Heres part one of the Middle East Chapter, approved by Napo. Part Two should be up soon.
Oh I don't think I mentioned this, but the flag of Iraq IITL form the last chapter was made by me. Just thought I'd mention that.
Anyways, enjoy.
THE MIDDLE EAST
Part One
Islamic Republic of Turkey
The Islamic Republic of Turkey was born out of a political crisis in the Turkish Republic following the death of the republic’s first Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha on June 8, 1915. Shortly before his death, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha named one of his right hand men and his and the republic's first Prime Minister Mehmed Talaat Pasha as his successor, with the title Grand Vizier. Talaat Pasha, a Liberal-Republican like Muhtar Pasha, ascended to become Grand Vizier a day after Muhtar Pasha's death. However, almost as soon as he got into office, Talaat Pasha (*) got into tense conflicts with the Islamist Prime Minister and leader of the Islamist faction, the charismatic Elvan Terzi Pasha, a former general in the Ottoman Army. Relations had already been tense between the two men and factions due to their near opposite political views, and also due to the fact that Terzi Pesha had defeated Talaat Pasha for the office of Prime Minister back in 1908, the latter particularly bitter over his loss.
(*Ahmed Muhtar Pasha and Mehmed Talaat Pasha are real, but the other Turkish leaders are fictional)
Aside from tension with the Islamists, the first year of Talaat Pasha's Liberal administration was mostly quiet. However in the 1916 Parliamentary elections, a number of Islamist politicians gained many new seats, with a few of the Nationalists making modest gains as well. The Islamists were now a true force to be reckoned with. The reason why the Islamists--and to a lesser degree the nationalists--were so successful was due to the fact that many Turks, both prominent and common, were disillusioned the state of the country was in and how little progress was made toward rebuilding prosperity and stability since the Empire's fall. Many were also angry at the republic's perceived turn to Western ideals and a turn away from traditional Turkish and Muslim values. Some even favored a restoration of the Caliphate. Due to the power of the Islamists, elections for a new Grand Vizier were called for in January of 1917. For the election, the Islamisits under Terzi Pasha went into a coalition with the Nationalists, the latter fascists whom borrowed many ideals from the fascist states of the Balkans, as both parties quickly discovered they had similar political views. Terzi Pasha won the election and also won the office of Grand Vizier. As a result, Terzi Pasha became Grand Vizier and Prime Minister of Turkey at the same time. With this new power, he declared that a new constitution would soon be drafted. The said constitution was officially ratified in October of 1917; combining the offices of Grand Vizier and Prime Minister into one office of "Grand Leader" of which Terzi Pasha was the first of, and turning Turkey into a fascist Islamic theocracy. The Islamic Republic of Turkey was born. Just two months later, Terzi Pasha declared himself Caliph of Islam, a claim which some in the Middle East recognized and also a claim which most did not.
Turkey now became the first fascist state in the Middle East. While elections still existed, they were purely symbolic, and they all but ended by around 1930 when Terzi Pasha had most of the nation in his pockets anyway, with all other factions being reduced to nothing. The country was strictly Islamic, under Sharia law, and against any forms of social progressivism. Non-Muslims were also made second class citizens by a number of government decrees issued through 1918 and 1919. In the late 1910's and early 1920's the Islamist/fascist government of Turkey continued to deal with the question of minorities, but this time once and for all. Towns with a large or medium sized numbers of minorities were segregated between Muslims and non-Muslims, and large numbers of Turkish Army units were sent to these towns to prevent minorities from acting out against the Turkish/Muslim majority. Lastly, all separatist parties were banned. One particular threat in Terzi Pasha's eye was the relatively new Zionist movement. The movement, founded around 1905 by a Rhinish Rabbi, historian and writer named Anshel Mendelsohn, advocated a return of the Jewish people to the Holy Land of Palestine. The ideology became quite popular amongst a number of European Jews, but by 1920, only about 30% of Jews came to believe in the ideology, with Rabbis against the new Zionist movement still having most of the authority and influence in Jewish communities worldwide. Still, the movement was seen a threat by the Turkish government and quickly subdued. While the Turk's sought to suppress the minorities in the Levant, genocide was not on their agenda, and they just wanted the hold onto the Levant for prestige and power. Still, most major European powers, including Pope Innocent IX and his Papal successors, condemned these persecutions due to their abuse and reduction of Christian peoples and defiance of the Treaty of Antioch. This outcry against the Islamic Republic of Turkey (IRT) would not lead to any war, as European Powers were more concerned elsewhere, but would lead to sympathy between the European powers and the suppressed peoples, with many nations gladly accepting refugees from the region. Subsequently, during the 1920's and 1930's, the Islamic Republic of Turkey went on a large scale military reform program and general buildup of armed forces, as the army was a large priority for Terzi Pasha. A number of new landships, artillery and state-of-the-art guns were purchased from the Prussian Empire, a lukewarm supporter of the IRT due to Turkey's recently begun rivalry with the pro-Tripartite Empire Egyptian Empire. Over the years these new technologies would see the Turkish army make quite some progress in size and power.
However, this would not stop the IRT from losing the Egypto-Turkish War (1939-1944), a war which saw the death of Terzi Pasha, the loss of all of Turkey's land in the Levant to the Egyptian Empire, and Terzi Pasha's successor as Grand Leader Barış Bardakçı being forced to renounce the title of Caliph of Islam. After Turkey's humiliating loss in the war, Grand Leader Bardakçı turned his country's policies inward while still keeping Turkey a fascist and fundamentalist state, focusing on internal issues rather than foreign ones, as he knew Turkey could no longer be an important player in the world of Middle Eastern politics. With almost no more minorities to persecute, the government instead began to blame Turkey's many foreign enemies for its problems, and just left it at that. As a result Turkey became an increasingly isolationist state, and remained neutral in the Great War, due to the fact that though the IRT was sympathetic to Prussia and the Grand Alliance, it could not compete with any of the LOR states in the region, did not want to ally with the hated Greece, and could not compete with the potential threat of Russian invasion. As such, Barış Bardakçı remained in control of his backwater and isolationist nation well into the 1960's, when his all time worse nightmare, a Russian invasion, went and came true.
Sublime State of Persia
By the 20th century, Persia was a very weakened nation, and was no longer a power to be reckoned with in the Middle East. It was but a quiet and troubled backwater, with their centuries-old enemy, mighty Russia and its hordes, always looming threateningly on the horizon.
This process of decline first began back in the in the 17th Century, but the most major blow to Persian power was Persia's loss of the Third Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) to the Russian Empire. As a result of this loss, Persia was forced to hand over a number of disputed territories to the Russian Empire. A famine in the early 1870's further weakened the nation, and then in 1892 the Fourth Russo-Persian War (1892-1895) broke out soon after Mad Czar Viktor came to power. When the Russians invaded Persia, entire towns were massacred and other genocidal and near genocidal policies were used by the Russian invaders with impunity. Scorched earth tactics were heavily used as well, leading to much Persian land being ruined for decades to come. By the time of the 1893 "Moscow Coup" against Czar Viktor, the Persians had started to put up a resistance to the invasion, and the Russian soldiers, not far from Tehran, withdrew hastily from Persia, seeing the conflict as hopeless and as little more than the idea of a mad and psychopathic monarch. Russia however, was able to hold on to Afghanistan and Baluchistan, two nations conquered by Russia in two other separate conflicts.
The Battle of Kashmar during the Russo-Persain War, by Anton Pugatov, 1901
However in Persia, the damage was done. In 1895, the war officially ended when Russian (now representing the Russian Republic) and Persian diplomats signed the Treaty of Samarkand. Persia lost no territory, but Persia had to recognize the neighboring kingdoms of Afghanistan and Baluchistan as Russian Protectorates. Persia reluctantly gave in. In truth, this made Russia even more of a threat to Persia, as Russia now had a warm water ports, the largest of them being in the town of Pasni (In the following years Russian Republican Navy ships would begin patrolling much of the Indian Ocean with their already established Imperial and Prussian counterparts). With much destroyed land, villages and resources, Persia would be in an economic pit for years to come. All the blame fell on the Persian Shah, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, who was assassinated by a disgruntled and insane Persian veteran on January 9, 1895. Persia continued to remain in this state of decline and irrelevance during the reigns of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (1895-1907) and Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (1907-1925). During the reign of the latter, a number of rebellions, led by followers of Muslim Modernism, a movement advocating for a synthesis of the Islamic religion with modern, progressive values, in 1907, 1913 and 1919. Then in 1925, Ahmed Shah Qajar came to the throne, and found a complete mess on his hands. As a result on January 5, 1926, a constitution, with some small inspiration from Islamic Modernism, was adopted. However by this time it was too little too late for the Sublime State of Persia.
In the following years the new Shah attempted to reform and modernize the military and modernize the countries peasantry, with mixed results. Persia's main ally was the Tripartite Empire, a nation eager to befriend any nation hostile to Russia, a long-time and increasingly tense rival of the Empire. The Empire supplied Persia with some landships and naval vessels, but these would end up doing little in the long run, as most would be neglected and mishandled in the years to come. Persia remained a backwater with a less-than-wonderful economy and second-rate military for decades to come. Ahmed Shah Qajar died in 1954, a year before the Great War, and was succeeded by his son, Fereydoun Mirza Shah Qajar. However little changed for Persia, and the nation was just as week as ever. When the Russians and Persians went to war for a Fifth time, it would also be for the last time....
Arab Republic of Iraq and Free State of Kurdistan
In the years after its independence, the Arab Republic of Iraq had a promising future. It had a reasonably democratic government, and was the main state in the Middle East adhering to and spreading the popular ideology of Arab nationalism. As a result, many Arab nationalists in other nations looked to Iraq with hope. Iraq itself developed greatly during its first twenty five years of independence, and President Abdulrashid was so popular he was elected again and again, running so many times knowing that without him the nation would potentially be a very unstable one.
However, things came to a head on May 30, 1929, when President and founder Nadir Abdulrashid died of a heart attack at the age of 80. After a brief power struggle, he was succeed by Iraqi Army General Hammed Saab, the hero of Iraq's war of independence against the Ottomans, and a son of the famed Arab-Ottoman General Saddam Sabb, the latter known for his campaigns during the Balkan Wars (*). Saab steered Iraq into a authoritarian direction, and Saab used this new power to go through with a series of reforms in the bureaucracy, army, urban infrastructure and communications, among others, all of which would greatly benefit Iraq in the long run. All the while President Saab would stay true to the Pan-Arab Ideology. Despite turning Iraq into an authoritarian dictatorship, he never turned Iraq into a fascist nation, and was willing to cooperate with non-Arab nations to meet his goals and ideals.
(*Saddam Saab was a character from Napoleons other timeline, American King II. I decided to have him here just for the hell of it. For the record, Adelphos Demetrios, who was mentioned in the Fall of the Ottoman Empire update, was a character from Napoleon's first incarnation of the American King timeline)
Saab on October 25, 1950 after a long illness, and was succeded by his son Muhammad Saab, who immediately held elections, which he lost to a a young politician and businessman named Adnan El-Amin. With the El-Amin presidency, Iraq returned to being a more or less democratic state, and the country continued to be stable. El-Amin would remain president well into the 1960's, and it was also during his term that Iraq became a close ally with one power in the region which took quite a liking to Pan-Arabism, this nation being none other than the Egyptian Empire.
Meanwhile, the Free State of Kurdistan gradually evolved into a fascist state. Grand Leader Bahman Muhammad's regime, with its strong Kurdish nationalist rhetoric and hostility to most of its neighbors, particularly Turks and Arabs, began turning fascist by the mid-1920's, when the nation was on the brink of civil war between Bahman Muhmmad's Nationalists and a number of other factions. Bahman Muhammad himself took inspiration from other fascist nations such as Greece and Romania, and at that same time began to model his country's government on theirs. In the coming years, the Kurdish Military, however small, doubled as the nations police force, and non-Kurds were persecuted with impunity. Despite this, Kurdistan was an isolated and backwater nation, its only true friend being with the weakened Sublime State of Persia, a friendship which amounted to almost nothing. The fascist government in Kurdistan lasted well into the 1960's, Bahman Muhammad having died in 1947, his successor Said Bidisi, a former general and old friend of the old Grand Leader. It was during the leadership of Grand Leader Bidisi, in the latter years to be more exact, that Kurdistan would finally have an ally, albeit it one it was completely subservient to, this ally being the Russian Republic.