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--- alternate_history:alternate_terminology [2019/01/17 11:55] – [Virtual reality] petike
+++ alternate_history:alternate_terminology [2020/08/15 19:24] – [Nuclear weapons] petike
@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 **[[timelines:A Brother to Dragons]]**: "Carriages". Self-explanatory.
-**[[timelines:better_weather_less_revolutionary_bloodshed_more_indigestions_-_an_alternate_history_of_the_kingdom_of_hawaii|An Alternate History of the Kingdom of Hawaii]]**: In French-speaking territories, small utility vans (analogous to OTL minibuses or camionettes) are called //pemofi//. This is a contraction of the French term //**pe**tit **mo**to**fi**acre// ('small motorcab'). A typical example of such a car is the ubiquitous [[http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=6158151&postcount=99|Archambault Dépendable]]. Seatbelts are referred to as "safety bands" and were invented and introduced in this TL by the car company [[http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=6366363&postcount=104|Johnson-Sperry]].
+**[[timelines:better_weather_less_revolutionary_bloodshed_more_indigestions_-_an_alternate_history_of_the_kingdom_of_hawaii|An Alternate History of the Kingdom of Hawaii]]**: In French-speaking territories, small utility vans (analogous to OTL minibuses or camionettes) are called //pemofi//. This is a contraction of the French term //**pe**tit **mo**to**fi**acre// ('small motorcab'). A typical example of such a car is the ubiquitous [[https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/1/post-6158151|Archambault Dépendable]]. Seatbelts are referred to as "safety bands" and were invented and introduced in this TL by the car company [[https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/1/post-6366363|Johnson-Sperry]].
 **[[Bring the Jubilee]]**: "Trackless locomotives" or "Minibiles".
@@ Line 228: / Line 228: @@
 **[[timelines:What Madness Is This?]]**: "Autocarriage".
+===== Chaos theory =====
+**//[[OTL]]//**: "Disorder / Mayhem Theory". Chaos comes from the Greek //khainein// meaning "to yawn". In ancient Greek mythology, Chaos was the initial state of the universe, which was highly disorganized. The modern (and usual) meaning of the term was established later in Antiquity by the Stoicist school of hellenistic philosophy. A common example used while referring to the Chaos Theory itself, is "the [[alternate history:butterfly effect]]" (a single wave of a butterfly's wings in a park in London could theoretically influence weather patterns and cause a drizzle in Tokyo, etc.).
+**[[timelines:Cliveless World]]**: "Weather Mathematics". Referencing the oft-cited butterfly example of OTL.
+**[[timelines:gurkani_alam_mughal_world|Gurkani Alam (Mughal World)]]**: "Teoria do Ponto Inicial". Portuguese for "Initial Point Theory".
+===== Chlorine =====
+**//[[OTL]]//**: "Chlorine". From the Greek word //khloros//, which means "pale green". First hypothesised by Carl Scheele in 1774, not definitively isolated until Michael Faraday liquefied it in 1821.
+**[[timelines:Look to the West]]**: "Muriatine", a back-formation from the fact that the old name for hydrochloric acid (before chlorine was discovered) was "muriatic acid", meaning 'salty' (as it was made from sodium chloride and sulfuric acid, or sea salt and oil of vitriol as they were known at the time).
 ===== Cold War =====
@@ Line 298: / Line 313: @@
 **[[timelines:Look to the West]]**: "Cotton-thresher".
-===== Chaos theory =====
+===== Comic (book)s =====
-**//[[OTL]]//**: "Disorder / Mayhem Theory". Chaos comes from the Greek //khainein// meaning "to yawn". In ancient Greek mythology, Chaos was the initial state of the universe, which was highly disorganized. The modern (and usual) meaning of the term was established later in Antiquity by the Stoicist school of hellenistic philosophy. A common example used while referring to the Chaos Theory itself, is "the [[alternate history:butterfly effect]]" (a single wave of a butterfly's wings in a park in London could theoretically influence weather patterns and cause a drizzle in Tokyo, etc.).
+**//[[OTL]]//**: A storytelling medium consisting of drawn panels in sequence accompanied with written annotations and speech. Mainly known as comic //book//s in North America and just comics in Britain, these names being derived from them being associated with humorous or 'comic' content. Because these terms can therefore sound narrow and dismissive, some people prefer the more general term 'sequential art'. There is also an interconnected tradition of Franco-Belgian comics that are known as //bandes dessinées// ("drawn strips") or BDs for short.
-**[[timelines:Cliveless World]]**: "Weather Mathematics". Referencing the oft-cited butterfly example of OTL.
+**[[timelines:Look to the West]]**: "Sequents", singular "a sequent". Nobody is quite sure if this is an abbreviation for 'sequential art' (see above) or a mistaken back-formation from less educated people assuming that 'sequence' was the plural form (i.e. thinking it was //sequents//) and therefore 'a sequent' is the singular.
-**[[timelines:gurkani_alam_mughal_world|Gurkani Alam (Mughal World)]]**: "Teoria do Ponto Inicial". Portuguese for "Initial Point Theory".
+**[[timelines:Amerindian Arbalists]]**: "Bandesines" (a "bandesine" is the singular, meaning a single comic strip or single comic book issue). A colloquial contraction of the French term //[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e|bande dessinée]]//, the common French term in OTL as well.
-===== Chlorine =====
+===== Crossbows =====
-**//[[OTL]]//**: "Chlorine". From the Greek word //khloros//, which means "pale green". First hypothesised by Carl Scheele in 1774, not definitively isolated until Michael Faraday liquefied it in 1821.
+**//[[OTL]]//**: The English term for this archery weapon refers to its shape and appearance, as the bow attached to the tiller/stock of the weapon forms a roughly cross-like shape. Many Romance languages use a similar term for the weapon, e.g. //arbalète// in French, //balestra// in Italian, //ballesta// in Spanish, //besta// in Portuguse, and even //aрбале́т (arbalet)// in Russian and Ukrainian. In English itself, an //arbalest// refers to a late-medieval, steel-bowed crossbow, and an //arbalist// is a synonym for "crossbowman". The Romance term originates in Latin. The Romans seemed to have invented the common European "rolling nut" crossbow in late antiquity and their term for it was //arcuballista// (roughly, "bow-thrower", "bow-launcher"). Some Germanic language speaking nations share a similar term for a crossbow, e.g. //Armbrust// in German and //Armbrost// in Swedish (the name referring to propping the crossbow against one's breast and holding it at arm's length while shooting). Some Germanic languages are exceptions to this, Dutch using //kruisbog// (similar to English) and Icelandic using //lásbogi// ("lockbow"), which seems to be an older Scandinavian term for the weapon (referring to its mechanical trigger, i.e. lock). Western Slavic languages refer to a crossbow with similar names, e.g. //kusza// (Polish), //kuše// (Czech) or //kuša// (Slovak), or by the more archaic term //samostriel//, //samostrel// ("self-shooter"), with similar terms also existing in south and east Slavic languages (e.g. Russian //самострел//). Hungarian coined its term based on this Slavic linguistic influence, a crossbow being a //számszeríj// (roughly "tool-bow", "mechanical bow", "self-shooting bow").
-**[[timelines:Look to the West]]**: "Muriatine", a back-formation from the fact that the old name for hydrochloric acid (before chlorine was discovered) was "muriatic acid", meaning 'salty' (as it was made from sodium chloride and sulfuric acid, or sea salt and oil of vitriol as they were known at the time).
+**[[timelines:Amerindian Arbalists]]**: "Tillerbow" or "Trunkbow" are the two commonest variations on the general Native American term for an independently invented New World crossbow, the terms translated loosely and used in a variety of Native American languages. Depending on the two crossbow lock styles known in the Americas, crossbows are also called "thumb-bows" (if the trigger is a small, thumb-sized wooden lever at the top) or "peg-bows" (if the trigger is a bottom-mounted lever that pushes a wooden peg upward). The simple term "wall-bow" is used for more oversized native crossbows reserved for siege defence, functionally identical to similar large but portable wall crossbows seen in older European and Chinese history.
-===== Comic (book)s =====
+**[[timelines:The Westward Wind]]**: Crossbows derived from designs brought along by the European castaways of the story are referred to as "clawbows" or "toothbows" by the Native American cultures the shipwrecked crew comes into contact with. These unusual names reference the strange appearance of the rolling nut part of the crossbows' mechanism. Historical rolling nuts, carved from antler or forged from steel, often had the appearance of a little wheel with two protruding "tooths" or "claws" at the front, with a gap between them. (The two protrusions held the bowstring of the crossbow, while the gap between them was used to place the blunt back end of a crossbow bolt, to ensure the steadiest possible release.)
-**//[[OTL]]//**: A storytelling medium consisting of drawn panels in sequence accompanied with written annotations and speech. Mainly known as comic //book//s in North America and just comics in Britain, these names being derived from them being associated with humorous or 'comic' content. Because these terms can therefore sound narrow and dismissive, some people prefer the more general term 'sequential art'. There is also an interconnected tradition of Franco-Belgian comics that are known as //bandes dessinées// ("drawn strips") or BDs for short.
-**[[timelines:Look to the West]]**: "Sequents", singular "a sequent". Nobody is quite sure if this is an abbreviation for 'sequential art' (see above) or a mistaken back-formation from less educated people assuming that 'sequence' was the plural form (i.e. thinking it was //sequents//) and therefore 'a sequent' is the singular.
 ===== Cybernetics =====
@@ Line 562: / Line 573: @@
 **[[timelines:Ad Astra Per Aspera]]**: "Macroserv". It is used strictly for military purposes and lacks a civilian version.
+**[[timelines:Amerindian Arbalists]]**: "OrbisMesh". From the Latin //orbis// ("world") and mesh, i.e. World-Mesh.
 **[[timelines:Chaos]]**: "Weltsystem". //Welt// is German for 'world' and "system" refers to the computer networks. (See above)
@@ Line 637: / Line 650: @@
 **[[timelines:Swarm on the Somme]]**: "Teddy Tonics" or "Roosevelt Rum". Used en masse by the US national guard (encouraged and partly led by former POTUS T. Roosevelt), which fought the Grex swarms after they crossed the Pacific and landed in California, beginning their invasion of the North American mainland.
+**Non-AH**: In the fantasy steampunk video game series //Iron Grip//, they are referred to as "firesplats".
 ===== Multiple personality disorder =====
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 **[[timelines:A Brother to Dragons]]**: "Atomics".
+**[[timelines:Amerindian Arbalists]]**: "Kernel bombs".
 **Down in the Bottomlands**: "Starbomb". From the fact that nuclear reactions also happen in stars.
@@ Line 827: / Line 843: @@
 **//[[OTL]]//**: "Rallying", aka "rally racing", is a form of automobile racing that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars. This motorsport is distinguished by running not on a circuit, but instead in a point-to-point format in which participants and their co-drivers drive between set control points (special stages), leaving at regular intervals from one or more start points. Rallies may be won by pure speed within the stages or alternatively by driving to a predetermined ideal journey time within the stages. The term "rally", as a branch of motorsport, probably dates from the first Monte Carlo Rally of January 1911. Until the late 1920s, few if any other events used the term, but after that, it gradually caught on.
-**[[timelines:better_weather_less_revolutionary_bloodshed_more_indigestions_-_an_alternate_history_of_the_kingdom_of_hawaii|An Alternate History of The Kingdom of Hawaii]]**: "Countryride racing" ("countryriding" for short). Particularly reminescent of the cross-country on-road/off-road sort of OTL rallying, with very European/Scandinavian-style rules. And unlike in OTL, it is a very popular motorsport in North America (to the point that one of the most famous countryride car legends is an American-built model, the [[http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=6366363&postcount=104|Johnson-Sperry Pioneer]]).
+**[[timelines:better_weather_less_revolutionary_bloodshed_more_indigestions_-_an_alternate_history_of_the_kingdom_of_hawaii|An Alternate History of The Kingdom of Hawaii]]**: "Countryride racing" ("countryriding" for short). Particularly reminescent of the cross-country on-road/off-road sort of OTL rallying, with very European/Scandinavian-style rules. And unlike in OTL, it is a very popular motorsport in North America (to the point that one of the most famous countryride car legends is an American-built model, the [[https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/1/post-6366363|Johnson-Sperry Pioneer]]).
 ===== (Theory of) Relativity =====
@@ Line 920: / Line 936: @@
 **[[timelines:Dominion of Southern America]]**: "Armored Steam Tractor", commonly abbreviated to "AST". A colloquial term is "Iron Rhino".
-**[[timelines:Fight and Be Right]]**: "Hengst". It means "stallion" in German. The evolution of the tank is rather different in this timeline, coming mostly from steadily up-gunned armoured cars rather than the trench-crossers of [[OTL]]. Hence the name "Hengst", which happens to be the name of a particularly ubiquitous German design. The British come at things from a different route, as the Royal Artillery experiment with mounting guns on steam tractors to improve manouvrability. This leads to an even more pronounced Infrantry/Cruiser tank split than in OTL. Russians translate the term as "Жеребец" (//Zherebets//, Russian for "Stallion"). The //PZ// acronym of their famous [[http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=2482353&postcount=722|Mikulin-Beriev PZ-6]] model means //Pekhotniy zherebets 6// ("Infantry stallion 6").
+**[[timelines:Fight and Be Right]]**: "Hengst". It means "stallion" in German. The evolution of the tank is rather different in this timeline, coming mostly from steadily up-gunned armoured cars rather than the trench-crossers of [[OTL]]. Hence the name "Hengst", which happens to be the name of a particularly ubiquitous German design. The British come at things from a different route, as the Royal Artillery experiment with mounting guns on steam tractors to improve manouvrability. This leads to an even more pronounced Infrantry/Cruiser tank split than in OTL. Russians translate the term as "Жеребец" (//Zherebets//, Russian for "Stallion"). The //PZ// acronym of their famous [[https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/1/post-2482353|Mikulin-Beriev PZ-6]] model means //Pekhotniy zherebets 6// ("Infantry stallion 6").
 **[[For Want of A Nail]]**: "Terramobiles".
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 **[[alternate history:alternate history|Alternate History Topics Section Main Directory]]**