There are probably a couple of different accounts at play to answer the original question:
- In the cliched world of inaccurate stereotypes, there was avoidance of curry and any foreign food akin to Dracula’s reaction to a crucifix
- The more accurate reality whereby Indian ingredients and styles were adapted into Anglicised versions of original subcontinental dishes, such as curry powder, various English curries served at a variety of gentleman’s clubs going back to the 19th century, mulligatawny and kedgeree as a couple of chaps have mentioned, chutneys and more. Someone beat me to Queen Victoria’s curry at the ready, which is a good bit of info.
Most Anglo-Indian/Anglicised Indian dishes were markedly less spicy than original Indian dishes, but this wasn’t a phenomenon limited to the British Isles, but a quite common course of events for dishes adapted to European and North American palates in the 19th century and up to the 1960s/70s in many cases. I believe the example of Chinese American food was raised and it is a good parallel.
It did come down to what spices and fresh ingredients were available in India but not in Britain. Onions show up in a lot of British dishes, but garlic hadn’t been widely popular since the Early Modern Period/~1400s or so.
Curry was almost as popular with the Victorians as it is today thanks to Queen Victoria. Sam Bilton investigates the origins of our enjoyment of Indian food.
blog.english-heritage.org.uk
What did the Victorians eat?
The upper class and upper middle class had what I’d term an international European/Western grande cuisine that was similar from San Francisco to Moscow. Elaborate dishes, very rich, plenty of meat and often with French names. The menus of food served to Victoria are very, very similar to those served to the Kaisers, Tsars, Napoleon III and at the White House; there is something of an exception for Christmas, with Victoria’s menu having both traditionally Old English and new elements, such as turkey.
As we head further down to the middle class, we encounter regional/national difference a bit more, with this group being the target market for Mrs Beeton in Britain. This is where the somewhat cliched reputation for overcooked veg in Britain comes from; a generation earlier, recipes don’t call for them to be quite boiled to death. In the lower middle class, we see plenty of tinned food and new processed stuff. There was an increasingly marked difference from North America, where more and better meat was eaten as a matter of course. Mark Twain waxed lyrical on it:
“A mighty porterhouse steak an inch and a half thick, hot and sputtering from the griddle; dusted with fragrant pepper; enriched with little melting bits of butter of the most impeachable freshness and genuineness; the precious juices of the meat trickling out and joining the gravy, archipelagoed with mushrooms; a township or two of tender, yellowish fat gracing an out-lying district of this ample county of beefsteak; the long white bone which divides the sirloin from the tenderloin still in its place.”
The urban poor of Britain and Europe had the worst of it, with bread, dripping, potatoes, tea and sugar and if they were lucky a bit of bacon being their staples and meat being once a week, if that. This lead to the malnutrition that showed up in Boer War volunteers. The rural poor/working class had it a fair bit better, with more access to dairy and vegetables.
In short, food for the very wealthy in Britain was much the same as elsewhere in an increasingly globalised late 19th century world and things started to diverge as we head down from there. A tad more complex than a largely fictional world where all British food was rubbish, but some cliches persist despite the contrary reality; hence we get the cliches about all Germans being humourless, all Frenchmen smoking Gauloises, all Italians paying no regard to road rules and all Pennsylvanians being vampires.