1600s:
By the early 1600s, Persia, free of the Mongols, was a decent power again, under a native Persian Muslim dynasty. In 1609, Ibrahim Khel, an Afghan nobleman, joined the Shahs army. Khel gained experience fighting the Mongol Khanates to the north, many now Muslim. When the Persians lost against the Ottomans, seeing their enemies gain Azerbaijan, public opinion turned against the ruling dynasty, and, in 1633, Khel, now a general, was raised to the title of Shah by his comrades. Under Ibrahims rule, the Persians focused on eastward expansion. Being a Pashtun, Khel expected hard fighting in the mountains, and he was right. However, throughout that century, the Persian banner was raised throughout the Hindu Kush.
The 1600s also saw the Western Schism. With Rome taken by the Ottomans, many began to think of the Pope as a puppet of the Holy Roman Emperor. The first nation to leave the Catholic Church was Poland, historical enemy of Germany. King of Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia Stanisław III, beleiving the Pope was on the side of the Germans in a border dispute, set up an anti-Pope. By the middle of the century, National Catholicism had taken hold as a religion in that country. Despite vehement opposition to the Pope, there was little difference between the religions.
With the Pope now in Germany, and a series of strong Emperors under the House of Brandenburg, the Holy Roman Empire began on the road to centralization. Between 1620 and 1680, the Wars of Unification were fought, in which the House of Brandenburg managed to form a tight, centralized Kingdom. This move to solidify the Emperor, however, also managed to break the feudal system, and, these days, the middle class and literacy are growing.
In 1639, the King of Burgundy, Robert IV, threatened to leave the Catholic Church, sending France and Germany against it. The wars of religion then began, pitting the Anti-Papist powers of Burgundy, Scotland, Ireland, and Poland against Germany, France, and England with Portugal-Castile and Aragon sometimes joining in. In 1670, these wasr ended under the Treaty of Warsaw, with the Pope remaining around, but the anti-Papist powers now having their own churchs.
Despite this fighting, the European powers still managed to colonize Ringmannia. During the first half of the century, most of the powers attempted to colonize the area called the Centre Mar, where plantations were set up on the islands, and further south, on the Southern part of Ringmannia. Fighting between privateers and mercenaries was quite common until 1670, when the Treaty of Warsaw ended territorial disputes there, but the south of Ringmannia still was a jumble of claims.
Starting in the second half of the century, colonization of the northern part of Ringmannia began. There, the English, French, and Scots settled the eastern seaboard. However, the settlement here was different than in other colonies. Here, whole families moved, as opposed to simply a man. However, these colonies were not as successful immediately, though cotton did become an important crop with high demand in Europe. The Castilo-Portuguese, at first, appeared to have been unlucky. They were only left with a few colonies in the far north, only home to trappers and missionaries. Then, they discovered a river they called the Mississippi. Up the river they settled, importing slaves to work on plantations. The settlement here was a mix of the northern and southern Ringmannian styles.
One distinctly different place during this era is the island of Saint John-Baptiste, discovered by a French explorer, and named after a Saint he liked. The French King held the island as his private domain until 1695, when he gave it to the Pope after a crisis in which there was fear of France leaving the church. The island, controlled by the Pope, well actually the Archbishop of Ringmannia.
Settlement of the Ringmannian continent requires European settlers, but also involves many Africans. Europeans, at first, tried to enslave local natives, but many died of disease, so a new labor force was brought in. Africans. Each year, thousands of Africans are brought to the Americas and bought and sold as human property. It has acquired a disturbing racial sense in the north.
In other parts of the world, a Scottish ship captain, John Hamilton, managed to circumnavigate the world in 1636. Hamilton discovered Hamiltons Bay (OTL San Francisco Bay) after going north from Burgundian Tlatoya. Further expeditions were sent there, and a Scottish colony was set up around the Bay, with the capitol at Oakland. As the century went by, the Scots moved north, setting up colonies there. They had a lot of land there, but it was useless. But the Scots kept settling, despite that.
The Ottomans continued their expansion, as could be expected. Under a few lucky sultans, they took Egypt and began to move across the northern part of Africa. By the end of the century, though, they were done with expansion in Africa until the 19th century. In the late part of that century, they turned their attention to Arabia, working down the coasts, adding the interiors as vassals, a process that was not finished until after 1800. They also fought a few wars against the Germans, who were attempting to reclaim Rome for the Pope.
A decline of a major state also occurred during this century. For centuries, China, the Middle Kingdom, had been a major power, though it had little outside influence in recent years. In 1632, the Ming Emperor, considered incompetant, was overthrown by a Manchurian nobleman from the north. The new Qing dynasty attempted to conquer all of China, but governments loyal to the old Ming Emperor remained in the south. This group was called the Southern Ming, and their leader was based in Guangzhao. The Southern Ming kept up the fight until around 1690, when a truce was agreed to after near 60 years of fighting.
The islands to the east, collectively known as Japan, had a bad century. Since the 1500s, Europeans had been trading. However, in the 1640s, Japanese Shoguns thought acquiring European firearms would be a good thing. They were wrong. They merely invited European colonialism. Proxy-fighting as part of the Wars of Religion reached Japan, where, by 1700, almost the entire population was Christian. The Scots managed to take the north with the assistance of the Tartary Company. From there, they expanded into Siberia.