The Lords of War
Denmark and Sweden had been in deep disagreement for years, the Swedes was angry over the Danish Sound Dues, and the Danish was angry over the establishment of Elfborg (Gothenburg) as a way around the dues and to even large extent angry over Swedish blockage of Narva and to...
You need paper before the printing press become useful, pergaments is to expensive for printing presses and papyrus is hard to mass produce. Of course paper aren't that hard to make, so you could handwave a accidental discovery.
With the use of zero you have come a long way, it also make it easier to develop fractions, which is necessary for precent calculation. Of course the Roman tax system is something of a problem, because it was more random state sponsored robberies than modern taxation. With fractions you can make...
It have little effect at low numbers like eleven, but let's take 88 it would with Roman numerals be LXXXVIII (50+10+10+10+5+1+1+1), while in this system it would be "WW" (88), so at high numbers this system become much easier to use.
Yes there was some tolerance for people of the book, but if you were pagan there was zero tolerance, and most people in the areas, which is suggested to convert is pagans. As súch Islam in Northern Europe would be de facto be as intolerant of other faiths as Christianity.
...and why should the Saxons and Danes care more about the trade with the Arabs than their neighbours the Franks.
Christianity: the only rules forced on the Pagans was zero tolerance for other faiths and no human sacrifices.
Islam: Zero tolerance for other faiths, no human sacrifices, no...
Because the first German settler in "Hungary" who settled in the middle of Slovakia was Saxon miners, as such the following groups of German settlers, just got called the same as the firsts.
It would have large effects, the Ottoman threat shaped Germany, had major effect on Habsburg-Bourbon rivalry and the Habsburg's reaction on Protestantism.
It seem that the Teutonics was invited to Prussia in 1222 just before the POD. A interesting aspect is the German settlers. In Transsylvania they seem to have mostly from the upper Rhineland (Franks and Swabians), while in Prussia and Livonia they were mostly from Lower Saxony (Saxons) with some...
There would be a significant lack of benefit in converting, it wouldn't give them the bureaucracy which Chritianity offered, it would force on them alien and non-sensible rules and mores. In fact outside Indonesia only Nomadic groups ever mass converted to Islam. Islam tended to spread through...
Of course another element is what is happening in the Baltic states? Will we see the Teutonic dominate that too, or will the Livonian Order stay separate from the Teutonics, will the Poles invite the Teutonics to Prussia? It seem that they already did it before the Knights was thrown out of...
I personal don't think the Ottomans the Ottoman is a large problem in fact they may offer the perfect oppotunity for a grand master to make his possessions a secular fief. Maybe with the earlier hit, the Transsylvanian Teutonics could adopt some kind of heresy, maybe a kind of proto-Lutheranism...
The players
For Christian IV gaining Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a triumph, which was only getting better, because his brother Ulrich the Older now duke of rump Mecklenburg-Güstow (and bishop of Schleswig, Ratzeburg and Schwerin) looked unlikely to marry, he enjoyed his barchelor life to much. But...
There's also the pretty big deal being neighbours to people who can crush you, and who intensely hate you, and if ten million Germans is ethnic cleansed in West Germany to create state for 1-2 million Jews, you are going to see Nazism stay rather popular.
More or less all the suggestion for a...