The Richelieus? Small but significant . The French had to shave some armor off Gascogne to try and achieve the same displacement: 10mm off the belt, 20mm off the magazine deck, and 10mm off the machinery deck. Some of this weight saved went into another pair of 100mm mounts, and despite the reductions Gascogne was expected to be about 500 tons heavier than Richelieu. So somewhere between 500 and 1000 tons - I don't know how to do weight calculations for deck armor - which is pretty significant on a tight treaty-limited design.
The Nelsons? A lot. The Royal Navy penned a 35,000-ton treaty battleship in the late 20s when the building holiday was still expected to end 1931 with no further caliber restrictions. I don't have all the details, but on 35,000 tons, despite advances in machinery weight, it was no faster, had thinner belt armor, and one less 16" gun. That it had another half-inch of deck armor over the machinery, and 8 4.7" AA in between-decks twins rather than six in open pedestals is nowhere near enough to compensate. Overall, I'd guesstimate anywhere from 1500-2000 tons saved overall; the new ship's belt might have been thinner but I believe it was longer. If the belt is overall lighter that's even more weight saved.
As for how many battleships suffered turret face penetrations - maybe Bismarck, Scharnhorst, and Gneisenau. Otherwise the list is mostly battlecruisers at Jutland.
Edit: If you'll accept predreadnoughts, Fuji and possibly Mikasa and Peresvet at Yellow Sea. Oslyaba and Suvorov suffered knocked-out turrets at Tsushima but that was probably blast effect rather than penetration. Dunkerque at Mers-El-Kebir and Retvizan at Yellow Sea also took turret face hits that didn't penetrate.
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