Ultimately it was the poor financial condition of the USSR that led to its breakup. So unless the USSR was able to afford keeping the Central Asian republics, I hardly think it would have been possible.
But contrary to mainstream belief, it wasn't the Russian domination that made the republics want independence as much as it was the dire economic situation that the whole USSR was experiencing. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are two Central Asian republics that can quite easily rejoin a Russian led union, provided the ideology that this union endorses is no longer communism. And that's precisely what's happening today. Central Asia did not benefit from the dissolution of the USSR at all. Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian republic to grow and that's greatly attributed to Russian investment anyway. The upcoming Eurasian Union is an answer to your question.
The republics couldn't have possibly transitioned immediately from communism to something else. But now after more than twenty years since the fall of communism, the whole region is ready to embrace a newer concept of economic and political cooperation, which is exactly what the Eurasian Union was intended for.