NAME OF COMPANY: The New York Central Railroad
GAUGE: 4 ft 8.5 in
NICKNAME: The Water Level Route
PERIOD OPERATIONAL: 1914-present
HISTORY / DESCRIPTION: The storied history of the New York Central Railroad (or "System" as was officially presented in all modern logos, letterheads, and other designations) can trace its heritage back to one of our country's earliest railroads while its rise into one of the nation's largest lines is credited to a legendary tycoon and industrialist. The NYC has always remembered its roots and named a prominent passenger train after the "Commodore" while its flagship 20th Century Limited is still regarded as arguably the finest passenger train ever operated. For history’s sake you cannot really speak of the NYC without also mentioning rival Pennsylvania Railroad (and vice versa) as both lines compete in many of the same markets stretching from New York City, across Ohio, through Indiana, and terminating at the Midwestern gateways of St. Louis, Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, and Cincinnati. The PRR and NYC are institutions of their industry and today are still such through the various methods of survival they undertook.
The modern New York Central Railroad map was a collection of predecessor properties which merged or were acquired over many years. The earliest component was one of the industry's pioneers, the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad. Despite transporting predominantly only passengers early on the Mohawk & Hudson did relatively well and is even credited with operating the first covered freight car, the boxcar, in 1833 (essentially a covered gondola) while it also placed the first steam locomotive into service when the DeWitt Clinton, an American-built 0-4-0 model, entered service on the M&H's first day of operation. Six other small roads comprised what later became the NYC's main line between Albany and Buffalo. These systems included the Utica & Schenectady, Syracuse & Utica, Auburn & Syracuse, Auburn & Rochester, Tonawanda Railroad, and Attica & Buffalo. The consolidation was officially carried out on May 17, 1853 when they formally joined to form the original New York Central Railroad. After the Civil War, the railroad would experience great expansion under the shrewd Cornelius Vanderbilt, often known as the Commodore. Under his rule, the company would expand to include the New York & Harlem and a controlling interest in the Hudson River Railroad. These two roads provided the later NYC with a coveted entry into downtown Manhattan, an advantage the railroad maintained until the Pennsylvania Railroad opened Pennsylvania Station in 1910. Through shrewd business practices the Commodore gained control of the original New York Central Railroad in 1867. He then formed a new company, the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad in 1869; the HRRR and NYC were merged into the new operation while the Harlem was leased. Shortly afterwards was expansion to Buffalo then the purchase of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway and Michigan Central, which linked them to Chicago and other key places in the Midwest. There was also the Boston & Albany, which linked its namesake cities. The NYC's last great addition was the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, better known as simply the "Big Four." It constituted almost the entirety of the Central's network across Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois reaching such cities as Indianapolis, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati, Columbus, and another link to Chicago.
There were several other takeovers and acquisitions throughout the years after Vanderbilt's death, but the above-mentioned properties formed the bulk of the modern-day New York Central Railroad. One of the most important smaller systems was the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie, which provided the Central access to the Steel City as well as Connellsville. While it never served Pittsburgh via a through route, it was still a money-maker and coveted subsidiary. At around the same time the NYC&HR pushed into the coalfields of central Pennsylvania via the Beech Creek Railroad and ownership of the the Fall Brook Coal Company. The Central would eventually operate an "inside gateway" through this region; branching from Lyons, New York these lines passed southward through Geneva and extended to Williamsport, Pennsylvania before turning westward to Curwensville and finally terminating back at Ashtabula, Ohio. Last but far from least, the NYC also took over two coal roads; The Toledo & Ohio Central from Ohio into West Virginia, and the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad in Illinois.
Through yet more business savvy tactics the railroad leased the much-sought Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg in 1891, a system that ran from Rome to Norwood via Watertown and later extended branches to Ogdensburg, along the St. Lawrence River, and Oswego situated on the shores of Lake Ontario. An extension to Montreal, Quebec came by way of another small road, the Mohawk & Malone, leased to the NYC in 1902. Back east the NYC further cemented its power by acquiring two additional properties, the New York & Northern and the New York, Buffalo & West Shore. The NY&N was a small operation and was not particularly profitable and so was largely used to keep potential rivals at bay. The NYB&WS, however, was a much more robust operation and for many years was not under the Central's control. It proved a serious threat to the Vanderbilt-road, eventually opening a competitive route along the west shore of the Hudson River from Weehawken/Jersey City to Buffalo via Albany by 1884. The line had been heavily funded by Central's arch-rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and as revenge the NYC&HR began building its famous South Pennsylvania Railroad to offer a better routing over the PRR's superb Philadelphia - Pittsburgh main line. With JP Morgan as an intermediary the two sides eventually settled the dispute with each acquiring the other's holdings in these systems. The Central took over the NYB&WS in 1885, renaming it as the West Shore Railroad. Interestingly, the old South Pennsylvania was eventually sold to the state with sections becoming part of the Pennsylvania Turnpike.
By the turn of the 20th century the NYC&HR was largely in place. To streamline the organization, all of the properties except for the Boston & Albany, Michigan Central, and Big Four were merged on December 22, 1914 into the second New York Central Railroad. Although not quite as large as rival Pennsylvania the NYC was a formidable competitor and recognized as one of the country's elite railroads. It operated a network of more than 10,000 miles and served nine states as well as southern Ontario and Montreal, Quebec. It upgraded most of its lines around New York with electrification for safer and more efficient operations, expanded its "Water Level Route" to four tracks from New York to Buffalo, utilized double-tracking on most key routes, and maintained a robust passenger/commuter fleet. The NYC weathered the onslaught of traffic during World War I and the government's mismanagement under the United States Railway Association (USRA) at that time. It also managed to escape the Great Depression without falling into bankruptcy although the system had fallen onto hard times. In the 1930s, several major route changes took place. First off, it trackage rights on their Ashtabula-Williamsport line to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1935 so that said the latter could connect itself with the Reading. (Which in turn had bought the PRR's Wilkes-Barre Branch to link with the Lehigh Valley). In addition, it sold off the RW&O's Buffalo-Oswego line to the New York, Ontario, & Western; which had become a subsidiary of the New York, New Haven, & Hartford. As a result of the former sale, the NYC found itself with a good ally in the B&O, which gave them trackage rights into Washington DC from the B&O's line New York to there via Philadelphia.
While the Central had a large and exquisite passenger fleet its flagship was without doubt the New York-Chicago 20th Century Limited. Arguably the most regal passenger train ever created the Limited was adorned in grays, silvers, and whites while ushering in the Art Deco era of interior design. It was streamlined in 1938 and powered by the handsome J-3a 4-6-4 Hudsons, stylized by Henry Dreyfuss. The New York Central System is remembered for many things but perhaps the railroad’s crowning achievement was its Grand Central Terminal located in downtown New York City. Opened in 1913, three years after the Pennsy opened Penn Station, GCT replaced the earlier Grand Central Station. The new terminal held an impressive 48-track yard below ground to accommodate both commuter and long-distance services. The Central rebounded well during World War II and felt so good about its future prospects that it ordered 420 new lightweight, streamlined cars in 1945 to overhaul its passenger fleet. This was in addition to 300 cars it had already ordered only a year earlier.
But in the early 1950s, as traffic sank the Central was nearly bankrupt and its rival was in far worse shape. The NYC's fortunes soon turned when Alfred Perlman was elected president. Under his guidance the railroad began an aggressive campaign to upgrade the property, modernize the network, and cut costs as effectively as possible. In doing so he sold off all the absolute best of the steam locomotive fleet with diesels, built new classification yards, and introduced new innovative marketing schemes such as Flexi-Van service, an idea far ahead of its time, which was the first successful application of Container-On-Flat-Car service. Perlman and the railroad's culture was laid back where ideas and open discussion freely flowed to solve problems, which greatly aided in getting the company back onto its feet. What also helped was the massive government subsidies President Eisenhower gave to the railroads in his Transportation budgets.
The merger movement was stirring as systems attempted to cut costs and streamline operations in the face of declining traffic and strict government regulations. The NYC's first consideration was the Baltimore & Ohio for its southern markets. They did strength relations during the mid-1950s and have since remained closer partners, but it did not completely go through when it was pointed out that the B&O's control of the Lehigh Valley, along with a few rail lines in the Midwest, would make for a few rail lines that were redundant and therefore would have to be sold off. In response, the NYC instead went to buy the Virginian Railroad in the Virginias in 1958, which expanded their coal traffic to Roanoke and Norfolk. Also purchased at the time was the Western Maryland, which extended the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad to Baltimore, MD in 1960. It also sold off the latter's line from Hagerstown, MD to Shippensburg, PA to the B&O so it could better link with the former Reading at Harrisburg. During the 1970s, the NYC began work on trying to electrify much of their mainline like what the Pennsylvania Railroad was doing. Their first part would be connection the wires in Cleveland and Harlem together. Which was completed quickly by having two crews from each end working together to finish the job, which was completed by June 1975. Shortly after that, the NYC expanded their electrification scheme further by going west to Chicago via Toledo and South Bend, and finished that in July 1979.
In the 1980s, it also acquired a number of smaller lines and built new ones to extend a new route through Vermont and New Hampshire to Montreal and Ottawa and then north into the mineral-producing regions of Quebec and massively expanded its West Virginia secondary from Columbus, Ohio to Charleston and Deep Water, West Virginia, gunning (successfully) for some of the coal traffic that the Pennsylvania and the Chesapeake & Ohio (aka the Chessie System) were feasting on. Further electrification would lead to the Western Maryland line from Cleveland to Cincinnati being electrified by 1988, along with the re-routing of the Chicago-Indianapolis route in the Midwest via Gary and Valparaiso in 1990. In 1993 it also sold the secondary line from Peoria, IL to Springfield, OH to the Chessie System. Lastly, the line from Terre Hautte to Evansville was sold off the Canadian National along with the line to Cairo, IL.
Unlike the Pennsylvania or Chessie, the Central does not have much of a steam excursion program to speak off. But it does willingly host quite a few mainline steamers on its system. Of particular note are the engine located at the Elkhart & Western Railroad Museum. Which was formed out of a large chunk of the NYC's former yards in Elkhart, IN. Among these are Dreyfuss Hudson 4-6-4 #5454, Niagara 4-8-4 #6012, and Mohawk 4-8-2 #3138. Other engines from across the country like other Hudsons and Mohawk #3001, but none more so than those three.