If Fawkes had succeeded in blowing up Parliament in 1605, the probable result would have been an even greater reaction against catholics than with the failed attempt. An all out religious war is doubtful, as is active invasion support from Spain etc. - the vast majority of the English population at that time were anti-catholic and the near or partial destruction of parliament would have tended to unite much of the nation.
As for effects of any immediate religious war on English overseas enterprises, we have the example of the English civil wars which came along just 37 years after the Fawkes plot, thus I don't see any great change in those enterprises.