timelines:second_vermont_republic_the_many_nations_of_north_america
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- | :'' | + | ====== Second Vermont Republic (The Many Nations of North America) |
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- | The ''' | + | The **Second Vermont Republic** was a short-lived state in North America, which arose during the Vermont War of Independence against the the Kingdom of New England. At its height, it controlled over 60% of Vermont, and claimed sovereignty over the rest of the state. However, by 1999 it was conquered and reclaimed by New England. |
- | == History == | + | ===== History |
- | === Background === | + | ==== Background |
- | Of all the provinces of New England, Vermont was the most disinclined to remain a member of the federation; it had already been an independent state (the First Vermont Republic) from 1777 to 1791, and a strong independent spirit remained from that time. After [[Republic of New York (The Many Nations of North America)|New York]] | + | Of all the provinces of New England, Vermont was the most disinclined to remain a member of the federation; it had already been an independent state (the First Vermont Republic) from 1777 to 1791, and a strong independent spirit remained from that time. After New York left New England in 1933, Vermont made moves to similarly secede, but these were quickly quashed by increased federal funding. The only major secessionist incident was in 1965 in the Winter Rising, when Vermont radicals seized the State House and held all inside, including the governor of Vermont, hostage, in order to force independence. The incident was quickly put down by the New England government, who used it as an pretext to end direct gubernatorial elections, to reduce provincial independence. For this reason, many Vermonters regard the Winter Rising as being set up by the New England government. |
The Winter Rising served as a trigger for the so-called Green Mountain Movement, a cultural movement that achieved widespread popularity in Vermont throughout the 1970s and 1980s. This counter-culture movement was inspired by the ideologies of socialism and Vermont nationalism, | The Winter Rising served as a trigger for the so-called Green Mountain Movement, a cultural movement that achieved widespread popularity in Vermont throughout the 1970s and 1980s. This counter-culture movement was inspired by the ideologies of socialism and Vermont nationalism, | ||
- | === The Vermont Revolution === | + | ==== The Vermont Revolution |
- | The Second Vermont Republic' | + | The Second Vermont Republic' |
The Liberation Army of Vermont began a series of guerrilla attacks on New England military and political facilities, particularly in south-western Vermont. Its successes triggered a rise in nationalist sentiment in Vermont, which culminated in the beginning of secessionist protests in August 1997. During this time, LAV cells began to be formed in all major towns and cities. It also began bombings outside Vermont, the most infamous example of which was the bombing of the Kennedy Islands Legislature on November 5, 1997. This bombing brought the struggle of the Vermont seperatists to global attention, and brought them both praise and censure. | The Liberation Army of Vermont began a series of guerrilla attacks on New England military and political facilities, particularly in south-western Vermont. Its successes triggered a rise in nationalist sentiment in Vermont, which culminated in the beginning of secessionist protests in August 1997. During this time, LAV cells began to be formed in all major towns and cities. It also began bombings outside Vermont, the most infamous example of which was the bombing of the Kennedy Islands Legislature on November 5, 1997. This bombing brought the struggle of the Vermont seperatists to global attention, and brought them both praise and censure. | ||
- | Finally, on January 3, 1998, the Vermont Revolution began, with attempts by urban cells to seize control of over 70 towns and cities. Although many of these attempts failed, particularly in eastern and northern Vermont, by the end of January over 60% of the state had fallen. On 22 January, Montpelier fell to the LAV, forcing the resignation of Governor Jim Douglas. General Howard Dean proclaimed himself President of the independent Second Vermont Republic, and [[Vermont general election, 1998 (The Many Nations of North America)|elections]] were held on February 4. | + | Finally, on January 3, 1998, the Vermont Revolution began, with attempts by urban cells to seize control of over 70 towns and cities. Although many of these attempts failed, particularly in eastern and northern Vermont, by the end of January over 60% of the state had fallen. On 22 January, Montpelier fell to the LAV, forcing the resignation of Governor Jim Douglas. General Howard Dean proclaimed himself President of the independent Second Vermont Republic, and elections were held on February 4. |
- | [[Image: | + | ==== The Second Vermont Republic |
- | + | ||
- | === The Second Vermont Republic === | + | |
The republic' | The republic' | ||
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The pivotal battle of the war was the Battle of Burlington. On September 9, a force of 8000 LAV troops, New York soldiers and ships and Quebecois mercenaries advanced on Burlington, which was defended by German and New England forces. New York naval forces engaged German forces on Lake Champlain, while LAV forces advanced through the town, aided by widespread revolt by residents. The advancing forces were quickly cut off from reinforcement by German tanks, cutting LAV reinforcements off five miles from the town. A series of napalm bombing raids destroyed much of the LAV force, and the town was quickly retaken by New England forces. Over 5 000 LAV soldiers perished in the fighting, with up to 5 000 civilian casualties. The battle effectively crippled Vermont' | The pivotal battle of the war was the Battle of Burlington. On September 9, a force of 8000 LAV troops, New York soldiers and ships and Quebecois mercenaries advanced on Burlington, which was defended by German and New England forces. New York naval forces engaged German forces on Lake Champlain, while LAV forces advanced through the town, aided by widespread revolt by residents. The advancing forces were quickly cut off from reinforcement by German tanks, cutting LAV reinforcements off five miles from the town. A series of napalm bombing raids destroyed much of the LAV force, and the town was quickly retaken by New England forces. Over 5 000 LAV soldiers perished in the fighting, with up to 5 000 civilian casualties. The battle effectively crippled Vermont' | ||
- | === The Fall of the Republic === | + | ==== The Fall of the Republic |
Following the Battle of Burlington, New England began a major offensive into Vermont, retaking much of the southern half of the state within three months. | Following the Battle of Burlington, New England began a major offensive into Vermont, retaking much of the southern half of the state within three months. | ||
By August, Montpelier, the last town loyal to the Second Vermont Republic, was surrounded. On 11 August, New England troops invaded the town, killing President Dean and ending the Second Vermont Republic. | By August, Montpelier, the last town loyal to the Second Vermont Republic, was surrounded. On 11 August, New England troops invaded the town, killing President Dean and ending the Second Vermont Republic. | ||
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The rump of the Liberation Army of Vermont continued attacking New England forces in the Green Mountains for the next two years, but enjoyed little success. On 3 March 2001, the last cell of Liberation Army of Vermont was destroyed by New England bombers, and the revolt was crushed. | The rump of the Liberation Army of Vermont continued attacking New England forces in the Green Mountains for the next two years, but enjoyed little success. On 3 March 2001, the last cell of Liberation Army of Vermont was destroyed by New England bombers, and the revolt was crushed. | ||
- | == Government and politics == | + | ===== Government and politics |
Vermont was governed under the presidential system, with a directly elected president separate from the legislature. Legislative functions were held by the unicameral Vermont House of Representatives (also known as the Vermont General Assembly). | Vermont was governed under the presidential system, with a directly elected president separate from the legislature. Legislative functions were held by the unicameral Vermont House of Representatives (also known as the Vermont General Assembly). | ||
- | Only one [[Vermont general election, 1998 (The Many Nations of North America)|election]] was held in the Republic of Vermont, on the 4th of February, 1998. In this election, President Dean was re-elected unopposed, due to the [[New England Whig Party (The Many Nations of North America)|New England Whig Party]]'s boycott of the election and the lack of other organised opposition until after the election. In the House election, political alliances were fluid, and individual candidates ran on pro or anti-administration lines. After the election, these alliances solidified into parties during the debate over the Nationalisation Bill, with the [[Socialist Party of Vermont | + | Only one election was held in the Republic of Vermont, on the 4th of February, 1998. In this election, President Dean was re-elected unopposed, due to the New England Whig Party' |
Local elections were also held in the Second Vermont Republic; the elections of March 5 1998 resulted in a large victory for pro-Dean candidates, which prompted the formation of the Socialist Party to serve as an electoral vehicle for socialist candidates. Conversely, the elections of 4 March 1999 resulted in a large swing to the Liberal Party, in response to dissatisfaction with the Dean administration in light of recent military defeats. This loss of confidence is often attributed to one of the factors that led to the defeat of the Second Vermont Republic. | Local elections were also held in the Second Vermont Republic; the elections of March 5 1998 resulted in a large victory for pro-Dean candidates, which prompted the formation of the Socialist Party to serve as an electoral vehicle for socialist candidates. Conversely, the elections of 4 March 1999 resulted in a large swing to the Liberal Party, in response to dissatisfaction with the Dean administration in light of recent military defeats. This loss of confidence is often attributed to one of the factors that led to the defeat of the Second Vermont Republic. | ||
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The politics of the Second Vermont Republic ran generally along socialist lines, although its short life prevented any major reforms. A land reform bill, however, which allowed the redistribution of land by the government to help the needy, was passed on July 4, proving highly controversial. As well, bills were passed to ensure universal health care and removing subsidies from private schools. | The politics of the Second Vermont Republic ran generally along socialist lines, although its short life prevented any major reforms. A land reform bill, however, which allowed the redistribution of land by the government to help the needy, was passed on July 4, proving highly controversial. As well, bills were passed to ensure universal health care and removing subsidies from private schools. | ||
- | == Economy == | + | ===== Economy |
The Second Vermont Republic was primarily woodland, with agriculture a major source of income. In areas under SVR control, only 30% of the population lived in urban areas. Dairy farming was the primary industry in the Second Vermont Republic. Over 70% of soldiers in the Liberation Army of Vermont were farmers, and Vermont' | The Second Vermont Republic was primarily woodland, with agriculture a major source of income. In areas under SVR control, only 30% of the population lived in urban areas. Dairy farming was the primary industry in the Second Vermont Republic. Over 70% of soldiers in the Liberation Army of Vermont were farmers, and Vermont' | ||
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Despite foreign aid, the Second Vermont Republic remained desperately poor; the pressure of the blockade forced most Vermonters within the republic into subsistence farming. As well, the campaign against New England took its toll on the environment; | Despite foreign aid, the Second Vermont Republic remained desperately poor; the pressure of the blockade forced most Vermonters within the republic into subsistence farming. As well, the campaign against New England took its toll on the environment; | ||
- | [[Image: | + | ===== Military |
- | + | ||
- | == Military == | + | |
The Liberation Army of Vermont (LAV) was formed to fight against the Kingdom of New England by Howard Dean on March 15, 1998. The LAV waged a nine-month terror campaign against New England authorities in Vermont, and succeeding in rallying thousands of Vermont citizens to their cause. On January 3, LAV resistance cells across the state launched an uprising which eventually secured 60% of the state, with 20% more an active battleground between the LAV and the New England Defence Force. After the proclamation of the Second Vermont Republic, the LAV was incorporated into the armed forces of Vermont. | The Liberation Army of Vermont (LAV) was formed to fight against the Kingdom of New England by Howard Dean on March 15, 1998. The LAV waged a nine-month terror campaign against New England authorities in Vermont, and succeeding in rallying thousands of Vermont citizens to their cause. On January 3, LAV resistance cells across the state launched an uprising which eventually secured 60% of the state, with 20% more an active battleground between the LAV and the New England Defence Force. After the proclamation of the Second Vermont Republic, the LAV was incorporated into the armed forces of Vermont. | ||
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For the next eleven months, the LAV waged a guerrilla war against the advancing New England forces, and succeeding in slowing their advance. However, they were unable to prevent the fall of Montpelier. After the conquest of the Republic, the LAV continued their armed resistance in the Green Mountains, but without any major success due to a lack of public support. The last active LAV cell was destroyed in a bombing raid on March 3, 2001. | For the next eleven months, the LAV waged a guerrilla war against the advancing New England forces, and succeeding in slowing their advance. However, they were unable to prevent the fall of Montpelier. After the conquest of the Republic, the LAV continued their armed resistance in the Green Mountains, but without any major success due to a lack of public support. The last active LAV cell was destroyed in a bombing raid on March 3, 2001. | ||
- | == Foreign Relations == | + | ===== Foreign Relations |
During its short life, the Second Vermont Republic was recognised by only three states, the Republic of Quebec, the People' | During its short life, the Second Vermont Republic was recognised by only three states, the Republic of Quebec, the People' | ||
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After the Vermont Revolution, New England refused to recognise the Second Vermont Republic, instead referring to them as 'enemy combatants' | After the Vermont Revolution, New England refused to recognise the Second Vermont Republic, instead referring to them as 'enemy combatants' | ||
- | == International Response and Legacy == | + | ===== International Response and Legacy |
Although the Second Vermont Republic was relatively shortlived, it had wide-reaching implications. The drain on men and logistics caused by the revolt to New England allowed New York to launch a counterattack into Connecticut in 1999, thus playing a pivotal role in changing the course of the war. The relatively developed political structure of Vermont attracted attention across America, with some comparing its struggle against an oppressive monarchy to that of the early United States. Its socialist government attracted both praise and censure from around the world, with vocal support from 1998 Pacifican presidential candidate Gary Locke, who praised Dean's economic policies. At the same time, Prime Minister of Pacifica Ralph Nader attacked the regime' | Although the Second Vermont Republic was relatively shortlived, it had wide-reaching implications. The drain on men and logistics caused by the revolt to New England allowed New York to launch a counterattack into Connecticut in 1999, thus playing a pivotal role in changing the course of the war. The relatively developed political structure of Vermont attracted attention across America, with some comparing its struggle against an oppressive monarchy to that of the early United States. Its socialist government attracted both praise and censure from around the world, with vocal support from 1998 Pacifican presidential candidate Gary Locke, who praised Dean's economic policies. At the same time, Prime Minister of Pacifica Ralph Nader attacked the regime' | ||
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The Second Vermont Republic also had a notable cultural impact, due in part to Vermonter Frank Miller' | The Second Vermont Republic also had a notable cultural impact, due in part to Vermonter Frank Miller' | ||
- | Within Vermont, the Republic' | + | Within Vermont, the Republic' |
+ | |||
+ | ==== Navigation ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[[Nations (The Many Nations of North America)|Countries of The Many Nations of North America Timeline]]** | ||
+ | |||
+ | **[[The Many Nations of North America]]** |
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