I've made some additions and changes.
Kingdom of Jutland
On meeting with stiff resistance by rival tribes and being unable to establish strongholds in the island of Britain, the Jutes began to move northward, invading Sweden and Norway. They made alliances with the related tribe of the Geats. The Jutish kings were able to become dominant and eventually formed a strong kingdom, lending their name to the entire region. The Jutish kings were eventually overcome by other tribes, but the name of Jutland remained.
Kingdom of Denmark
The Danes emigrated from Zealand into Jutland, then to Britain en masse in the 8 th and 9 th centuries in such numbers that they were able to gain control of the entire island, which became known as Dane-land, or Denmark. The Norse moved west instead of east, so the Finns moved east instead, displacing the Russians. The Angles moved south instead of west.
United Kingdom of Britain, Gascony and Pyrenesia
Under pressure from Danes and other Germanic tribes, many Britons emigrated to Brittany and were able to establish strongholds there between 500-900. In later centuries they moved into Gascony and the Pyrenees mountains regions.
Kingdom of Monaco
Monaco was named for a shrine to Hercules, on the coast of Galicia, which became a major tourist attraction, site of an abbey similar to OTL Cluny. Over the next 800 years, the local rulers gradually became predominant in the region.
Confederation of Switzerland
Some of the Swiss emigrated northward into Germany and married into powerful families. The Swiss mercenaries became quite powerful, abandoned their neutrality and began to conquer territories to the north and west.
United Kingdom of Sicily and the Isles
Starting in the tenth century, the rulers of Sicily began to marry into Lombard families and by 1200 began to take over militarily, forming a strong, centralized monarchy by 1500.
Kingdom of Transcarpathia
This kingdom was established in 1292, expanded northward across the Carpathian mountains, but lost the territories to the north during the Succession Wars in 1808-1822. The name has been kept. The Succession Wars dealt with the succession to the thrones of Britain, Monaco, Sicily, Transcarpathia and Romania, whose kings had all died in in the two-year period of 1807-1809.
Confederation of the Rhine
An alliance of rulers formed in 1810 in response to the successful expansion of the Swiss Confederation, it didn't last long. The eastern members left the confederation during and after the Succession Wars, and their territories were later absorbed into Britain, the Swiss Confederation, Monaco or the kingdom of Sicily. But the name remained, the western part of the Confederation survives, and is dominated by a Slovakian family.
United Socialist Republic of the Democratic Monarchy of Romania
The king claims a lineal and political descent from the Byzantine emperors. The efforts at socialism are modestly successful.
Empire of Finland
In response to expansion by the Jutes, the Finns emigrated eastward, overcame the early, weak dukes of Moscovy and Kiev, and continued expanding their empire. The Pechkeneg nomads moved north and defeated many of the Rus in battle. Some of the Finn aristocracy married into Mongol clans after some of the Mongols converted to the Finnish Orthodox Church.
An ancient king, reputed to be the first king of Finland, was Tapio, the Ruler of the Forest; his wife was named Tellervo. He defeated the Swedes and established boundaries between his realm and the realm of the Swedes. His son was Kauko; his name means "far away". He set down rules of succession and other laws which supposedly formed the basis of the Finnish government and legal system.
United Empire of Albania
The Albanians never left the Caucasus, blocked by surrounding tribes. They were able to defeat the Armenians, who emigrated west into Byzantine territory.
Kingdom of Armenia
The Byzantine empire split up in civil wars beginning in the 700s, finally ending in 1225, conquered by the Armenians. The Armenians held off Turkish intrusions, and the Ottoman empire never rose.
Kingdom of Georgia
Under pressure from the Armenians, Albanians and Turks, the Georgians emigrated east and south, taking advantage of Persian civil wars, and overthrowing a succession of Persian potentates. They finally gained important ports on the Persian Gulf and established an.empire which lasted from 1777 to 1919. At the end of the Eurasian War, the empire was carved up and replaced by a constitutional monarchy.
Socialist Republic of Pakistan
India was a part of the Georgian Empire for a time, though parts had been colonized by the Swiss in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its independence was arranged in the negotiations after the Eurasian War. The present government was established in 1927, a modern state, imposing minority Pakistani rule on a majority Indian population. The government is being pressured to make reforms and establish a new constitution.
The Eurasian War was a general world war which lasted from 1919-1924; similar to OTL WW I.
Sultanate of Turkey
The Huns were more successful against the Chinese and didn't expand much beyond E. Asia. They also invaded Japan and concentrated their efforts against the Japanese. The Turks also proved a more formidable obstacle to the Huns, another reason the Huns didn't move west until later. The Armenians and Albanians were able to hold off Turkish invasions, and the Turks held onto parts of Central Asia. They were able to hold onto important ports on the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Azov. By the time the Finns reached the area, the Turks were strong enough to defend their territories.
Kingdom of Bulgaria
The Bulgars never left their homeland because they were more successful in battles against the Gokturks and others. They proved a stubborn obstacle to the Turks, who didn't expand very far westward, and never made it to Anatolia.
The Bulgarians never moved west, being successful against the Turks and unsuccessful against the Armenians and Albanians. The modern state was carved out of the former Georgian Empire.
Kingdom of Afghanistan
A group of expatriate Afghans, wanting their own kingdom and exiled from their homelands during the Eurasian War, were able to gain control of a large territory carved out of the former Georgian empire during the war, and insisted on autonomy and independence. In doing so, they opened up trade relations with their neighbors and the kingdom has become successful and prosperous.
Kingdom of Iraq
A modern state, carved out of the Georgian Empire.
Kingdom of Yemen
A modern state, carved out of the Georgian Empire and local emirates in the 1920s.
United Arab Emirates
An effort to unify North Africa against European encroachment and economic dominance, established in 1919, they have become modernized politcally and have been able to use their resources quite effectively. Since 1980 they have been developing solar power and geothermal technologies.
Republic of Libya
A modern, secular state, put together in 1925 by Westernized Arabs and Orientalists from Eastern Europe. This replaces the former Egyptian kingdom which had become increasingly ineffective. The change of name was part of an effort to clear away the problems of the past and introduce entirely new ideas and traditions.
Federation of Cameroon
The Mali Empire dominated the region first, centered around Timbuktu. After its collapse, it was replaced by the Songhai empire, centered on the city of Gao. It was first colonized by the British, then the Danes, and finally the Monacoans, who gave the country its independence in 1970. The name comes from the Portuguese Rio de Camarões ("River of Shrimps"), given to a local river by explorers in the 15th century.
Republic of Tasmania
Dries Wim de Tasman was a Dutch explorer and entrepreneur who around 1820 successfully set up the means to exploit the region's resources to their fullest. The population of 18 million is divided equally between native Africans and descendants of European settlers. The Europeans control about 90 percent of the wealth, but the native Africans are beginning to make progress.
United Democratic Republic of Liberia
Another nation established by a cabal of Europeans from various states in the 1870s, the name was chosen to make the Africans believe they would be granted freedom and equality under the Europeans' rule. It has a population of 30 million. The 15 million of European extraction also control 90 percent of the wealth, but the Africans are beginning to make progress.
Kingdom of Ivoria
Established by Danes in the 1890s, popularly believed to be a major source of ivory.
Confederation of Gambia
British colonialists took natives from the Gambia River to help in the establishment of further colonies here, in the 1880s, and the name stuck.
Empire of Ghana
The king of Ghana was sent into exile by a British force. He asked the Danes for help, and they allowed him into territory they had conquered from the Ethiopians, and he set up his capital there. He ran the colony on behalf of the Danes, and after independence his family continues to run the country. Most of the wealth is still controlled by Europeans, but conditions were a little better than in other countries.
Empire of Ethiopia
Much of the Ethiopian territory to the north was lost in native and colonial wars in the nineteenth century, especially to the Danes. With the help of the British, they were able to take and hold some territories to the south and east.
United Confederation of Ecuador
Settled by explorers, traders and soldiers from Monaco, named for its equatorial position, its largest and strongest colony. Its society is divided into many levels according to race, ancestry, wealth. Everybody is given work. There has been little freedom, for the serfs, but that's improving. Despite the lack of freedom, the government does provide jobs and housing. Medical care is free for government workers and almost anyone can find some sort of job with the government, though many are low-paying and low-skill. It's difficult but possible to advance.
United States of America
The name America is from the Greek:
A- not
meristos - divided
The southernmost region was colonized by Danes, British and Swiss beginning around 1800, and gold was quicky discovered. The colonists were dissatisfied with how they were treated by the governments, and influenced by philosophers of the time, declared independence. The Danish, British and Swiss colonists agreed to cooperate and they made alliances with other European governments. They took advantage of the Succession Wars and declared their independence in 1807. The war lasted until 1810, and ended with a treaty which granted independence and established trade agreements. In winning the war, the colonists enlisted the help and support of the natives, who were, a few decades later, eventually given full citizenship and equal rights. It was the first nation to ban slavery, though discrimination and friction still exists. Indentured servitude was a problem for a time.
Kingdom of Laos
The first major kingdom in the region of OTL Laos was Nanzhao, which began around 500 and fell around 1400. The next kingdom was Lan Xang, established in 1354 by Fa Ngum. It is also known as the "Land of A Million Elephants". They invaded and conquered most of Thailand during a period of civil war in the 1720s, and at times dominated Vietnam. In 1802 a new dynasty emerged and renamed the nation, Laos. The boy king of Thailand declined to fight a war against Laos and signed a treaty allowing the annexation of his kingdom.
Khanate of Mongolia
The Mongols conquered China in 1280, 1587, 1740 and 1917. The Khanate has changed borders and dynasties many times over the years. They also hold enclaves in Japan, Siberia and other places.
Empire of China
The Chinese Ying Dynasty fell in 1919, but the Mongols found resistance so fierce that they agreed to a partition of territories, and allowed a new dynasty, the Liang, to be established in the north.
Kingdom of Vietnam
Over the past thousand years, Vietnam has gained and lost territory to Laos, Mongolia, China and the Malays. The current borders were established after the end of the Vietnamese War in 1929, in which the Malays lost most of their territory.
Kingdom of Indonesia
In the 1400s the Indonesians made contact with the Australians and New Guineans and began trading spices. Gold was discovered, and the Indonesians held onto the territory. In constant wars with Vietnam, much territory was lost to the west but held in the east.
United Kingdom of Korea, Japan and Vietnam
During the 19th century, the Japanese empire had been expanding and modernizing, but was defeated in the Pacific War of 1915-1918. It has been divided among neighboring countries, and the borders are in a constant state of flux, due to military conflicts as well as bribes, business deals and other political maneuverings. The country is highly unstable, in constant feuds with neighboring countries. The name is more wishful thinking and a propaganda tool than anything else.
Principality of Hong Kong
Established in 1721 as a pirate colony, a neutral zone for pirates of all nations to trade spices and other goods. The name means, `nice harbor'.
Confederation of New England
Discovered in 1770 by a Danish explorer whose family came from a region of Denmark called Anglia or England, he mapped the area and encouraged his family and friends to colonize the two islands, making it very profitable.
Kingdom of Samoa
The Samoans defeated the Hawaiians in the Great Pacific War of 1889-1892, during which time the island of Samoa was devastated by firebombs from the Hawaiians' formidable zeppelin force. After the war the Samoans and moved their capital to Honolulu. The Samoans control most of the Pacific islands. The kingdom has been modernizing but the various ethnic groups still experience much friction.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Colonized in the 1820s by ethnic Russians from the Finnish empire, gold was discovered and they declared their independence. The word Soviet is from the Russian word for Council. Less ideologically stubborn than OTL USSR, they are still very exact, precise, known for their engineering. It is a modestly successful socialist oligarchy.
Federation of New Zealand
Colonized by Swiss of Dutch ancestry, the area was named after the Zealand province of the Swiss Confederation.
Empire of Brazil
The first colonies were Danish. It was named for the legendary realm of Huy Braesil, which had good connotations. It is actually a constitutional monarchy, and was given independence in the 1820s in exchange for their help in the Succession Wars.
Kingdom of New Caledonia
Settled by Scots, established to administer the Caledonian Canal. The ruler has the title of Laird, and is a descendant of the first Laird, a Scottish nobleman who was given the title by the King of Denmark in 1874. He sponsored the building of the canal and was allowed to be king in exchange for priveleges for the Danes.. His parliament consists of representatives of various ethnic groups rather than geographic provinces. It's a strong centralized monarchy.
Mayan Confederation
After the Inca empire collapsed in civil war, disaffected ethnic Mayans from other states moved to the former Inca empire and took over.
Federated Republic of Guinea
Many islands were colonized separately by many different European countries, finally united after 1925.
Kingdom of Portugal
During the War of the Portuguese Succession in 1798, the Portuguese king escaped to South America, where he re-established his kingdom. Many of the aristocracy came with him. After the war, the rest of Portugal was annexed by Monaco.
Republic of Chile
Established in 1880.
Kingdom of Australia
Established in 1880.
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