Chapter 22 - A Dawning Future - March 1831
Baltimore
President Adams watched dully as the steam engine Tom Thumb chugged along the track of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the first passangers cheered by the gathered crowds. Adams knew he was witnessing history. Britain had run rainroads for several years and several steam engines were in use for freight purposes already in America. But this was the first passenger service in American history and Adams supposed he should be present to witness. He just wished the beast wasn't so smelly. Also, he wished for different company.
"...so, Mr. Secretary," Adams droned, "I understand the first AMERICAN-Built steam engine is currently under construction in New York. It will be named the Dewitt Clinton, no doubt the first of many we shall see puttering about the country before we die."
"Yes, Mr. President," Secretary of State Henry Clay nodded. "But of my proposal?"
The man was nothing if not single-minded. Though his office was intended for foreign relations, Henry Clay remained among the most powerful men of influence in Washington. Bearing plenty of allies in Congress, Clay came up with a solution to this "damnable slavery situation".
He intended Federal funds for the freeing of slaves, at premium prices, no less. Clay conceded the hypocracy of northerners demanding their southern brethren free slaves at no cost, even as northern mills had profited by the institution no less than plantation owners. Expecting such a change to fall only on the shoulders of five states would be cruel.
In the end, the institution was dying without expansion, an arguement that was politically dead now. Even the most abrasive of slavery apologists were no longer demanding the expansion into the Floridas or Yazoo territory. The strong federal response to the Nullification Crisis had put that to bed. Now, it was just a matter of phasing it out. Adams found the institution abominable and loathed the idea of rewarding slaveholders for their greed but the outgoing President was willing to compromise.
"What I fear shall cause even greater uproar, Mr. Secretary, than using Federal funds to buy out these slaves, is the fact that the proposed legislation does not truly ban slavery, or even set a schedule to eliminate it. The nation shall only purchase what the southern plantation owners are willing to sell."
Clay was prepared for this argument. "Once the process is in place, fewer and fewer will object to extending the scope over the years. Surely, once the majority of slaves are freed, and I firmly believe most will be willingly sold by owners within a few years, that it will be more accepted to place greater requirements on the south."
Adams was willing to go along with this, seeing the logic. Much of the southern states' finest land had been depleted over the years by overharvesting tobacco and cotton, hungry crops that murdered the soil. As such, yields fell along with the price of slaves. That is why so many Virginia and South Carolina gentlemen were eager to move into free lands. Indeed, South Carolina's population had been falling for years as the soil depleted. With the value of both land and slaves falling, many owners would be pleased to sell at common rates from a few years ago.
"What troubles me the most, Mr. Clay, is that the freed slaves, purchased at American expense, would be forced from these shores, the only home they have ever known, and sent back to Africa. These people have been in chains once, it would be unjust to subject them to more chains under the banner of "freedom"."
The "Black Codes", enacted in all southern states, commanded that any freed slave must be exiled from that states' borders. Indeed, several state prohibited freeing slaves unless they were immediately dispatched back to Africa, fearing that free negroes would return and incite rebellion among the still-bonded kin.
"Several southern congressmen and Senators are willing to agree, Mr. President, but only on these terms. After the slave revolts of the past thirty years, they will not accept free negroes in their states. And, quite frankly, Mr. President, I doubt that any other states or territories would welcome negroes in large numbers either. Does Massachusetts desire half a million negroes to take up residence?"
Again, Adams concluded the hypcracy.
Clay shook his head, "No, sir. Without these conditions, I shall not have a single southern vote. Without those southern votes, I cannot overcome the opposition of northern radicals whom demand immediate emancipation or western congressmen whom simply don't want to bear the expense for something that doesn't affect them. We need to make this compromise, else no other legislation is possible."
Knowing his own influence in Congress was limited, Adams could not affect change himself. He'd emancipate them all tomorrow if he had the power. He did not. The Nullification Crisis was a tempest in a teapot compared to any proclamation of freedom Adams might attempt. He had nowhere near the votes in congress. Even if he had...the south would fight. Virginia and Maryland had both stood by their country in the Nullification crisis. They would fight along side the Carolinas and Georgia if Adams went too far.
Adams could not go too far. He knew the fragility of his country. Though expansive on a map, her power was limited. Canada remained a threat, awaiting a French response to their independence. The migration west across the great plains could be cut off by a few thousand intransigent Indians. A half dozen European nations could blockade the American claims to Guyana, Amazonia and Tierra del Fuego. For the former two, both New Granada and the Brazilian states contest America's claim. War with either might crop up at no notice.
No, Adams must make the deal he could. He would support Clay's proposal and nudge the abominable institution's death along a few steps at a time. Besides, Clay was right. Once matters became established, it would be easier to extend in the future.
Adams gave the word.