Watchmen (1994 film)
Watchmen is a 1994 superhero film directed by James Cameron and produced by Lawrence Gordon and Joel Silver, based on the comic book of the same name by Alan Moore.
The idea for Watchmen adaptation had been circulating since 1986 by 20th Century Fox, on the waiting for Gordon and Silver to get green-lighted. In 1991, the studio threatened to the producers about putting the film into turnaround if they couldn’t get a producible script for the end of the fiscal year.
But due to a series of events in the American society which started in 1991 (Starting with public protests around the United States generated by the death of the N.W.A. member Andre Romelle Young at the hands of police officers, and the corruption on the LAPD to justify and cover this), a wave of pessimism and rage hit on the film industry, approving films focused on corruption and injustice. Between those approved projects, there was Watchmen.
Despite having generated controversy on its days for its interpretation of the Police Departments and the “American Dream”, Watchmen was well received by critics, audiences, and fanatics. It was also a financial success, earning over $760 million in box office around the world. Also, it was the first film with a budget of over $100 million. The film, along with Batman (1989), influenced modern marketing and development for the Superhero film genre, even when the production confronted all kinds of difficulties.
Plot
[I won’t write it. You practically know how the comic goes. It practically the same, but some things are cut, and isn’t the 2009 script that is a failure to me.]
Cast
Laurie Jupiter / Silk Spectre II: Andie MacDowell
Jon Osterman / Doctor Manhattan: Neil Flynn
Adrian Veidt / Ozymandias: Arnold Schwarzenegger
Walter Kovacs / Rorschach: Mark Hamill
Edward Blake / The Comedian: Ron Perlman
Daniel Dreiberg / Nite Owl II: John Candy
Sally Jupiter / Silk Spectre: Tilda Swinton
Hollis Mason / Nite Owl: Leslie Nielsen
Edgar Jacobi / Moloch The Mystic: Peter Falk
Bernard: Menahem Golan
Janey Slater: Geena Davis
Production:
Writing
The pre-production of this film had started in 1986, with the search for a screenwriter to adapt the comic. Screenwriters like William Goldman, Phil Anden Robinson, Andrew Bergman, and Jeb Stuart were some of the writers chosen by the producers, but who rejected work on the project due to the impossibility to adapt everything on a full-length film. At a point, the producers tried to contact Alan Moore to negotiate about writing a script of his own hands, but he rejected it.
In 1988, the screenwriter Sam Hamm was assigned to write the first draft of the script. Little few was known of this draft till its online release, but the draft was quickly rejected by the producers, at the point of being called “stillborn” for Lawrence Gordon.
In 1991, with 20th Century Fox interested in making a Watchmen adaptation, the producers chose a new screenwriter to made a new draft on the script, being John Shirley (Veteran TV Writer) the chosen writer this time.
The final result wasn’t well-received by Silver and Gordon due to the size of 241 pages, which adapted shot-to-shot each scene of the comic, but they found enough good to be created. In November 1991, the screenwriter Michael France was assigned to make a re-write of the script. The final drift made by Michael France was sent on December 27, 1991. In interviews, France revealed that one of the things he had to fix was the interpretation of the characters who, in his own words were portrayed as “Real superheroes, at the same level of Captain America.”, reducing this factor and making them human; another thing he had commented later was that Shirley “Understood that the Comedian and Rorschach are good on the story, the heroes. But they aren’t.”
Casting
At Fox's insistence, Gordon and Silver had to cast renowned actors for publicity and marketing. The first one chosen by Gordon and Silver was the action star Arnold Schwarzenegger, who had worked on productions like “Commando” or “Predator”, but originally he was cast to be Dr. Manhattan. He didn’t find Dr. Manhattan a character who he could connect, but he presented interest for Adrian Veidt. After some negotiations, he took the role of Adrian Veidt. Arnold hired a stage teacher and studied all the visual references of emperors, even using the acting of Louis Calhern and Rex Harrison as Julius Caesar.
The Comedian was chosen later. Originally, the character was going to be for Bruce Willis, but he wasn’t able to participate due to schedule issues (Being busy as the main character of the new John McTiernan’s film: Last Action Hero), so a new actor had to be found. Among the actors thought for the role, it was John Travolta. Finally, the role was offered to Ron Perlman, who accepted. Ron Perlman had to spend 3 hours to get his make-up applied.
Silk Spectre II went through a different female actress. Originally offered to Geena Davis, she couldn’t finally take the role due to an injury on her back which made it impossible to train. The role was offered to Andie MacDowell, who accepted in exchange of give another role to Geena Davis (Taking the role of Janey Slater, the first girlfriend of Dr. Manhanttan). For months, Andie MacDowell trained to get a more thick and muscular physique.
Nite Owl II was, at this time, one of the most controversial choices in the film industry. The actor chosen for the role was the comedian and comedy actor John Candy, who agreed to participate in this role after taking interest in more serious roles after he participated in JFK. The public reaction at the moment to reveal the actor was negative, not seeing the comedian as the owl-themed hero. John Candy also had to lose 100 pounds for the role.
Rorschach passed for all kinds of actors, due that it was more difficult to find the kind of actor that Gordon and Silver wanted for this role. During a casting session the Star Wars main actor, Mark Hamill, participated and his voice-work during the casting surprised to Gordon and Silver, offering the role just to Mark Hamill. He agreed, revealing later that he wanted to participate back again on full-length films, but just receiving offers to B-Productions movies.
Dr. Manhattan was, due to the reaction of the fanatics and audience, the biggest surprise. Originally, Gordon and Silver wanted the British actor Ralph Fiennes as the only superhero on the story, but he had other projects, such as “Schindler’s List” and “Quiz Show”. Another actor they tried to offer the role was Willem Dafoe, but he also had to reject due to a busy schedule in Europe. Finally, the producers decided to make an open casting to find an actor. In the end, the actor chosen was the (by then, unknown) American actor Neil Flynn.
For the supporting role of Moloch The Mystic, the role was accepted by Andreas Katsulas, but after find not satisfying his time on screen and salary, he resigned to participate as Fredick Sykes on The Fugitive. The role of Moloch was later accepted by the TV-Actor Peter Falk. Peter Falk had to spend 2-3 hours on make-up.
For the role of the original Silk Spectre, Sally Jupiter, the role was offered to Tilda Swinton, who accepted it. She had to spend 4 hours on Make-up to age her.
Filming
The production started in March 1993. The main locations are located in Canada, between the city of Hamilton and Ontario.
For the Vietnam scene, those were filmed in Sri Lanka, using some locations of the 1957 film “The Bridge over the Kwai River”. The bad weather in September of 1993 delayed for weeks the shooting, due to some terrible floodings, devastating the sets constructed on the location.
For the interiors, sets were built on Stage 15 of 20th Century Fox located in LA, California. There were built the inner of the Headquarters of Veidt Enterprises, the apartment of Moloch the Mystic, and the prison.
To recreate Mars, it was built sets on Pinewood Studios in England.
Finally, to recreate the riot scene, it was hired a hundred locals of New York City and even was able to close some street.
For the fight scenes, it was hired to the stunt coordinator Charlie Pincerni and several stuntmen to work as police officers, rioters, or prisoners. An anecdote commonly told by Ron Perlman about those scenes says that a day Pincerni couldn’t appear to prepare the fight between The Comedian and Hooded Justice. But to avoid some delay, the man behind the suit of Hooded Justice, the (by then, unknown) professional wrestler Nelson Frazier Jr. offered his help to realize the scene. The final scene, in words of James Cameron himself, ended “even better than the planned one.”
Before shooting, the original actor to interpreted Hollis Mason (The first Nite Owl), Paul Jabara, would pass away due to complications from AIDS. During shooting, the substitute would be chosen, falling the role on Leslie Nielsen.
The principal photography wrapped in October 1993.
Cutting Budget and Finding Help
By far, the most known problem during the shooting was a budget cut. From the original $100 million of budget, Fox cut $25 million which were moved to buy films, distribution, and other productions. But the reason gave for Lawrence Gordon, Joel Silver and James Cameron on interviews and biographies were that, originally, the director and producers requested an increase of $10 million on the budget due to difficulties based on the construction of sets and the damage of some of those. That would be denied by the executives, who weren’t very happy due to some delays in the shooting which could affect the release date.
Overwhelmed to not being able to complete correctly the film, both director and producers started to contact different producers and studios to finance the $35 million needed for the production. During that search, James Cameron contacted his old mentor Roger Corman. He, while denying the help due to the risk, he offered another one who could finance the rest of the budget: The Israeli producer and director Menahem Golan.
After contact with the former owner of The Cannon Group, and send a copy of the script via fax, Golan contacted an hour and a half later to the director saying that he’ll agree to give the rest of the money to produce the film.
Once known for his way to produce lots of movies with a very limited budget, Golan commented that he decided to risk with this project because “He loved the story and the satire” and “He knew he had the days numbered on the United States, so I preferred close my time here with something big”. Reuniting days later the producers Lawrence Gordon, Joel Silver, and the director James Cameron to the HQ of “21st Century Film Corporation”, they signed a contract where he’ll give the money needed in exchange of:
- A position as executive producer on the credits.
- A percentage of the Box Office.
- The promise of distribution for 4 future films.
- Stay on the set during the rest of the shooting.
- Have a vote at the moment of making choices.
Years later, it was discovered that Menahem Golan obtained all the necessary capital mortgaging his house, the company, seeking bank loans, and stopping productions he was making at the time. In fact, after this, 21st Century Film Corporation was at the edge of bankruptcy.
During his time on the shooting, Menahem Golan was referred more as a “worker” than a “producer” in a friendly way, due that he was always helping to the Second Unit, Camera and Electrical Department, or even at the Script and Continuity Department. In the words of Arnold Schwarzenegger “He was always the first one on set and the last one on leaving it”.
During the time that the team was shooting in Sri Lanka, the activity of Menahem Golan was reduced, and it was noticeable for the crew and cast the sadness on his face. The reason for this was revealed in Golan’s autobiography “From Israel to Oscar. The life of a filmmaker in love with the films”
“During the weeks they were shooting on Sri Lanka, I had more time to think and observe. I could observe how obsoleted was my way to make films. There was one time where I could make 200 films with the budget of Watchmen, but then I realized: That was the problem.
“There was a time, but as a kid, I grow up. I want something better for the next production. I always wanted it, but I and Globus limited ourselves thinking that we could make it with little money. But seeing how they were shooting an old war, made me ask ‘What if I had taken the choice to buy this story and make it ourselves? Would’ve been good?’ And sadly, I had to answer myself ‘No. Even with a million years’. Because I knew it, it was a fact: This movie was going to be something different, something big, and it would make money and history.
“Working on Israel made me understand how to work as a director, but observing the shooting, made me understand why I could never get a respected reputation. I didn’t want to leave the United States yet, so I decided to take the lesson I learned and apply it: Take a risk you know it’s going to end well. No tricks, no cuts on the budget, no savings. Or 100% or 0%.
“And that’s what I did after ending my time there. I decided to accomplish all the promises I had on a project by myself.”
Visual Effects
For the work of this film about digital effects, it was designed the company “Industrial Light & Magic” (ILM). The leader of the Digital Effects was Stan Winston, who had worked previously with Cameron, Silver, Gordon, and Golan on different productions.
For the digital effects of Dr. Manhattan, the film was shot twice: One with Neil Flynn on screen wearing a suit which had blue LEDs, saving the time to recreate the blue shine on the surface; and others without Neil Flynn on screen. Using those shots and with a hired model to design the character, they ended on a dead-end due to the limitations of the technology. James Cameron demanded a well-detailed character, almost looking natural; but Stan Winston and other animators, such as Mark Dippe and Steve Williams couldn’t afford that work for the release date.
That problem was unexpectedly fixed by Menahem Golan, who during a meeting with the main workers of the Digital Effects, James Cameron, Lawrence Gordon, and Joel Silver, presented a simple idea he improvised during the meeting: Eliminate details as older Dr. Manhattan gets in the movie. “He’s supposed to not be able to reconnect with humanity again. Why does he look like a human?”
That element accelerated the work at Digital Effects for Dr. Manhattan, using old Claymation characters as inspiration to get an Uncanny Valley/Alien look-alike on Dr. Manhattan.
Another use of the Digital Effects was used on the crystalline formation on Mars, where it was used a derivation of the software that was used on “The Abyss” to recreate the water just to recreate the deformation through a crystal. The formation was animated and supervised by director Wes Takahashi.
For the practical effects, James listened to a name for part of Menahem Golan. He reminds it “We had people like Lyle Conway working with us for the practical effects, but he talked to me about someone else who could take it to another level. I asked ‘Why do you think he could help us even more?’ and he answered me, with that heavy accent ‘Because he’s not lying when he says that
his life is a special effect’”.
After hiring the animator, director, and special effects designer Mike Jittlov, Cameron asked to Jittlov to work on the design of the Owlship, and the Squid to before three weeks. After that date, Jittlov surprised everyone on the crew when he appeared with 3 functional Owlships models which worked with remote control, and an animatronic of the Squid of 1,81ft long (with tentacles, the size was 3,12ft long) which also worked with remote control. To create the Squid, Jittlov used the comic and real squids he bought at a Korean supermarket for the design.
Music
Several composers were considered to compose the score of the movie: Hans Zimmer, Jerry Goldsmith, Alan Silvestri, Joseph LoDuca, and Danny Elfman. Also, Cameron proposed Brad Fiedel (composer of the Terminator films) to compose the score. But finally, Gordon and Silver hired the Greek composer Vangelis.
The score was commercially released as
Watchmen: The Movie (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) CD and cassette tape, and contained twenty-five tracks with a runtime of 76 minutes. The score spent six weeks on the Billboard 200, reaching a peak of No. 81.
Release, Box Office, and Awards
Box Office
Watchmen opened in 2,612 theaters in the United States on June 17, 1994, competing with Disney’s
The Lion King, Mike Nichols’
Wolf, and Jan de Bont’s
Speed. The film made $63,1 million in its opening weekend, breaking Jurassic Park’s record for the highest opening-weekend gross of all time (Surpassed years later by The Lost World: Jurassic Park’s $85,9 million). The film closed on November 17, 1994, with a final gross $581.26 million in North America and $183.51 million internationally, totaling $764,77 million, making it the highest-grossing film based on a comic book until 2002's Blade II. Watchmen was able to make a further $225 million in home video sales.
Critical Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 95 reviews, with an average rating of 8.47/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "One of the best adaptations films of the 1990s,
Watchmen is a manifesto where the audience learns about not put all your hope and life on the hands of superheroes, and how those who protect us can be the real villains." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "Perfectly Adapted". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.
The story was commended by several critics. Roger Ebert of the
Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "When you look at the world, at the characters of ‘Watchmen’, you look at a dirty and novelistic version of our society. There isn’t Superman who can save the day, just us. And that’s what ‘Watchmen’ teach us: We, with no kind of superpowers, can be even worse than a villain like The Joker or Lex Luthor.” Any attempt to describe how the movie works will risk the experience, making it sounds like propaganda or just a fantasy for the comic-book readers. Isn’t a comedy, neither a drama: It’s probably the best example of modern noir-film. The performance is a breathtaking exercise, where we see known faces melting and transforming on strangers who we get to know throughout the film."
Todd McCarthy of
Variety wrote that the film "is not a happy adventure for the family who waits to see some weird group of heroes saving the day. The majority of characters are despicable, from fascists to crazy people; a story where we can see reflected our government, police officers, and even ourselves as monsters; a final which could easily fit on a chapter of the Bible of how apocalyptic it is… And it is probably one of the biggest jewels on the billboard. Manages the difficult feat of being a reminder of our society and possible future, but not fall on propaganda or manifesto. This isn’t a story about saving the day, but avoid making it worse."
The film did receive notable pans from several major reviewers. Anthony Lane of
The New Yorker called the film "Cold, melancholic, and realistic as the air you breathe."
Awards
On the Academy Awards, competing against films like
Forrest Gump, Ed Wood, Pulp Fiction, Little Women, The Shawshank Redemption, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Bullets over Broadway, Legends of the Fall, Quiz Show, Four Weddings and a Funeral, and else,
Watchmen obtained nominations the following nominations (
Bold font for the award winnings):
- Best Visual Effects (Stan Winston, Mike Jittlov, Mark Dippe, Wes Takahashi, Steve Williams)
- Best Film Editing (Chris Lebenzon)
- Best Costume Design (Wendy Partridge)
- Best Makeup (John Caglione Jr., Michael Mills)
- Best Cinematography (Karl Walter Lindenlaub)
- Best Original Score (Vangelis)
- Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published (Michael France based on the comic book by Alan Moore)
- Best Supporting Actor (Arnold Schwarzenneger as Adrian Veidt / Mark Hamill as Rorschach)
- Best Director (James Cameron)
- Best Picture (Lawrence Gordon, Joel Silver, Menahem Golan, James Cameron)
Home Release
Watchmen was released on VHS in March 1995 in two editions: One with the entire film separated on two VHS tapes; the other one came with the film on two VHS tapes and a third VHS tape with the 68-minutes documentary
Swimming Against the Current: The Making of Watchmen.
A DVD edition was released in 2001, not including the documentary but adding a commentary track by Cameron, Schwarzenegger, Hamill, Candy, Flynn, Perlman, and MacDowell. A 2-DVD edition was released in 2004 as the “10th Anniversary Edition”, which included the documentary, the commentary track and adding more featurettes and documentaries about each aspect of the movie, a Music-Only Track, Image Galleries, and the Theatrical Trailers.
In 2014, a remastered edition would be released on a Blu-ray. This version included the same additional materials, but including an animated film adapting “Tales of the Black Freighter” on the additional materials.