Many of us have heard of
filibusters -- mercenary-adventurers (usually Americans) who engage in unauthorised military expeditions, driven largely by personal ambition. The most famous American filibuster was
William Walker, who invaded Mexico and successfully conquered Nicaragua without the backing of any government -- just his army of fortune-seeking rabble-rousers. (Of course, Americans weren't the only people to undertake this sort of adventurism -- for example, the French
Comte de Raousset-Boulbon also invaded the Mexican state of Sonora in the 1850s, almost at the same time as Walker -- but as far as I know, the word "
filibuster" generally applies only to Americans).
Now, most filibustering took place in the Western Hemisphere, in what 19th century Americans often considered their sphere of influence. But there's one man who travelled further from the US to carve out a fiefdom of his own --
Josiah Harlan, the would-be King of Afghanistan.
Born into a Quaker family from Chester County, Pennsylvania, Harlan studied medicine, but dreamed of adventure and glory. So he enlisted as a military surgeon with the British East India Company, made a name for himself in the Company's first war with Burma, and learnt Hindi and Persian (and the military arts) quickly. Eventually, though, he came to resent the Company -- it was too nakedly profit-driven, too capitalistic for his liking. Harlan was a classicist at heart, and he didn't merely want to fight for coin; he wanted to fight for crown-and-throne.
In the 1820s, Harlan entered the service of Maharajah Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire -- the famous "Lion of Punjab," and perennial rival of the Afghans. Ranjit Singh had won several victories over various Afghan leaders, and Afghanistan was unstable after this succession of failed invasions. The ruling Durrani clan was challenged by the rising Barakzai, and as these tribes feuded, Ranjit Singh encouraged Harlan to raise a company of mercenaries to intervene -- not on behalf of the Maharajah, but as an independent force in the conflict.
Needless to say, Harlan didn't become king -- Americans never were good at conquering Afghanistan. He did, however, pledge fealty to Dost Muhammad Khan -- "the Great Emir," and Ranjit Singh's arch-rival -- helping him fight off an Uzbek invasion. In exchange, Dost Muhammad Khan proclaimed him the "Prince of Ghor" ("Ghor" being a province in the Hindu Kush). There's more to the story, but eh, I don't feel like writing it all out. You can read it on your own if you like.
I do think it'd be funny if a Pennsylvania surgeon became King of Afghanistan, maybe with British or Sikh help. Maybe the Durrani and Barakzai would recognise him just to prevent the other from coming out on top.