator Blaise Compaoré in 2032. The coup is rough and unorganized, with fighting in the capitol, Ouagadougou, continuing for five days. Bogouma is able to flee to the town of Nouna, where he is caught and killed in urban fighting on the 27th.  **July 18th-27th, 2034**: A messy coup occurs in Burkina Faso, led by Army Chief Moussa Poitroipa. Poitropa succeeds in overthrowing President Jerome Bogouma, who ruled the country for only two years following the death of long-time dictator Blaise Compaoré in 2032. The coup is rough and unorganized, with fighting in the capitol, Ouagadougou, continuing for five days. Bogouma is able to flee to the town of Nouna, where he is caught and killed in urban fighting on the 27th. 
 +
 +**August 27th, 2034:** General elections are held in Namibia. President Percy Montgomery of the RFD Party is defeated in his bid for a second term by Moses Esau of SWAPO. SWAPO will return to power in Parliament as well, after five years as the Official Opposition. President Esau will serve until 2039.
  
 **December 10th, 2034**: UN Secretary-General Nomaindia Mfeketo, along with the leaders of Nigeria and the EAF, win the Nobel Peace Prize for "their efforts to advance democracy and cooperation on the African continent".  **December 10th, 2034**: UN Secretary-General Nomaindia Mfeketo, along with the leaders of Nigeria and the EAF, win the Nobel Peace Prize for "their efforts to advance democracy and cooperation on the African continent". 
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 **March 8th, 2036**: East Africa finishes its high-speed rail link from Kampala to Kigali, marking the completion of its 1300 km high speed rail program. The trains, built in India, run at up to 280 km/hr. The EAF has also expanded and modernized its existing 7000 km of track to ensure gauge standardization across the country. The programs were funded by the 2031 Infrastructure Investment and Improvement Act, which made an outlay of $55 billion to improve East African Rail. The EAF now has the "most advanced rail network in Africa" according to American expert Geoffrey Dijslovec, surpassing even South Africa and Egypt.  **March 8th, 2036**: East Africa finishes its high-speed rail link from Kampala to Kigali, marking the completion of its 1300 km high speed rail program. The trains, built in India, run at up to 280 km/hr. The EAF has also expanded and modernized its existing 7000 km of track to ensure gauge standardization across the country. The programs were funded by the 2031 Infrastructure Investment and Improvement Act, which made an outlay of $55 billion to improve East African Rail. The EAF now has the "most advanced rail network in Africa" according to American expert Geoffrey Dijslovec, surpassing even South Africa and Egypt. 
 +
 +**August 8th, 2036:** Kyrgyzstan announces that it will apply to join Alamem Aleselameyh Men Alheryh (Islamic Nations of Freedom) in 2037. Kyrgyzstan has held regular democratic elections since 2018, and is considered a relatively liberal state in Central Asia. 
  
 **December 2nd, 2036**: UN Secretary-General Nomaindia Mfeketo is elected to a second term in her post. Some commentators note that no UN Secretary-General has not won re-election in nearly forty years. **December 2nd, 2036**: UN Secretary-General Nomaindia Mfeketo is elected to a second term in her post. Some commentators note that no UN Secretary-General has not won re-election in nearly forty years.
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 +**January 1st, 2038:** Kyrgyzstan joins A'ama as the group's eleventh member. The country are considered a close Turkish ally and had been considering membership since 2030 before applying in 2037.
  
 **August 20th, 2038**: Oman holds free elections for the first time in its history, for the 125 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The liberalizing Sultan Taimur bin Feisal, had granted his lawmaking powers to the Assembly in May.  **August 20th, 2038**: Oman holds free elections for the first time in its history, for the 125 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The liberalizing Sultan Taimur bin Feisal, had granted his lawmaking powers to the Assembly in May. 
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 +**January 12th, 2041:** Beginning of the Kazakh crisis. Kazakhstan applies to join A'ama (the Islamic Nations of Freedom). This alarms both Russia and Kazakhstan's Orthodox Christian minority, counted at over 20% in the last census. Kazakhstan has been liberalizing since the death of dictator Timur Kulibayev in 2027. 
  
 +**January 18th-20th, 2041:** Kazakh crisis continues: riots in Almaty by Orthodox Christians. They are worried that Kazakshtan's possible accession to the Islamic Nations of Freedom (A'ama) will be the first step in a restriction of their religious liberties. Meanwhile, the Union State puts considerable pressure on Turkey and Egypt to persuade A'ama to reject the Kazakh application on two grounds - not a fully Islamic nation, and not a liberal nation. 
 +
 +**January 27th, 2041:** Kazakhstan announces that it will reconsider its application to A'ama in the form of a referendum. In the referendum, to be held on March 1st, every one of Kazakhstan's 14 provinces must return a majority in favor of the application. This is regarded as a compromise solution because two of the provinces have Christian-majority populations, and Christians have been very skeptical of the proposed accession.
 +
 +**February 20th, 2041:** Kazakh crisis: The Union State's Caspian Sea Fleet requests permission to dock in Aktau, Kazakhstan. Permission is granted following Union State pressure on the country's government. The move is seen as a not-so-subtle form of intimidation before Kazakhstan's March 1st referendum on whether to join A'ama. 
 +
 +**March 1st, 2041:** Kazakh crisis: Kazakhstan holds its nationwide referendum on whether or not to join A'ama. Every one of the 14 provinces must vote in support of joining A'ama in order for Kazakhstan's application to go forward. Results show that the referendum passes - in North Kazakhstan Province, the closest, 52.8% of voters supported joining A'ama. Analysts believe that Russia's naval intimidation repulsed many Christian voters, who prefer A'ama's open system to Union State domination.
 +
 +**April 10th, 2041:** Kazakhstan joins A'ama as the organization's 12th member, a geostrategic defeat for the Union State.
  
 **April 12th, 2041**: At a West African regional conference, the leaders of thirteen West African nations announce their intention to construct a massive transport line running from Dakar in Senegal to Douala in Cameroon, a distance of approximately 4,800 km. The "transport corridor", as they call it, would consist of parallel high-speed rail, highway, and power-transmission lines, with branches to major cities en route like Konakry, Monrovia, Kumasi, and Ibadan. The project will be mostly financed by the thirteen West African countries (Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon), although the Joint Development and Free Trade Pact ("Alliance for Democracy) will provide 15% of the funds necessary and Europe and the US will jointly contribute 10%. The countries involved set up a committee, the West African Infrastructure Network Committee (WAINC) to oversee the project. **April 12th, 2041**: At a West African regional conference, the leaders of thirteen West African nations announce their intention to construct a massive transport line running from Dakar in Senegal to Douala in Cameroon, a distance of approximately 4,800 km. The "transport corridor", as they call it, would consist of parallel high-speed rail, highway, and power-transmission lines, with branches to major cities en route like Konakry, Monrovia, Kumasi, and Ibadan. The project will be mostly financed by the thirteen West African countries (Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon), although the Joint Development and Free Trade Pact ("Alliance for Democracy) will provide 15% of the funds necessary and Europe and the US will jointly contribute 10%. The countries involved set up a committee, the West African Infrastructure Network Committee (WAINC) to oversee the project.
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-**May 20th, 2042**: As the final step in a ten-year transition to constitutional monarchy, the Sultan of Oman, Taimur bin Feisal, signs over his executive powers to the Prime Minister, Fahd bin Mahmoud al Said.+**May 20th, 2042**: As the final step in a ten-year transition to constitutional monarchy, the Sultan of Oman, Taimur bin Feisal, signs over his executive powers to the Prime Minister, Fahd bin Mahmoud al Said.  
 + 
 +In his first major act, Prime Minister al Said declares that Oman will withdraw from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), citing "a disturbing lack of conscience for the rights of millions". He also introduces legislation to Assembly to grant full citizenship to all residents living within the country's borders by 2044, stating "it's time to correct the mistakes of the past and consider everyone living in Oman as Omanis, regardless of their backgrounds."
  
  
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 +
 +**January 1st, 2044**: Oman grants citizenship to all persons living within its borders, thus giving rights to its 4 million South Asian residents, who are now the majority.
  
 **April 2nd, 2044**: In Burkina Faso, a seven year old boy and two of his friends are publicly executed by a corrupt police chief for stealing seven apples. While the police chief is quickly arrested by the ruling military junta, the executions spark protests in Ouagadougou and several other cities around the country. **April 2nd, 2044**: In Burkina Faso, a seven year old boy and two of his friends are publicly executed by a corrupt police chief for stealing seven apples. While the police chief is quickly arrested by the ruling military junta, the executions spark protests in Ouagadougou and several other cities around the country.
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 **April 28th, 2044**: Indian and American intelligent agencies jointly make a covert offer to support the Sankarist Pan-African Convention in their violent struggle against the military junta in Burkina Faso. However, party leader Gnisso Konate turns them down, saying that Sankarist principles mean that Africans must work without outside interference to solve their own issues. **April 28th, 2044**: Indian and American intelligent agencies jointly make a covert offer to support the Sankarist Pan-African Convention in their violent struggle against the military junta in Burkina Faso. However, party leader Gnisso Konate turns them down, saying that Sankarist principles mean that Africans must work without outside interference to solve their own issues.
 +
 +**July 8th, 2044:** In a referendum, the people of Lesotho vote to join the Republic of South Africa as a province. 62.8% of the populace, as well as the monarch and Prime Minister, support the annexation. Lesotho has been economically merged into South Africa since the 2020s, but the raging AIDS epidemic destroyed any South African interest in allowing Lesotho to join them. However, since the Project effectively ended AIDS in Lesotho, the idea has become more popular both within Lesotho and within South Africa.
  
 **July 17th, 2044**: The Soldiers of Christian Zaire kidnap Interior Minister Esdras Bahekwa of the Democratic Republic of the Zaire. The 73 year old Bahekwa had been the first Muslim Prime Minister of the DRC, and had "retired" to the Department of the Interior. After being tortured for several days, Bahekwa is personally executed by André Lubaya, the leader of the SCZ. Video of the entire process is released on the SCZ's website, leading to worldwide outrage. Thus far, the Third Congolese Civil War has claimed over 5000 lives.  **July 17th, 2044**: The Soldiers of Christian Zaire kidnap Interior Minister Esdras Bahekwa of the Democratic Republic of the Zaire. The 73 year old Bahekwa had been the first Muslim Prime Minister of the DRC, and had "retired" to the Department of the Interior. After being tortured for several days, Bahekwa is personally executed by André Lubaya, the leader of the SCZ. Video of the entire process is released on the SCZ's website, leading to worldwide outrage. Thus far, the Third Congolese Civil War has claimed over 5000 lives. 
  
 +**September 1st, 2044:** In an elaborate ceremony, the Kingdom of Lesotho ceases to exist and becomes the Sotho Province of South Africa. The monarchy will be a specially protected subnational institution, while the new province will have some special autonomous powers for 10 years, after which it will become identical to other South African provinces. The annexation was approved by the people of Lesotho in July and by the parliament of South Africa in August.
  
  
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 ---- ----
  
 +**March 31st, 2046:** Chad adopts a new constitution in a referendum, with 67.8% support. The new constitution replaces that of 1996, which had held sway for exactly 50 years. It establishes an independent (albeit weak) judiciary, which had been lacking, and controversially pardons all war crimes which may or may not have occurred in years previous. Most importantly, it moves Chad from a unitary French-model state to a federal structure in order to share power between the Muslim north and Christian south.
  
 +**July 5th, 2046**: Oman joins A'ama, the Islamic Nations of Freedom, as the organization's twelfth member. The event sends shockwaves throughout the Middle East, as the GCC becomes very worried about the ramifications of successful democratic states right along their borders.
  
 **May 8th, 2046**: A bombing in the capitol of Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, targets the head of the military junta there, General Moussa Poitroipa. Poitroipa escapes unharmed, although several of his aides and staff lieutenants are killed. The Sankarist Pan-African Convention (CPS) claims responsibility for the bombing. Party leader Gnisso Konate says that CPS will never give up their violent struggle until "there is democracy and freedom for all Burkinabé." **May 8th, 2046**: A bombing in the capitol of Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, targets the head of the military junta there, General Moussa Poitroipa. Poitroipa escapes unharmed, although several of his aides and staff lieutenants are killed. The Sankarist Pan-African Convention (CPS) claims responsibility for the bombing. Party leader Gnisso Konate says that CPS will never give up their violent struggle until "there is democracy and freedom for all Burkinabé."
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 **January 20-30th, 2048**: In Burkina Faso, the democratic revolutionary part Sankarist Pan-African Convention (CPS) launches surprise attacks on three towns in the country's north; Ouahigouya, Toeni, and Tougan. They manage to rout the Army units based there and seize temporary control of the towns. Military forces directed by junta leader General Moussa Poitroipa counterattack on the 26th and manage to retake Tougan, but are repelled in Toeni and Ouahigouya. **January 20-30th, 2048**: In Burkina Faso, the democratic revolutionary part Sankarist Pan-African Convention (CPS) launches surprise attacks on three towns in the country's north; Ouahigouya, Toeni, and Tougan. They manage to rout the Army units based there and seize temporary control of the towns. Military forces directed by junta leader General Moussa Poitroipa counterattack on the 26th and manage to retake Tougan, but are repelled in Toeni and Ouahigouya.
 +
 +**June 12th, 2048**: The members of the Indian Ocean International Community (India, Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Thailand) introduce a shared currency, the Indian Ocean rupee. Based off of the Indian rupee, the new currency has a purchasing power of 20 rs/dollar. In addition, Oman and Pakistan announce they will tag their currencies (called the rial and rupee, respectively) to the Indian Ocean rupee.
  
 **October 2nd, 2048**: At the end of the rainy season, the Congolese government launches a counter-offensive against SCZ rebels. The offensive, named Operation Heavenly Fire, seeks to recapture the southeast of the nation, starting with the city of Kananga and hopefully culminating in the rebel capitol, Kolwezi. In the first few weeks of the offensive, over threescore government troops are killed, but they capture Kananga and begin besieging the city of Kazumba. **October 2nd, 2048**: At the end of the rainy season, the Congolese government launches a counter-offensive against SCZ rebels. The offensive, named Operation Heavenly Fire, seeks to recapture the southeast of the nation, starting with the city of Kananga and hopefully culminating in the rebel capitol, Kolwezi. In the first few weeks of the offensive, over threescore government troops are killed, but they capture Kananga and begin besieging the city of Kazumba.
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 **March 2nd, 2049**: Gnisso Konate's second-in-command, Moussa Diakité, takes over the leadership of the Sankarist Pan-African Convention, which has taken control of Burkina Faso. Diakité promises a new dawn for Burkina Faso and Africa in general. **March 2nd, 2049**: Gnisso Konate's second-in-command, Moussa Diakité, takes over the leadership of the Sankarist Pan-African Convention, which has taken control of Burkina Faso. Diakité promises a new dawn for Burkina Faso and Africa in general.
  
 +**August 12th-13th, 2049:** Minor clashes occur in Chad between unarmed supporters of the Sudanese Patriotic Army and the New Vulcan Army, both of which are part of the ruling Chadian Democratic Front (CDF). CDF leaders unanimously deny any tension between them and condemn the protestors for allowing things to get out of hand. 
  
  
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 **March 5th-7th, 2050**: Battle of Kananga-Kazumba: rebels of the Soldiers of Christian Zaire capture the two cities in days of fierce fighting. After taking control of the cities, the rebels, in a specially built camp in the nearby city of Mwene-Ditu, massacre 90,000 Muslim civillians. The UN Secretary-General, Liah Watts-Weaver, calls for a indictment of André Lubaya (leader of the SCZ) on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity. **March 5th-7th, 2050**: Battle of Kananga-Kazumba: rebels of the Soldiers of Christian Zaire capture the two cities in days of fierce fighting. After taking control of the cities, the rebels, in a specially built camp in the nearby city of Mwene-Ditu, massacre 90,000 Muslim civillians. The UN Secretary-General, Liah Watts-Weaver, calls for a indictment of André Lubaya (leader of the SCZ) on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity.
 +
 +**March 25th, 2050:** A special report by The New York Times examines the booming economies of Southern Africa. "Since the end of the AIDS epidemic," the article reads, "the seven big economies of Southern Africa have taken off. South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe have lifted over 100 million people out of poverty in the last 15 years." The average HDI for the region has risen to .635, and every country in the region has democratized. Compared to troubled regions in Central and Sahelian Africa, Southern Africa has become a success story. 
  
 **April 2nd, 2050**: André Lubaya, the genocidal leader of the Soldiers of Christian Zaire, announce that the Soldiers will be launching an offensive aimed at capturing the northern cities of Ikela and Boende. At the same time, he releases his book, Défense De Dieu, which calls for the "eradication" of all followers of Islam, Bahaism, and Paganism, especially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. **April 2nd, 2050**: André Lubaya, the genocidal leader of the Soldiers of Christian Zaire, announce that the Soldiers will be launching an offensive aimed at capturing the northern cities of Ikela and Boende. At the same time, he releases his book, Défense De Dieu, which calls for the "eradication" of all followers of Islam, Bahaism, and Paganism, especially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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 **July 1st, 2053**: A long series of investigative articles in The New York Times explores Niger's rapid transition to an Africanist state. Following Burkina Faso's intervention, Niger has expelled foreign workers and diplomats, strengthened the new Army, put huge numbers of people back to work, and increased women's rights considerably. The two countries are still regarded very warily by their neighbors.  **July 1st, 2053**: A long series of investigative articles in The New York Times explores Niger's rapid transition to an Africanist state. Following Burkina Faso's intervention, Niger has expelled foreign workers and diplomats, strengthened the new Army, put huge numbers of people back to work, and increased women's rights considerably. The two countries are still regarded very warily by their neighbors. 
  
 +**August 12th-13th, 2049:** Minor clashes occur in Chad between unarmed supporters of the Sudanese Patriotic Army and the New Vulcan Army, both of which are part of the ruling Chadian Democratic Front (CDF). CDF leaders unanimously deny any tension between them and condemn the protestors for allowing things to get out of hand. 
  
  
 ---- ----
  
 +**May 8th, 2054:** Longtime Ubangan leader Mireille Bazizé dies at the age of 72 from a heart attack. Bazizé, known in the West as one of few female dictators, was the granddaughter of former president Francois Bazizé. Madam Bazizé, as she was known in Ubangi-Shari, had led the country since 2026 and won troubled elections in 2027, 2035, 2041, 2047. The 2054 elections, in which she was a candidate, are postponed by her Vice-President, Berangér Bongongo, a Muslim.
  
 **July 2nd, 2054**: In the Congolese Civil War, the main SCZ army, consisting 40,000 men, is tricked by American intelligence services, and marches openly from the city of Ikela to Boende. While on the open road, the entire 12-mile convoy is set upon by European and African planes, destroying, in the words of the coalition report, "112 tanks, over 1000 technicals, and an estimated 25,000 enemy irregulars." This military victory, while decried as a war crime in some circles, sets the rebel cause back significantly.  **July 2nd, 2054**: In the Congolese Civil War, the main SCZ army, consisting 40,000 men, is tricked by American intelligence services, and marches openly from the city of Ikela to Boende. While on the open road, the entire 12-mile convoy is set upon by European and African planes, destroying, in the words of the coalition report, "112 tanks, over 1000 technicals, and an estimated 25,000 enemy irregulars." This military victory, while decried as a war crime in some circles, sets the rebel cause back significantly. 
 +
 +
 +
 +----
 +
 +
 +**July 18th, 2055:** A series of truck bombs in Abeche, Chad, kill 192 people and force the demolition of a seriously damaged mosque. The Soldiers of Christian Zaire claim responsibility, saying the bombing is payback for Chadian support of the African aerial intervention in the Congolese Civil War. 
 +
 +**July 27th, 2055:** Political infighting begins to spread in Chad, following an intense debate over Chad's small involvement in the Congo. The ruling Chadian Democratic Front is an alliance of six former rebel groups, including the Sudanese Patriotic Army (PAS), the Rally of Democratic Forces (RFD), Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD) and the New Vulcan Army (VNA). Each group wants to take a different approach - the mostly-Muslim PAS and UFDD wish to step up their involvement in the Congo in order to defeat the Soldiers of Christian Zaire once and for all, while the RFD wants to stay the course and the VNA wishes to pull out entirely. Accusations begin to fly of being "pro-Muslim" and "anti-Muslim", and the atmosphere is tense.
 +
 +**August 3rd, 2055:** A suicide bomber attacks a market inside a mosque in N'Djamena, Chad. 32 people are killed, but the identity of the bomber is unknown.
 +
 +**August 5th, 2055:** The Parliament of Chad passes a law calling for increased Chadian involvement in the Congo and authorizes the entire Chadian Air Force to intervene in the conflict. The bill is vehemently opposed by the RFD, the VNA, and their political allies, all of whom are part of the united Chadian Democratic Front, which is now seriously riven along religious lines.
 +
 +**August 7th, 2055:** The Chadian government collapses amid coalition tensions, and there is a definite religious overtone to the conflict. Fighting grips N'Djamena, the capitol, which is eventually seized by Christian RFD forces. The Sudanese Patriotic Army and their allies withdraw to Achebe, claiming to be the true government of Chad.
 +
 +**August 9th-11th, 2055:** Rallies are held across Chad against the infighting which is gripping the country - Chadians have grown accustomed to some stability over the last 25 years, and do not want to see their country riven by religious and ethnic conflict.
 +
 +**August 18th, 2055:** Africanist President Djibo Bakary of Niger announces that his country will intervene in Chad's political crisis in order to install an Africanist government. Bakary claims that "the people of Chad have called us, and they are the ones we respond to. They say that they do not want their country torn by clashes - and we Africanists believe that all Africans, regardless of creed, should be united in the fight against oppression and imperialist cruelty."
 +
 +**August 20th, 2055:** Nigerien forces invade Chad, supported by over 2000 troops from fellow Africanist nation Burkina Faso. This is conventionally dated as the beginning of the Second Africanist War. 
 +
 +**September 6th, 2055:** Nigerien and Burkinabé forces capture N'Djamena, the capitol of Chad, expelling the Christian militia RFD from the city. The Africanist intervention, legitimized by the creation of a Chadian branch of the All-African Africanist Party (PATA-C) has been met with relief from most Chadian citizens, who do not wish to see a religious war in their country.
 +
 +**September 8th, 2055:** A Nigerien Army division crosses the Chadian-Cameroonian border into Cameroon. When confronted by Cameroonian border guards, the Nigeriens open fire and eliminate opposition.
 +
 +**September 12th, 2055:** Cameroon moves a large part of its army to the border with Chad, and demands an official apology and immediate withdrawal from Niger and Nigerien troops for the deaths of 28 Cameroonian soldiers and "a huge violation of our national sovereignty."
 +
 +**September 20th, 2055:** Following Niger's refusal to apologize, Cameroonian troops launch a limited invasion of Chad, pushing back Nigerien and Burkinabé troops and providing support to the reconstituted Chadian Democratic Front, which has reunited to oppose Nigerien intervention.
 +
 +**September 24th, 2055:** Nigeria brokers a peace deal between Cameroon and Niger. Niger agrees to withdraw from Cameroon and officially apologize for the border incursion, while Cameroon pulls its troops back behind its borders, having suffered over 50 casualties in its brief intervention.
 +
 +**November 5th, 2055:** PATA-C and Nigerien Army troops defeat the Chadian Democratic Front in Achebe, Chad, ending the Second Africanist War. Chad will become an officially Africanist state, and will adopt a constitution to that effect on December 20th. 
  
  
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 **May 12th, 2058**: Three suicide car bombers in Kinshasa attack the PEACECOM ground headquarters, targeting visiting dignitaries as they arrive. Former US President and United Nations Secretary-General Kirkpatrick is gravely injured, and dies before he can be taken to a hospital. Other deaths include Wilhelm Königswarter, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and Zhuang Xiaotian, the Chinese foreign minister. In total, 29 people are killed, and 137 injured.  **May 12th, 2058**: Three suicide car bombers in Kinshasa attack the PEACECOM ground headquarters, targeting visiting dignitaries as they arrive. Former US President and United Nations Secretary-General Kirkpatrick is gravely injured, and dies before he can be taken to a hospital. Other deaths include Wilhelm Königswarter, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and Zhuang Xiaotian, the Chinese foreign minister. In total, 29 people are killed, and 137 injured. 
 +
 +**July 8th, 2058:** Nigerien forces finally withdraw from Chad, now that Chad has been fully remade into an Africanist country. The two nations are very close and mutually suspicious of Nigeria - there is some talk of a political union between the two. 
  
 **October 28th, 2058**: Madagascar announces that it will peg its currency, the ariary, to the South Asian rupee.  **October 28th, 2058**: Madagascar announces that it will peg its currency, the ariary, to the South Asian rupee. 
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 **January 3rd, 2059**: SCZ rebels, in conjunction with embassy staff, launch a bold attack on the American and European embassies in the provisional capitol, Mbandaka. Two unnamed senior American diplomats are among the 31 Americans killed; both embassies are under siege from militants for five hours before relief forces break through the attack to the embassy. 12 European civilians and three soldiers die.  **January 3rd, 2059**: SCZ rebels, in conjunction with embassy staff, launch a bold attack on the American and European embassies in the provisional capitol, Mbandaka. Two unnamed senior American diplomats are among the 31 Americans killed; both embassies are under siege from militants for five hours before relief forces break through the attack to the embassy. 12 European civilians and three soldiers die. 
 +
 +**May 3rd, 2059:** In South Sudan, the Africanist leader Kuol Lubong is elected President. He swears himself to a policy of "Africanist revival", including an expulsion of non-African embassies and companies, a greater emphasis on religious pluralism, and a national service requirement. South Sudan was viewed as teetering on the edge following the devastating civil war from 2054-56. 
  
 **July 4th, 2059**: Suicide car bombings occur across the Federated State of the Congo, aimed at coalition forces and mosques. 98 coalition troops die, including 52 Americans, and 401 civilians are killed. On the same day, a poll released by Dicemus Polling Corporation finds that 61% of Americans are supportive of a drawdown of American forces in the FSC.  **July 4th, 2059**: Suicide car bombings occur across the Federated State of the Congo, aimed at coalition forces and mosques. 98 coalition troops die, including 52 Americans, and 401 civilians are killed. On the same day, a poll released by Dicemus Polling Corporation finds that 61% of Americans are supportive of a drawdown of American forces in the FSC. 
 +
 +**July 9th, 2059:** A bombing in Bangui, the capitol of Ubangi-Shari, kills 82 people outside the city's main mosque. The Soldiers of Christian Zaire claim that they have begun to expand their fight to Ubangi, saying that the Islamic minority is oppressing the country's Christians. Western analysts believe that the SCZ is trying to force PEACECOM to expand their occupation of the Congo to Ubangi. 
 +
 +**July 28th, 2059:** SCZ gunmen kill 24 people in a market in the capitol of Ubangi, Bangui. President Bongongo vows to bring the attackers to justice.
  
 **July 29th, 2059**: The Indian foreign minister and European defense minister engage in an embarrassing shouting match over the Congo PEACECOM mission on the floor of the United Nations. Visinath Pollinuriti accuses Pao Golanzes of not showing humanitarian backbone, and of running away like a coward when things get hot. Golanzes retorts that the Indians have "neo-imperial" ambitions in the Congo. Both countries swiftly repudiate their officials' statements, and Pollinuriti and Golanzes apologize to one another. **July 29th, 2059**: The Indian foreign minister and European defense minister engage in an embarrassing shouting match over the Congo PEACECOM mission on the floor of the United Nations. Visinath Pollinuriti accuses Pao Golanzes of not showing humanitarian backbone, and of running away like a coward when things get hot. Golanzes retorts that the Indians have "neo-imperial" ambitions in the Congo. Both countries swiftly repudiate their officials' statements, and Pollinuriti and Golanzes apologize to one another.
  
-**September 5th, 2059**: Oman grants citizenship to all persons living within its borders, thus giving rights to its 4 million South Asian residents, who are now the majority. Additionally, the monarchy declares that it will peg the Omani rial to the South Asian rupee. +**September 5th, 2059**: Oman officially becomes a member of the Indian Ocean International Community, adopting the Indian Ocean rupee as its official currency. The move had been expected for sometime, as Oman's previous currency had been tagged to the rupee since its introduction in 2048 and economic ties with the rest of the IOIC had grown significantly over the past fifteen years. Oman is the first IOIC member outside of South Asia. 
 + 
 +**September 12th, 2059**: President Kuol Lubong of South Sudan announces a "national revitalization draft", in line with his Africanist philosophy. All young people in the country will be required to either join the military, perform national labor service, or have at least two children within three years. 
  
 **September 30th, 2059**: Sovereignty in the Federated State of the Congo is officially transferred from PEACECOM to a provisional government led by Congolese expatriates. The Prime Minister is Ramazani Baya, a Congolese-Brazilian.  **September 30th, 2059**: Sovereignty in the Federated State of the Congo is officially transferred from PEACECOM to a provisional government led by Congolese expatriates. The Prime Minister is Ramazani Baya, a Congolese-Brazilian. 
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 **June 1st, 2060**: Elections take place in the Federated State of the Congo, the first in thirty years. They are deeply marred by violence, but where voting is able to take place, it proceeds fairly and freely, run by UN election officials. Early results show a dramatic victory for the Freedom Party, which is anti-intervention and anti-violence.  **June 1st, 2060**: Elections take place in the Federated State of the Congo, the first in thirty years. They are deeply marred by violence, but where voting is able to take place, it proceeds fairly and freely, run by UN election officials. Early results show a dramatic victory for the Freedom Party, which is anti-intervention and anti-violence. 
  
 +**August 3rd, 2060:** President Berangér Bongongo of Ubangi, a Muslim, announces that the Army will be deployed throughout the country to protect mosques from attack by the SCZ. Ubangi is approximately 20% Muslim, and has been targeted by the SCZ. Christian groups throughout Ubangi complain that the entire country is under attack, and that the President is unfairly favoring Muslims. 
  
  
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 **May 2nd, 2061**: A raid by Indian and Nigerian occupation forces in the Congolese village of Mabwe on the shores of Lake Upemba kills André Lubaya, leader of the Soldiers of Christian Zaire. Lubaya and the SCZ are responsible for the genocide of nearly 10 million Muslims and countless more deaths in the Third Congolese Civil War. Along with Lubaya, his two sons and three top aides are killed. His right-hand man, Jesus Mapkoka, is captured. **May 2nd, 2061**: A raid by Indian and Nigerian occupation forces in the Congolese village of Mabwe on the shores of Lake Upemba kills André Lubaya, leader of the Soldiers of Christian Zaire. Lubaya and the SCZ are responsible for the genocide of nearly 10 million Muslims and countless more deaths in the Third Congolese Civil War. Along with Lubaya, his two sons and three top aides are killed. His right-hand man, Jesus Mapkoka, is captured.
 +
 +**May 10th, 2061**: An anti-Africanist political group, the Free People of South Sudan (FPSS), announce their presence by seeking to contest the upcoming 2062 parliamentary elections. President Lubong, an Africanist, warns that actions "contrary to the enliftment of the African race" and "condoning of imperialism" will not be tolerated.
  
 **May 20th, 2061**: The war-crimes trial of Jesus Mapkoka, military chief of the Soliders of Christian Zaire, begins before the International Court of Justice. He is accused of genocide and crimes against humanity. **May 20th, 2061**: The war-crimes trial of Jesus Mapkoka, military chief of the Soliders of Christian Zaire, begins before the International Court of Justice. He is accused of genocide and crimes against humanity.
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 **April 2nd, 2061**: The European Parliament votes 321-179 to withdraw all European forces from the Congo by the end of 2062, following the death of André Lubaya and his top aides. According to a PEACECOM report, violence has dropped sharply as the SCZ falls into chaos.  **April 2nd, 2061**: The European Parliament votes 321-179 to withdraw all European forces from the Congo by the end of 2062, following the death of André Lubaya and his top aides. According to a PEACECOM report, violence has dropped sharply as the SCZ falls into chaos. 
  
-**July 1st, 2061**: The Republic of Kikongo, a Muslim-majority state, is created from the province of Bas-Congo and part of Badundu. Meanwhile, Kinshasa province, and parts of Badundu and Equateur proinces, are absorbed into the Republic of the Congo and Angola. The Congolese government remains sovereign over the remainder, renamed Federated Central Congo. +**July 1st, 2061**: The Republic of Kikongo, a Muslim-majority state, is created from the province of Bas-Congo and part of Badundu. The Congolese government remains sovereign over the remainder, renamed Federated Central Congo.  
 + 
 +**August 29th, 2061:** Six coordinated car bombings in Ubangi-Shari kill over 500 people. The attacks, orchestrated by remnants of the Soldiers of Christian Zaire, strike in Bangui and Nola. In the aftermath, riots break out as Christians accuse the Muslim-headed government of not doing enough to protect them. 
 + 
 +**September 3rd-5th, 2061:** A coup occurs in Ubangi-Shari, headed by General André Dackba. Dackba and his co-conspirators seize control throughout the country quickly, and announce their intentions on national television on September 5th. They plan to transform Ubangi into an Africanist nation with the support of the people, "so that our great resources can be used for us and not stolen by the imperialist racists of India, China, and the West!" It is suspected, but not proven, that Dackba has received support from Burkina Faso and other Africanist nations. 
  
 **December 20th, 2061**: The last American occupation troops leave the Republic of Kikongo, in the Congo; the total number of PEACECOM troops has dropped to 156,000, from a peak of 384,000.  **December 20th, 2061**: The last American occupation troops leave the Republic of Kikongo, in the Congo; the total number of PEACECOM troops has dropped to 156,000, from a peak of 384,000. 
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 ---- ----
  
 +**January 1st, 2061:** Chad and Niger merge into the Greater Africanist Republic of Chad, popularly known as Chad, headed by former Nigerien leader Djibo Bakary. President Bakary says that he hopes that Ubangi and Burkina Faso will join the nation as soon as is feasible. 
  
 +**January 20th, 2062**: Beginning of the Sudanese crisis: parliamentary elections are held in South Sudan. Widespread voter intimidation, blackballing, and fraud is reported by the Africanist government in order to prevent the anti-Africanist Free People of South Sudan (FPSS) from gaining any seats. Several activists are beaten and the deputy head of the FPSS is killed in a suspicious car accident.
 +
 +**February 3rd, 2062**: Sudanese crisis: several guards and personell are killed in an attack on two government buildings in Juba, South Sudan, by unknown gunmen. Responsibility for the attacks is claimed by the new Free Soldiers of South Sudan (FSSS), a militant force drawn from the anti-Africanist political party Free People of South Sudan. Their leader, Joseph Puoch, says that as long as elections are not fair, they will resort to violence to achieve their aims. 
 +
 +**February 10th, 2062**: Sudanese crisis: in Juba, a bombing at the Presidential Palace kills the Vice-President, Louis Juuk. He was a close ally of Africanist President Kuol Lubong. Meanwhile, violent prosters affiliated with the Free Soldiers of South Sudan, an anti-Africanist rebel group, seize the city of Wau in the country's north. 
 +
 +**February 11th, 2062**: Sudanese crisis: President Kuol Lubong of South Sudan gives a major speech denouncing the rebellion against his rule, and promising to execute any "race traitors", as he calls the Free Soldiers of South Sudan. He also accuses the East African Federation and Ethiopia of being behind the arrest, and orders the South Sudanese Army mobilized and to the border. Africanist leaders in Burkina Faso, Greater Chad, and Ubangi announce that they will support President Lubong in "whatever actions need to be taken." 
 +
 +**February 13-17th, 2062**: Sudanese crisis: tensions remain very high throughout Africa as President Lubong of South Sudan accuses the EAF and Ethiopia of supporting a rebellion against his rule. A crisis meeting of the Alliance for Democracy is held in Cairo. While the African "Big Four" (Nigeria, South Africa, the EAF, and Ethiopia) agree that South Sudan cannot militarily defeat the EAF and Ethiopia, they are worried about possible terrorist retaliations if they intervene.
 +
 +**February 18th, 2062**: Sudanese crisis: a border skirmish occurs between Ethiopian and South Sudanese troops, leaving 6 men dead. Meanwhile, South Sudanese Army units retake the two cities in the country that had fallen into the control of the rebel FSSS. Over 350 civilians die in the assaults, including the leader of the FSSS, Joseph Puoch. 
 +
 +**February 20th, 2062**: End of the Sudanese crisis: the African Alliance for Democracy is forced to accept the status quo as Africanist South Sudanese President Luol Kubong crushes the remainders of the revolt against his rule. An uneasy peace settles over the area as the Alliance for Democracy makes an informal pact not to accept any new militarily imposed Africanist governments.
  
 **May 20th, 2062**: Nigeria, South Africa, and the EAF, along with twenty-seven African allies, announce their withdrawal from the African Union. They accuse the AU of playing host to dictators and autocrats, and of discouraging true reform in Africa. The African Union was also unable to provide any meaningful action on the Congolese Civil War, and has been largely irrelevant for over 30 years. Over the next few years, states withdraw one by one from the AU, until the organization is officially disbanded in 2065. Multi-lateral African diplomacy now mainly occurs at the African meetings of the UN General Assembly, or in annual gatherings of African leaders hosted by the Joint Development and Free Trade Pact (the 'Alliance for Democracy') **May 20th, 2062**: Nigeria, South Africa, and the EAF, along with twenty-seven African allies, announce their withdrawal from the African Union. They accuse the AU of playing host to dictators and autocrats, and of discouraging true reform in Africa. The African Union was also unable to provide any meaningful action on the Congolese Civil War, and has been largely irrelevant for over 30 years. Over the next few years, states withdraw one by one from the AU, until the organization is officially disbanded in 2065. Multi-lateral African diplomacy now mainly occurs at the African meetings of the UN General Assembly, or in annual gatherings of African leaders hosted by the Joint Development and Free Trade Pact (the 'Alliance for Democracy')
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 **January 1st, 2064**: Ascension talks officially begin between the EAF and the Indian Ocean International Community in the city of Mombasa. **January 1st, 2064**: Ascension talks officially begin between the EAF and the Indian Ocean International Community in the city of Mombasa.
 +
 +**April 2-6th, 2064:** Rioters in the northern Cameroonian town of Maroua burn down the local police station and a Chinese-owned power plant, killing over 82 people. The rioters, who are believed to be discontented Africanists, declare that they will join secede from Cameroon and join Greater Chad, an Africanist nation. Cameroonian President Sadou Eteki declares a state of emergency in the Extreme-Nord Region and sends the Army to restore order.
 +
 +**April 12th, 2064:** In Cameroon, Africanist rioters in the cities of Douala and Ngoundere seize control from poorly equipped police forces. Nigeria's Foreign Minister, meanwhile, says that his country has proof that the "rioters" are actually being led by well-trained Chadians and Burkinabés. He alleges that the riots are a transparent attempt to spread Africanism through violence, fear and intimidation. 
 +
 +**April 15th, 2064:** Cameroonian Army forces are ejected from the towns of Maroua and Garoua in northern Cameroon by Africanist rioters, who are well-equipped with Chinese-made weapons. US intelligence believes the assault weapons can be traced back to Burkina Faso, which began purchasing large numbers of them in 2059. Cameroon seems to have lost control over some of its territory. 
 +
 +**April 20th, 2064:** In a major strategic error, Africanists in Cameroon declare the formation of the Pan-African Africanist Party Cameroon (PATA-CA), which is "irrevocably determined to the overthrow of the oppressive government of Cameroon and its replacement with one which recognizes the inherent value of the African race and its superiority." This announcement allows Nigeria to declare the party a terrorist group and clears the grounds for a possible intervention on the basis of international terrorism. Meanwhile, the Cameroonian Army retakes the major port city of Douala after two days of street fighting. This is the beginning of the Third Africanist War. 
 +
 +**April 25th, 2064:** Africanist forces under the banner of PATA-CA advance to within 50 miles of Yaounde, while also seizing the smaller towns of Baffoussam and Bertoua. The Cameroonian government controls most of the population of Cameroon (including the two largest cities, Douala and Yaounde), while the rebels control 7 of 10 regions. 
 +
 +**May 1st-3rd, 2064:** The Cameroonian Army fights off an Africanist assault on the capitol, Yaounde. They suffer over 30 fatalities, but capture 82 rebels, including 13 foreign fighters from Chad and Burkina Faso. 
 +
 +**May 1st, 2064**: In Federated Central Congo, the Pan-Africanist African Party - Congo (PATA-C) is formed. Following on the heels of Africanist parties in Burkina Faso, Greater Chad, and Ubangi-Shari, PATA-C is unusual in that it is headed by the sitting head of state of Burkina Faso, President Moussa Oedraogo. The party announces that it will contest the upcoming 2066 elections on a platform of Africanism and anti-occupation. There are still over 100,000 international troops in Federated Central Congo. Oedraogo explains that he is the party's leader to show the unity of all Africans against the "foreign invaders who are brutalizing the Congo."
 +
 +**May 5th, 2064:** A meeting of the African Alliance for Democracy in Lagos produces consensus on action. The members of the league will intervene militarily in Cameroon to prevent an Africanist takeover. Troops will mostly come from Nigeria (with additional contributions from Ghana and Benin), while other nations will provide monetary and materiel support. The Alliance for Democracy also issues a joint statement warning other nations (implicitly Burkina Faso and Chad) not to become involved.
 +
 +**May 6th, 2064:** Drones from the Nigerian Air Force begin bombing Africanist positions, using local intelligence sources to try to avoid civilian casualties. 
 +
 +**May 9th, 2064:** The main Africanist army in Cameroon withdraws from around Yaounde, breaking the two-week siege of the city. Indian intelligence services warn Nigeria that they will attempt to withdraw to Chad, a safe haven.
 +
 +**May 13th, 2064:** The Nigerian Army, accompanied by elements of the Ghanaian Army, launch a massive cross-border invasion of Cameroon with over 143,260 troops. They engage Africanist forces in the towns of Maroua, Bamenda, and Kumba and score key military victories.
 +
 +**May 20th, 2064:** 3,000 Africanist rebels in Ngaundere, Cameroon surrender to the Nigerian Army, as their retreat to Ubangi was cut off by an air-dropped Nigerian division. 
 +
 +**June 2nd, 2064:** The Alliance for Democracy announces that Cameroon has been fully secured by their international intervention, and that all Africanist rebels have been captured or have disappeared. The Third Africanist War, a major defeat for Africanism, is over after a little more than a month of fighting. 
 +
 +**June 28th, 2064:** Cameroon and Nigeria sign the Treaty of Ankara, guaranteeing that Cameroon will never become an Africanist state. Cameroon agrees to allow Nigerian troops to be based in the country (mostly along the borders with Ubangi and Chad), and welcomes over $5 billion in aid from the Alliance for Democracy.
  
 **July 1st, 2064**: Remaining PEACECOM forces begin withdrawing from Federated Central Congo. The SCZ has almost entirely been disbanded, and over half of the country has seen no attacks in a year. However, corruption in government remains extremely high, and tensions remain with the Republic of Kikongo.  **July 1st, 2064**: Remaining PEACECOM forces begin withdrawing from Federated Central Congo. The SCZ has almost entirely been disbanded, and over half of the country has seen no attacks in a year. However, corruption in government remains extremely high, and tensions remain with the Republic of Kikongo. 
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 **January 1st, 2066**: The East African Federation is officially welcomed into the Indian Ocean International Community, becoming the first member of the organization outside the Asian continent. China denounces the move as "a continuation of Indian neo-imperialism in Africa," even though China itself has exploited the resources of numerous African nations through economic domination for decades. **January 1st, 2066**: The East African Federation is officially welcomed into the Indian Ocean International Community, becoming the first member of the organization outside the Asian continent. China denounces the move as "a continuation of Indian neo-imperialism in Africa," even though China itself has exploited the resources of numerous African nations through economic domination for decades.
 +
 +**July 8th-9th, 2066**: One year after the departure of the last occupying forces, elections are held in Federated Central Congo. The result is a landslide for the Pan-Africanist African Party, lead by President Oedraogo of Burkina Faso. While the elections are marred by irregularities, international observers admitted that there was nevertheless legitimate and enthusiastic support for Africanist ideals in the Congo. Pierre Tansi, a local and vocal politician, is inaugurated as President, although he says that he "will listen closely to the advice" of his "dear friend, President Oedraogo of Burkina Faso."
  
 **December 8th, 2066**: Drissa Sow of Mali is elected as UN general Secretary, making Liu Xilai the first one-term secretary since Josef Adamowicz.  **December 8th, 2066**: Drissa Sow of Mali is elected as UN general Secretary, making Liu Xilai the first one-term secretary since Josef Adamowicz. 
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 **April 2nd-10th, 2069**: For nine days, riots sweep across the Arabian Peninsula. Discontented youth (especially women) start fires and attack government forces in cities from Riyadh to Dubai, sparked by a major fire in a slum in Manama, Bahrain. As fusion power has exploded into wide use across the developed world, oil consumption has dropped to its lowest level of use since the 2010s. In the seven members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, a recession has been in effect for nearly a year. As their economic fortunes have been threatened, the nations of the GCC have become ever more repressive, and have banded together for support against demographic and social turmoil. In the end, the riots are put down by a unified, coordinated military effort, which leaves 129 dead across the GCC. The crackdown is widely condemned, especially by A'ama. Egyptian President Alesh Hamatoub calls the suppression of the protests "a grave crime against Islam and against humanity", and calls for the resignation of Saudi King Faisal II bin Salman. **April 2nd-10th, 2069**: For nine days, riots sweep across the Arabian Peninsula. Discontented youth (especially women) start fires and attack government forces in cities from Riyadh to Dubai, sparked by a major fire in a slum in Manama, Bahrain. As fusion power has exploded into wide use across the developed world, oil consumption has dropped to its lowest level of use since the 2010s. In the seven members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, a recession has been in effect for nearly a year. As their economic fortunes have been threatened, the nations of the GCC have become ever more repressive, and have banded together for support against demographic and social turmoil. In the end, the riots are put down by a unified, coordinated military effort, which leaves 129 dead across the GCC. The crackdown is widely condemned, especially by A'ama. Egyptian President Alesh Hamatoub calls the suppression of the protests "a grave crime against Islam and against humanity", and calls for the resignation of Saudi King Faisal II bin Salman.
 +
 +
 +
 +----
 +
 +
 +
 +**January 1st, 2070**: Treaty of Perth; the Indian Ocean Security and Defense Organization is established as a strategic military alliance in the Indian Ocean basin, in response with recent Chinese belligerence in Africa and Asia. The founding members are Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, the East African Federation, India, Madagascar, Oman, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
  
  
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 **August 7th, 2072**: Several bombs are detonated at the G-13 summit at Nairobi, EAF. The building is devastated, 200 are believed to be dead and 341 more are injured. Among the casualties are such prominent world leaders as American President Norse Cavalier, UK Prime Minister Theodore Quartermain, FES Commissioner Kyriakos Amanatidis, President of the EAF Vincent Oliech, and President of the Union State Andrey Brezhnev. Chinese Premier Shao Chianglei barely survives. Suspicion immediately descends upon the remnants of the SCZ, in cooperation with other Christian Fundamentalists. **August 7th, 2072**: Several bombs are detonated at the G-13 summit at Nairobi, EAF. The building is devastated, 200 are believed to be dead and 341 more are injured. Among the casualties are such prominent world leaders as American President Norse Cavalier, UK Prime Minister Theodore Quartermain, FES Commissioner Kyriakos Amanatidis, President of the EAF Vincent Oliech, and President of the Union State Andrey Brezhnev. Chinese Premier Shao Chianglei barely survives. Suspicion immediately descends upon the remnants of the SCZ, in cooperation with other Christian Fundamentalists.
 +
 +----
 +
 +==== Navigation ====
 +
 +**[[Progress, Decline and Hope]]**
  
timelines/africa_and_the_middle_east_progress_decline_and_hope.txt · Last modified: 2019/03/29 15:13 by 127.0.0.1
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