Back when the board was down, I searched the web looking for an palce to release my AH thoughts. I found http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=ISO-8859-1&group=soc.history.what-if . In the group I found this Intresting Timeline about an wetter warmer earth. Now that I am in contact with the writer who did come up with this let me repost it. So here goes nothing
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INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD OF THE EOCENE
The point of departure for the warmer, wetter earth (WWE) begins in the
Eocene Epoch (which lasted from 54 to 38 million years ago), during the
Early Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era , following the demise of the
dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and other dominant life forms of the Mesozoic. In
this essay I will first briefly explore the world of the Eocene, the
point to which this timeline and our timeline agree. Then, I will
discuss the point of departure and why it is important. Next, I will
compare what took place geologically and biologically speaking in our
world, and what could have occurred in this alternate planet. Finally, I
will show some of what this world might have been like at a time
corresponding to our present.
CLIMATE
The Eocene was similar in many ways to the Paleocene that preceded it.
It was a warm, tropical world, with high sea levels. Overall, global
climate ranged from warm to mild. Tropical palms flourished as far north
as the London Basin in Europe, and what would become Tennessee in our
time line was covered in dense rain forest. The fossil record attests to
the fact that
subtropical and warm temperate climates prevailed even farther north
than that, thanks to lemur, alligator, and large land tortoise fossils
from such localities as Wyoming and Nebraska. Though these northerly
rain forests and subtropical conditions were not as warm as the present
day tropics in OTL, they were maintained by greater rainfall amounts
that what occurs today in OTL. Also, there was no pronounced
seasaonality in the distribution of rainfall, and there was an absence
of winter frost.
GEOLOGY:
There were several "island continents," as North and South America were
not connected and India had not yet joined the main Asian landmass.
Africa was not connected with Asia. South America had just separated
from Australia, but Australia and Antarctica were still united.
Antarctica was more or less in its present day position at the South
Pole, but Australia was much
further south than it is in the present, still connected to Antarctica,
the remnants of Gondwanaland.
FAUNA:
Many modern mammal groups first appeared in the Eocene Epoch. The modern
hooved mamals -- Perrisiodactyls and Artiodactyls -- first appeared in
Europe, Asia, and North America. This group included early protohorses
(which had
more than one toe and were browsers rather than grazers), tapirs,
rhinoceroses, camels and several extinct groups such as the pig-like
antracoetheres, horse-like chalicotheres, and the rhino-like
titanotheres. With the exception of the huge titanotheres, most of these
groups remained small at first, often no larger than a modern domestic
cat. Rodents began to replace the ancient multituberclates, egg-laying
mammals around since the days of the dinosaurs, in the small, gnawing
mammal niche, though they did not completely replace them until the
Pliocene in OTL. Bats not unlike modern bats showed up in the fossil
record, as did primitive primates that were the ancestors of today's
lemurs. In effective isolation from the faunas of other continents,
Africa produced the ancestors of elephants, hyraxes, monkeys, and
strange extinct forms such as the rhinoceros like Embrithotheres. The
similar insular fauna of South America was a unique mixture of hoofed
mammals, edentates (a group that includes sloths and
anteaters), and marsupials. The mammals (and fauna in general ) of
Australia and Antarctica are generally unknown from this time, but it is
presumed that they were a mixture of marsupials and monotremes (an
ancient egg-laying group that still survives in OTL in the form of the
platypus and the echidna or spiny ant-eater).
In the oceans the first aquatic mammals, whales and sea cows, appeared.
The whales belonged the extinct group known as Archeocetes, and quickly
grew to huge sizes. Basilosaurus (once known as Zeuglodon), reached
lengths of 25 meters in length.
Several modern bird groups first appeared in the Eocene, such as eagles,
pelicans, quail and vultures. Giant flightless birds such as
Diatryiaformes and in South America the Phoruchusids appeared, their
huge hooked beaks, bipedal stance, and predatory ways evoking the long
vanished theropods of the Mesozoic.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
******
THE POINT OF DEPARTURE: THE CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT AND ANTARCTIC BOTTOM
WATER
In OTL, Australia and Antarctica separate. Antarctica doesn't move, but
Australia breaks off and moves north, continuing to move north even into
the present day. With a gap between Antarctica and the other continents
(and South America also not attached anymore), Antarctica becomes
encircled by the Southern Ocean, which flows for the most part in an
eastward direction. This global movement becomes powerful ocean currents
that circumflow the Antarctic, becoming known in OTL as the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current or simply the Circumpolar Current and forming about
25-35 million years ago. A massive current, it is said to carry 150
times the amount of water that is moved the world's rivers. The
Circumpolar Current is driven by strong westerly winds that circle the
world in the high latitudes. In OTL these powerful winds create some of
the most tempestuous seas in the world, known to sailors as the "roaring
forties," the "furious fifies," and the "screaming sixties." It is rare
in OTL not to encounter at lest one storm when sailing to or from the
southern continent. A shallower, less powerful counter circulation
known as the Eastwind Drift, immediately adjacent to the Antarctic,
moves pack-ice under its influence in a westerly direction.
This massively powerful current obviously serves to isolate Antarctica
from warmer temperate and tropical waters, never able to reach the
continent at all. As a result, the continent became cooler, encouraging
the formation of glaciers. Eventually, nearly all of the continent would
become glaciated in the late Tertiary. The massive ice sheets tied up
much of the world's moisture, and while not leading to an Ice Age, did
aid in global cooling via lowering world sea levels.
A portion of the extremely cold waters of the Southern Ocean, the
coldest and densest water on Earth, becomes Antarctic Bottom Water. It
sinks to the bottom of the sea and spreads out over the world's ocean
floors, causing the much of the deep ocean to be cooled to less than 2
degrees C. This cold water moderates much of the earth's climate,
beginning in earnest about 16 mya, counterbalancing the heat of the
tropics and over the remainder of the Tertiary and into the present led
to a overall global cooling trend.
Later on in the Tertiary, beginning about 15 to 17 mya, the glaciation
trend in Antarctic was enhanced by North Atlantic Deep Water. As North
America and Eurasia moved north and restricted the Arctic Oceans access
to warmer waters, causing ice to form there and a similar deep water
movement process as with Antarctica. This deep water moved south and
helped form snow on the southern continent, as previously it was
starting to lack moisture thanks to the colder but much drier waters
there.
In the WWE timeline, Antarctica and Australia do not separate.
Antarctica remains pretty much where it is in OTL, with Australia, still
attached to it, much further south than its present position. No
Circumpolar Current forms, and warm water is still able to reach
Antarctica and moderate its climate. No massive ice sheets form,
lowering global sea levels, and Antarctic Bottom Water does not become a
factor in world temperatures.
North Atlantic Deep Water will still be a factor perhaps in this ATL,
but as I mentioned before overall warmer temperatures globally may
moderate this. This might result in an increasing cold trend in
Antarctica, but then again it might not.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
******
OTL vs ATL:
CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY
In OTL, during the Oligocene Epoch, following the Eocene, the world
started a general cooling trend. Glaciers started to form for the first
time in Antarctica during the Cenozoic, a trend that continued unabated
to produce the nearly completely ice covered continent we have today. As
Antarctica was now isolated from Australia (and South America), the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which really got going so to speak in the
Miocene, significantly reduced the mixing of warmer tropical waters and
colder polar waters, and further led to the buildup of the Antarctic ice
cap.
The increase in ice sheets lead to a fall in global sea levels,
contributing to lower rain fall worldwide and a decline in tropical
climes. Rain forests and subtropical areas pulled further south and from
the interior of some continents (such as North America), and were
replaced by cooler woodlands and grasslands. Although there was a slight
warming trend in the late Oligocene, the cooling trend continued,
culminating in the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene.
During the Miocene, the island continent of India slammed into Asia,
pushing up the Himalayas and triggering a global cooling that was to
culminate in the Pleistocene Ice Ages. In North America the Rockies rose
in height, creating a rain shadow effect in the interior of the
continent and further favoring grasslands. The Andes rose at this time
as well, and had a similar though less pronounced effect in South
America. North America and Asia join and begin a faunal interchange.
Africa during the Miocene also encountered some tectonic movement,
including rifting in East Africa and the union of the African-Arabian
plate with Eurasia. Associated with this rifting, a major uplift in
East Africa created a rain shadow effect between the wet Central-West
Africa and dry East Africa. The union of the continents of Africa and
Eurasia caused interruption and contraction of the Tethys Sea, thereby
depleting the primary source of atmospheric moisture in that area. Thus
rainfall was
significantly reduced, as were the moderating effects of sea temperature
on the neighboring land climates. However, this union
enabled more vigorous exchanges of flora and fauna between Africa and
Eurasia.
In the Pliocene, a shift in the Caribbean tectonic plate brought about
the joining of North and South America, forming a land bridge for
mammals and other life forms to migrate across. The Mediterranean Sea,
the last remnant of the ancient Tethys Sea, dried out, and remained dry
plains, desert, and grassland for several million years. The Himalayas
continued to rise and accelerated global cooling. With the lower sea
levels cutting of the connection to the Atlantic (and crustal movements
obliterating the Indian Ocean connection), the sea dries out. With vast
amounts of salt locked up by the sea's evaporation, overall ocean
salinity is lowered, allowing sea ice to form further south (in the case
of the Arctic) and north (in the case of the Antarctic). Oceans overall
become colder as well, with colder air masses over them and less
rainfall as well on land.
During the entire Tertiary following the breakup of Antarctica and
Australia, Australia becomes increasing arid as it moves north.
Grasslands and then deserts, particularly starting in the Miocene,
become dominant over forest and jungle. The number of rainforests began
to decrease, to be replaced by dry forests and woodlands. The vegetation
began to shift from closed broad-leaved forests to more open, drier
forests as well as grasslands and deserts.
The late Cenozoic saw the rise of the Himalayas, as has been mentioned,
thanks to India joining Asia. The 2 km uplift of the Tibetan Plateau
blocked mid-latitude airflow in the Northern Hemisphere. Although still
subject to debate, it is likely that this factor may have been the
trigger or a trigger for the Pleistocene Ice Ages, though it seems
likely that the Ice Ages
required other events to occur as well along with it (such as colder
oceans and the like).
In the WWE, with Australia and Antarctica remaining connected and the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current not forming, glaciers do not form on the
southernmost continent. Antarctica remains as it was, a land of tundra
at is center surrounded by coniferous taiga, perhaps on the coast some
patches of hardwood forests. Antarctica is not isolated, and the cooler
polar waters mix freely with warmer tropical waters thanks to the
Australian connection. Australia, much further south than today, remains
moist and forested for the most part, with much smaller deserts and
grasslands than in OTL.
While India joined Asia and new mountain ranges rose (or in the case of
the Rockies old ones rose again), the changes they produced were much
less pronounced. The world of the ATL was as hot as the Eocene, not the
cooler world of our Miocene. While grasslands now start to form to a
limited extent, they are much less expansive then in our timeline, and
for the most part mild to tropical conditions prevail over the earth. It
is also possible that still much moisture earth could have moderate the
rain shadow effects in Africa produced by rifting there. While some rain
shadow effects would still occur, they would not be as pronounced, and
savanna and desert would not be as prevalent in Africa as they are
today.
North and South America and North America and Asia still join and the
Mediterranean Sea does not dry out as the connection between the virtual
inland sea and the Indian and Atlantic Oceans remains open. The reason
connections with the Atlantic were severed was because sea levels
dropped due to Antarctica ice sheet formation; this does not occur in
this timeline
(though the Indian Ocean connection still disappears). Large scale
evaporation does not occur, and the ocean's overall salinity is
unaffected, resulting in no net change in sea ice.
The rise of the Tibetan Plateau does not serve as a trigger to global
ice ages, though it may result in some cooling.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
*******
OTL vs ATL (continued):
FLORA:
In OTL the vegetation of the higher latitudes of Europe, Asia, and North
America changed with the global cooling and more arid conditions (as
compared with the Eocene). What had once been essentially broad-leaved
evergreen forest changed to temperate deciduous woodland of evergreen
and broad-leaved trees. The type of woodland once dominant in Eocene can
be seen in OTL only in a few isolated patches, such as the North Island
of New Zealand and the tip of the South Africa Cape. Grasses, which
first appeared in any great number in the Eocene, primarily as plants of
water margins, spread. As open habitats appear, they become more common
and thrive.
In the Miocene grasslands truly become a major ecosystem, and along with
savanna becoming major biomes on earth, with plants and animals adapting
and exploiting it. Following a cooling the Miocene, tropical forests
began to really retreat and more of the world experienced increased
seasonality. This change encouraged a diversification of modern
graminoids, especially grasses and sedges. This group of plants includes
our primary crop plants, such as corn, rice, wheat, barely, and sugar
cane, all of which appeared, expanded, and diversified with the spread
of grasslands.
In the WWE, the temperate woodland does not grow to become dominant, and
grasslands are more of a marginal environment. Though new grass species
do appear over the next few million years, they do not become as common
nor as varied as they do in OTL. With the rise of the Andes, Rockies,
and India joining Asia some grasslands start to appear in the Miocene,
but are nothing compared to what could be found in the Miocene of OTL.
Jungle and forest are still dominant ecosystems on land. While certain
that some of the grass and sedge species still appear, they have fewer
chances to become as diverse and common. Possibly one or more of the
modern grass crops does not evolve.
FAUNA:
In OTL, several groups of animals disappeared at the end of the Eocene,
such as the Dinocerata, the Archeoceti, while other groups become
greatly diminished in terms of species, such as the Titanotheres and the
creodonts. New mammals appeared and evolved to fill these gaps in the
Oligocene Epoch, such as the ancient ancestors of dogs, cats,
rhinoceroses (including small
slender running types and hippo-like semi-aquatic forms), and horses
(which were still out multi-toed forest browsers rather than grazers).
Probably the most important transition among terrestrial mammals
involved the artiodactyls (the even-toed ungulates) replacing to a large
degree the perrissodactyls at the dominant medium-sized herbivores.
These included the most common animals of the time, the sheep-like
oredoonts, which flourished in huge numbers. During the Oligocene
advanced forms of artiodactlys (the
first camels) developed a rumen, a complex fore-stomach that aided in
the digestion of cellulose. A great advantage in dealing with a fibrous
diet, this was an important evolutionary development in a world that was
become drier, cooler, and grassier. Grass is also very tough and
abrasive material, and herbivores like horses evolved very high-crowned
teeth to cope with the
wear.
As grasslands spread and become dominant in the Miocene, many animals
adapted to them. Horses became plains type animals as large as ponies.
The relatively slow and clumsy creodonts, perhaps better adapted to the
jungle, became replaced by the swift and intelligent cat and dog types
as the dominant predators. In the Miocene there were new species of
camels, rhinoceroses, anthropoid apes, and the appearance of mastodons,
raccoons, weasels, deer, and giraffe for the first time.
In the ATL, some of the groups will likely still diminish in importance
at least to a degree, such as the Archeoceti, as the evolutionary
pressures and advances that dictated their demise still likely exist.
However it is quite possible that there are much fewer or maybe no
extinctions at the end of the Eocene in the WWE, and niches aren't open
to be filled by rhinos and horses.
Certainly grasslands aren't forming to the degree they did in OTL for
them to exploit. Additionally, it is possible that rumens don't develop
in artiodactyls, nor do they become dominant as group, as grasslands are
not as common and don't encourage such evolutionary developments. If
grasslands do develop, they will develop much later on, perhaps in the
Miocene or
Pliocene, as those are the beginnings of the first grasslands in WWE
(whereas in OTL they are a dominant biome by that time). Likely some
grassland do form with the rise of the Rockies and the Andes.
Resultingly, such evolutionary features as rumens and high-crowned
teeth, if they do develop, appear much later in this world. Creodonts
manage to remain dominant predators for a much longer period of time,
but are still eventually replaced largely by modern carnivores, though
never become completely extinct as they do in OTL.
The later Tertiary of the ATL is dominated by primitive forms longer, in
some cases surviving to what corresponds to our present. Titanotheres
don't die out, as the global cooling and grassland formation that pushed
them into extinction doesn't occur to the degree that it did in OTL.
Horses never really develop into plains animals, though the Holocene of
this world does
see the first steps into that biome for this type of creature. Creodonts
remain a more powerful force in the ecosystem longer, and are only
gradually replaced by carnivores; in the present creodonts can still be
found. As carnivores were slow to develop, large predatory flightless
birds lasted a great deal longer as well, and can be found in wider
areas than in OTL. As rodents weren't able to expand with grasslands to
the degree that they did in OTL, multituberculates can still be found as
well. Ruminants appear much later in this ATL, and even by the present
time are still not as common as the older forms. Elephants did not
radiate or spread to the degree that they did in OTL, in some cases
finding their potential niches still filled by Titanotheres. Finally, as
Antarctica is a land of tundra and taiga rather than barren glacier, it
is home to a thriving terrestrial fauna. Large wombats, similar to the
Diprotodon of our world (which was a rhino-sized herbivore of
Pleistocene Australia) became big and woolly to cope with the cold.
Large migratory herds of kangaroos bound across the tundra, moving with
the seasons.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
****
INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD OF THE EOCENE
The point of departure for the warmer, wetter earth (WWE) begins in the
Eocene Epoch (which lasted from 54 to 38 million years ago), during the
Early Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era , following the demise of the
dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and other dominant life forms of the Mesozoic. In
this essay I will first briefly explore the world of the Eocene, the
point to which this timeline and our timeline agree. Then, I will
discuss the point of departure and why it is important. Next, I will
compare what took place geologically and biologically speaking in our
world, and what could have occurred in this alternate planet. Finally, I
will show some of what this world might have been like at a time
corresponding to our present.
CLIMATE
The Eocene was similar in many ways to the Paleocene that preceded it.
It was a warm, tropical world, with high sea levels. Overall, global
climate ranged from warm to mild. Tropical palms flourished as far north
as the London Basin in Europe, and what would become Tennessee in our
time line was covered in dense rain forest. The fossil record attests to
the fact that
subtropical and warm temperate climates prevailed even farther north
than that, thanks to lemur, alligator, and large land tortoise fossils
from such localities as Wyoming and Nebraska. Though these northerly
rain forests and subtropical conditions were not as warm as the present
day tropics in OTL, they were maintained by greater rainfall amounts
that what occurs today in OTL. Also, there was no pronounced
seasaonality in the distribution of rainfall, and there was an absence
of winter frost.
GEOLOGY:
There were several "island continents," as North and South America were
not connected and India had not yet joined the main Asian landmass.
Africa was not connected with Asia. South America had just separated
from Australia, but Australia and Antarctica were still united.
Antarctica was more or less in its present day position at the South
Pole, but Australia was much
further south than it is in the present, still connected to Antarctica,
the remnants of Gondwanaland.
FAUNA:
Many modern mammal groups first appeared in the Eocene Epoch. The modern
hooved mamals -- Perrisiodactyls and Artiodactyls -- first appeared in
Europe, Asia, and North America. This group included early protohorses
(which had
more than one toe and were browsers rather than grazers), tapirs,
rhinoceroses, camels and several extinct groups such as the pig-like
antracoetheres, horse-like chalicotheres, and the rhino-like
titanotheres. With the exception of the huge titanotheres, most of these
groups remained small at first, often no larger than a modern domestic
cat. Rodents began to replace the ancient multituberclates, egg-laying
mammals around since the days of the dinosaurs, in the small, gnawing
mammal niche, though they did not completely replace them until the
Pliocene in OTL. Bats not unlike modern bats showed up in the fossil
record, as did primitive primates that were the ancestors of today's
lemurs. In effective isolation from the faunas of other continents,
Africa produced the ancestors of elephants, hyraxes, monkeys, and
strange extinct forms such as the rhinoceros like Embrithotheres. The
similar insular fauna of South America was a unique mixture of hoofed
mammals, edentates (a group that includes sloths and
anteaters), and marsupials. The mammals (and fauna in general ) of
Australia and Antarctica are generally unknown from this time, but it is
presumed that they were a mixture of marsupials and monotremes (an
ancient egg-laying group that still survives in OTL in the form of the
platypus and the echidna or spiny ant-eater).
In the oceans the first aquatic mammals, whales and sea cows, appeared.
The whales belonged the extinct group known as Archeocetes, and quickly
grew to huge sizes. Basilosaurus (once known as Zeuglodon), reached
lengths of 25 meters in length.
Several modern bird groups first appeared in the Eocene, such as eagles,
pelicans, quail and vultures. Giant flightless birds such as
Diatryiaformes and in South America the Phoruchusids appeared, their
huge hooked beaks, bipedal stance, and predatory ways evoking the long
vanished theropods of the Mesozoic.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
******
THE POINT OF DEPARTURE: THE CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT AND ANTARCTIC BOTTOM
WATER
In OTL, Australia and Antarctica separate. Antarctica doesn't move, but
Australia breaks off and moves north, continuing to move north even into
the present day. With a gap between Antarctica and the other continents
(and South America also not attached anymore), Antarctica becomes
encircled by the Southern Ocean, which flows for the most part in an
eastward direction. This global movement becomes powerful ocean currents
that circumflow the Antarctic, becoming known in OTL as the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current or simply the Circumpolar Current and forming about
25-35 million years ago. A massive current, it is said to carry 150
times the amount of water that is moved the world's rivers. The
Circumpolar Current is driven by strong westerly winds that circle the
world in the high latitudes. In OTL these powerful winds create some of
the most tempestuous seas in the world, known to sailors as the "roaring
forties," the "furious fifies," and the "screaming sixties." It is rare
in OTL not to encounter at lest one storm when sailing to or from the
southern continent. A shallower, less powerful counter circulation
known as the Eastwind Drift, immediately adjacent to the Antarctic,
moves pack-ice under its influence in a westerly direction.
This massively powerful current obviously serves to isolate Antarctica
from warmer temperate and tropical waters, never able to reach the
continent at all. As a result, the continent became cooler, encouraging
the formation of glaciers. Eventually, nearly all of the continent would
become glaciated in the late Tertiary. The massive ice sheets tied up
much of the world's moisture, and while not leading to an Ice Age, did
aid in global cooling via lowering world sea levels.
A portion of the extremely cold waters of the Southern Ocean, the
coldest and densest water on Earth, becomes Antarctic Bottom Water. It
sinks to the bottom of the sea and spreads out over the world's ocean
floors, causing the much of the deep ocean to be cooled to less than 2
degrees C. This cold water moderates much of the earth's climate,
beginning in earnest about 16 mya, counterbalancing the heat of the
tropics and over the remainder of the Tertiary and into the present led
to a overall global cooling trend.
Later on in the Tertiary, beginning about 15 to 17 mya, the glaciation
trend in Antarctic was enhanced by North Atlantic Deep Water. As North
America and Eurasia moved north and restricted the Arctic Oceans access
to warmer waters, causing ice to form there and a similar deep water
movement process as with Antarctica. This deep water moved south and
helped form snow on the southern continent, as previously it was
starting to lack moisture thanks to the colder but much drier waters
there.
In the WWE timeline, Antarctica and Australia do not separate.
Antarctica remains pretty much where it is in OTL, with Australia, still
attached to it, much further south than its present position. No
Circumpolar Current forms, and warm water is still able to reach
Antarctica and moderate its climate. No massive ice sheets form,
lowering global sea levels, and Antarctic Bottom Water does not become a
factor in world temperatures.
North Atlantic Deep Water will still be a factor perhaps in this ATL,
but as I mentioned before overall warmer temperatures globally may
moderate this. This might result in an increasing cold trend in
Antarctica, but then again it might not.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
******
OTL vs ATL:
CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY
In OTL, during the Oligocene Epoch, following the Eocene, the world
started a general cooling trend. Glaciers started to form for the first
time in Antarctica during the Cenozoic, a trend that continued unabated
to produce the nearly completely ice covered continent we have today. As
Antarctica was now isolated from Australia (and South America), the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which really got going so to speak in the
Miocene, significantly reduced the mixing of warmer tropical waters and
colder polar waters, and further led to the buildup of the Antarctic ice
cap.
The increase in ice sheets lead to a fall in global sea levels,
contributing to lower rain fall worldwide and a decline in tropical
climes. Rain forests and subtropical areas pulled further south and from
the interior of some continents (such as North America), and were
replaced by cooler woodlands and grasslands. Although there was a slight
warming trend in the late Oligocene, the cooling trend continued,
culminating in the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene.
During the Miocene, the island continent of India slammed into Asia,
pushing up the Himalayas and triggering a global cooling that was to
culminate in the Pleistocene Ice Ages. In North America the Rockies rose
in height, creating a rain shadow effect in the interior of the
continent and further favoring grasslands. The Andes rose at this time
as well, and had a similar though less pronounced effect in South
America. North America and Asia join and begin a faunal interchange.
Africa during the Miocene also encountered some tectonic movement,
including rifting in East Africa and the union of the African-Arabian
plate with Eurasia. Associated with this rifting, a major uplift in
East Africa created a rain shadow effect between the wet Central-West
Africa and dry East Africa. The union of the continents of Africa and
Eurasia caused interruption and contraction of the Tethys Sea, thereby
depleting the primary source of atmospheric moisture in that area. Thus
rainfall was
significantly reduced, as were the moderating effects of sea temperature
on the neighboring land climates. However, this union
enabled more vigorous exchanges of flora and fauna between Africa and
Eurasia.
In the Pliocene, a shift in the Caribbean tectonic plate brought about
the joining of North and South America, forming a land bridge for
mammals and other life forms to migrate across. The Mediterranean Sea,
the last remnant of the ancient Tethys Sea, dried out, and remained dry
plains, desert, and grassland for several million years. The Himalayas
continued to rise and accelerated global cooling. With the lower sea
levels cutting of the connection to the Atlantic (and crustal movements
obliterating the Indian Ocean connection), the sea dries out. With vast
amounts of salt locked up by the sea's evaporation, overall ocean
salinity is lowered, allowing sea ice to form further south (in the case
of the Arctic) and north (in the case of the Antarctic). Oceans overall
become colder as well, with colder air masses over them and less
rainfall as well on land.
During the entire Tertiary following the breakup of Antarctica and
Australia, Australia becomes increasing arid as it moves north.
Grasslands and then deserts, particularly starting in the Miocene,
become dominant over forest and jungle. The number of rainforests began
to decrease, to be replaced by dry forests and woodlands. The vegetation
began to shift from closed broad-leaved forests to more open, drier
forests as well as grasslands and deserts.
The late Cenozoic saw the rise of the Himalayas, as has been mentioned,
thanks to India joining Asia. The 2 km uplift of the Tibetan Plateau
blocked mid-latitude airflow in the Northern Hemisphere. Although still
subject to debate, it is likely that this factor may have been the
trigger or a trigger for the Pleistocene Ice Ages, though it seems
likely that the Ice Ages
required other events to occur as well along with it (such as colder
oceans and the like).
In the WWE, with Australia and Antarctica remaining connected and the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current not forming, glaciers do not form on the
southernmost continent. Antarctica remains as it was, a land of tundra
at is center surrounded by coniferous taiga, perhaps on the coast some
patches of hardwood forests. Antarctica is not isolated, and the cooler
polar waters mix freely with warmer tropical waters thanks to the
Australian connection. Australia, much further south than today, remains
moist and forested for the most part, with much smaller deserts and
grasslands than in OTL.
While India joined Asia and new mountain ranges rose (or in the case of
the Rockies old ones rose again), the changes they produced were much
less pronounced. The world of the ATL was as hot as the Eocene, not the
cooler world of our Miocene. While grasslands now start to form to a
limited extent, they are much less expansive then in our timeline, and
for the most part mild to tropical conditions prevail over the earth. It
is also possible that still much moisture earth could have moderate the
rain shadow effects in Africa produced by rifting there. While some rain
shadow effects would still occur, they would not be as pronounced, and
savanna and desert would not be as prevalent in Africa as they are
today.
North and South America and North America and Asia still join and the
Mediterranean Sea does not dry out as the connection between the virtual
inland sea and the Indian and Atlantic Oceans remains open. The reason
connections with the Atlantic were severed was because sea levels
dropped due to Antarctica ice sheet formation; this does not occur in
this timeline
(though the Indian Ocean connection still disappears). Large scale
evaporation does not occur, and the ocean's overall salinity is
unaffected, resulting in no net change in sea ice.
The rise of the Tibetan Plateau does not serve as a trigger to global
ice ages, though it may result in some cooling.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
*******
OTL vs ATL (continued):
FLORA:
In OTL the vegetation of the higher latitudes of Europe, Asia, and North
America changed with the global cooling and more arid conditions (as
compared with the Eocene). What had once been essentially broad-leaved
evergreen forest changed to temperate deciduous woodland of evergreen
and broad-leaved trees. The type of woodland once dominant in Eocene can
be seen in OTL only in a few isolated patches, such as the North Island
of New Zealand and the tip of the South Africa Cape. Grasses, which
first appeared in any great number in the Eocene, primarily as plants of
water margins, spread. As open habitats appear, they become more common
and thrive.
In the Miocene grasslands truly become a major ecosystem, and along with
savanna becoming major biomes on earth, with plants and animals adapting
and exploiting it. Following a cooling the Miocene, tropical forests
began to really retreat and more of the world experienced increased
seasonality. This change encouraged a diversification of modern
graminoids, especially grasses and sedges. This group of plants includes
our primary crop plants, such as corn, rice, wheat, barely, and sugar
cane, all of which appeared, expanded, and diversified with the spread
of grasslands.
In the WWE, the temperate woodland does not grow to become dominant, and
grasslands are more of a marginal environment. Though new grass species
do appear over the next few million years, they do not become as common
nor as varied as they do in OTL. With the rise of the Andes, Rockies,
and India joining Asia some grasslands start to appear in the Miocene,
but are nothing compared to what could be found in the Miocene of OTL.
Jungle and forest are still dominant ecosystems on land. While certain
that some of the grass and sedge species still appear, they have fewer
chances to become as diverse and common. Possibly one or more of the
modern grass crops does not evolve.
FAUNA:
In OTL, several groups of animals disappeared at the end of the Eocene,
such as the Dinocerata, the Archeoceti, while other groups become
greatly diminished in terms of species, such as the Titanotheres and the
creodonts. New mammals appeared and evolved to fill these gaps in the
Oligocene Epoch, such as the ancient ancestors of dogs, cats,
rhinoceroses (including small
slender running types and hippo-like semi-aquatic forms), and horses
(which were still out multi-toed forest browsers rather than grazers).
Probably the most important transition among terrestrial mammals
involved the artiodactyls (the even-toed ungulates) replacing to a large
degree the perrissodactyls at the dominant medium-sized herbivores.
These included the most common animals of the time, the sheep-like
oredoonts, which flourished in huge numbers. During the Oligocene
advanced forms of artiodactlys (the
first camels) developed a rumen, a complex fore-stomach that aided in
the digestion of cellulose. A great advantage in dealing with a fibrous
diet, this was an important evolutionary development in a world that was
become drier, cooler, and grassier. Grass is also very tough and
abrasive material, and herbivores like horses evolved very high-crowned
teeth to cope with the
wear.
As grasslands spread and become dominant in the Miocene, many animals
adapted to them. Horses became plains type animals as large as ponies.
The relatively slow and clumsy creodonts, perhaps better adapted to the
jungle, became replaced by the swift and intelligent cat and dog types
as the dominant predators. In the Miocene there were new species of
camels, rhinoceroses, anthropoid apes, and the appearance of mastodons,
raccoons, weasels, deer, and giraffe for the first time.
In the ATL, some of the groups will likely still diminish in importance
at least to a degree, such as the Archeoceti, as the evolutionary
pressures and advances that dictated their demise still likely exist.
However it is quite possible that there are much fewer or maybe no
extinctions at the end of the Eocene in the WWE, and niches aren't open
to be filled by rhinos and horses.
Certainly grasslands aren't forming to the degree they did in OTL for
them to exploit. Additionally, it is possible that rumens don't develop
in artiodactyls, nor do they become dominant as group, as grasslands are
not as common and don't encourage such evolutionary developments. If
grasslands do develop, they will develop much later on, perhaps in the
Miocene or
Pliocene, as those are the beginnings of the first grasslands in WWE
(whereas in OTL they are a dominant biome by that time). Likely some
grassland do form with the rise of the Rockies and the Andes.
Resultingly, such evolutionary features as rumens and high-crowned
teeth, if they do develop, appear much later in this world. Creodonts
manage to remain dominant predators for a much longer period of time,
but are still eventually replaced largely by modern carnivores, though
never become completely extinct as they do in OTL.
The later Tertiary of the ATL is dominated by primitive forms longer, in
some cases surviving to what corresponds to our present. Titanotheres
don't die out, as the global cooling and grassland formation that pushed
them into extinction doesn't occur to the degree that it did in OTL.
Horses never really develop into plains animals, though the Holocene of
this world does
see the first steps into that biome for this type of creature. Creodonts
remain a more powerful force in the ecosystem longer, and are only
gradually replaced by carnivores; in the present creodonts can still be
found. As carnivores were slow to develop, large predatory flightless
birds lasted a great deal longer as well, and can be found in wider
areas than in OTL. As rodents weren't able to expand with grasslands to
the degree that they did in OTL, multituberculates can still be found as
well. Ruminants appear much later in this ATL, and even by the present
time are still not as common as the older forms. Elephants did not
radiate or spread to the degree that they did in OTL, in some cases
finding their potential niches still filled by Titanotheres. Finally, as
Antarctica is a land of tundra and taiga rather than barren glacier, it
is home to a thriving terrestrial fauna. Large wombats, similar to the
Diprotodon of our world (which was a rhino-sized herbivore of
Pleistocene Australia) became big and woolly to cope with the cold.
Large migratory herds of kangaroos bound across the tundra, moving with
the seasons.
TIM MARTIN
LOGAN FERREE
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