British Intervention in the Corsican Crisis 1768-1806

1912-1924

Here's the next update. Sorry it took so long, but I've been a little busy. Enjoy!
1912-1925
By 1912, the National Socialist Russian Worker’s Party has come onto the radar of the Okhranka, the Russian Secret Police. The rise of Vladimir Konstantinovich Markov within the Party has given a few in the Imperial Family cause for alarm, especially after Markov’s thirteen-city tour, giving speeches to all who would listen. Spies for the Okhranka have compiled transcripts of Markov’s many speeches, most on the inability of the monarchy to protect Russia and the treason of the Muslims who revolted in Russian Persia during the attempted Russian invasion of India. The Jews are also a target of Markov’s hate-filled speeches, claiming that Jewish bankers concocted a conspiracy to doom Russia in the Great War and that Russia should hold pogroms in all cities to cleanse her of the Jewish threat. Nicholas II chooses to play the NSRWP against the communist threat, led by Joseph Stalin, who lives in exile with his followers, conducts a guerilla war against the monarchy. Many of Nicholas II's advisors press the looming threat of the NSRWP’s increasing membership, but he refuses to listen, convinced of his own intellectual superiority.


In his second term, Whig President Theodore Roosevelt continues his policy of helping the common man with his subsidies to farmers and those in financial straits. The popularity and charisma of the President is the major reason the Whigs remain in power, as the Democrats capitalize on the disillusionment of the American people after the Great War and repeatedly paint Roosevelt as a warmonger who will inevitably lead America into another war. Things come to a head when Great War veteran Thomas Mulcahey attempts to assassinate the President in order to prevent another Great War. President Roosevelt is unharmed, although he would carry the bullet in his chest for the rest of his life.


The growing violence of the NSRWP approaches the boiling point when a large riot occurs in Odessa. Numerous Natsi (taken from an abbreviation of the NSRWP newspaper, Natsiya, meaning Nation) leaders are taken into custody, including Chairman Vladimir Markov, Head of Propaganda Josef Golubov, Head of Security Ivan Khmelnov, and Head of Operations Vasily Golovin. They are released in days, continuing their venomous speeches and meetings. Within a year, Markov creates a paramilitary wing of the Party, the Гром батальоны (Thunder Battalions), to better handle the riots that had landed the party leaders in prison. Markov also creates a youth organization for the children of party members, designed to teach (indoctrinate) and take care of (train) the young fascists.


In the U.S. presidential election of 1916, the fear tactics of the Democratic Party have succeeded. Fearful of being dragged into another European war, the American people elect Democrat Woodrow Wilson into the White House. President Wilson had run on a platform of free silver and isolationism, and these two facets create a small division within the Democratic Party. The Whigs launch a campaign of damage control, attempting to convince the American public that a vote for the Whig Party is not a vote for war. Former President Roosevelt goes so far as to cancel his African safari in order to contain the Democratic rise in power.


In 1917, the Franco-Algerian War has come to an end with a French victory. The Algerians primarily waged a guerilla campaign against the French army. The Treaty of Tripoli gives more rights to the Algerians, including representation in the French government, in an effort to heal the wounds inflicted by the war. King Philippe VIII faces opposition from the far-right elements of French politics, who claim that having Algerian Muslims in government would lead to the ruin of the nation, going so far as to invoke Charles Martel’s victory over the Caliphate in 732 as a reason for keeping Muslims out of the government. The Action Française, a right wing newspaper and organization, is the chief antagonist of the monarchy. One of the heroes of the Franco-Algerian War is Major Charles De Gaulle, winner of the Légion d'honneur for gallantry. After the war, De Gaulle chooses to teach at the École Militaire alongside another hero, Colonel Philippe Pétain.


The violence of the NSRWP has calmed somewhat by 1917, and has become a legitimate political party of the Russian Empire. Several provinces have elected Party members to the State Duma, while Vladimir Markov retains power as Party Chairman, the power behind the scenes. The Party’s limited success comes to a screeching halt after the attempted assassination of Nicholas II by Dmitri Barov, a mentally unstable NSRWP member with a history of paranoid delusions. Doctored evidence is found by the Okhranka tying Vladimir Markov and other party leaders to the assassination attempt. Markov is found guilty of conspiracy charges and sentenced to ten years in prison. It is during this time that Markov would write his manifesto, Моя борьба, loosely translated as “My Struggle”.


In the United Kingdom, the 1918 Parliamentary elections result in the Liberal government of David Lloyd George. One of Prime Minister George’s first acts is to launch what would be known as the “People’s Budget”. In the new budget, large landowners would have their land taxed much more heavily. The mostly Conservative House of Lords defeats the bill after it passes in the House of Commons. This would lead to the attempted Parliamentary act of 1920, a measure designed to reduce the power of the House of Lords. The Liberal government attempts to entice the Irish and Corsican MPs to support the passage of the new bill, but to no avail. Instead of the landowner’s tax, the Liberals enact a system of protective tariffs.


In the United States, the first armored divisions are being built using a volunteer-only corps of soldiers. Colonel George Patton, a proponent of mobile warfare, changes the very structure of tanks, from a large, slow “battleship” type of vehicle, to a smaller, fast armored cavalry type of vehicle. Using plans drawn up by himself and Henry Ford, the first Stuart tank (named in honor of the famed cavalry general, J.E.B. Stuart) begin to be rolled off the Ford factory at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. These new tanks are capable of fair speed, and are armed with two shortened versions of the British QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss naval guns. Colonel Patton envisions a massed division of armor breaking through infantry centers. A young Lieutenant named Eisenhower soon joins Patton’s staff in 1918.


By the election of 1920, the health of President Woodrow Wilson has become a serious campaign issue. A stroke suffered by Wilson in 1919, and numerous weeks spent in recovery, forces the Democrats to find another presidential candidate. Vice President Oscar Underwood is briefly considered as a potential nominee, but his pro-racial equality stance threatens to alienate the Southern base. The Democratic Convention turns their attention to Indiana Governor Thomas Marshall. Marshall proves to be a wise choice, along with New York Governor Al Smith as his running mate, as the Democrats sweep the solid South and other key states. The Whigs, unable to distance themselves from their “warmonger” status, are forced to look ahead to 1924.


Even from prison, Vladimir Markov’s influence is beginning to spread to other nations. His correspondence with Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek would plant the seed for the eventual overthrow of the Guangxu Emperor in 1925. Kai-shek’s Nationalist Party would copy much of the NSRWP’s platform, and would come to see themselves as Russia’s partner in Asia.


Europe is shocked when, in 1921, Philippe VIII is assassinated by a long range rifle in Paris. Louis, Dauphin of France, was in the United Kingdom visiting his sister, Marie, wife of Edward, Prince of Wales at the time of the assassination. Upon his return to France, Louis, now Louis XIX, finds that the Action Française, a hard-line fascist group, was behind the assassination and has taken power in his absence. Charles Maurras, head of the Action Française, has named himself President of the Second French Republic and pursues a campaign of terror unseen since the time of Robespierre. Louis XIX is barely able to make it out of the country with his life. Several of his countrymen are not as lucky, as President Maurras jails, and then executes, members of the nobility for crimes against France. The small minority of Muslims in France are also the first targets of the new Republic’s rage. Louis XIX is offered asylum in the United Kingdom and he accepts, staying with his sisters and his mother, along with the few other nobles able to escape. Much of the military has remained in France, serving the interests of the Second French Republic. One notable exception is Lt. Colonel Charles De Gaulle, professor of engineering and armored warfare at the École Militaire, who immigrates to the United Kingdom alongside his King.


In January 1922, President Thomas Marshall falls dead of a heart attack in the early hours of the morning while working in the Oval Office. In accordance with the Fourteenth Amendment, Vice President Al Smith is sworn in as President, making him the first Catholic to become President of the United States of America. It would soon to be a bittersweet moment for President Smith once he realized the long-term effects of the Democrats’ economic policy.


In April 1922, the Democrats’ laissez-faire approach to the economy and massive margin spending in relation to the stock market become the two biggest causes of the Stock Market Crash of 1922. Wall Street lost an estimated $30 billion within a month. But it was the Democratic response to the crisis the sealed the fate of the American people. The Harris-Broussard Protection Act was a bill signed into law designed to protect the American economy from international trade by enforcing a large tariff on all imported goods. This only exacerbated the growing depression , and caused the economy to fall even further. The Whig Party seizes the opportunity and launches a massive campaign of blaming the Democrats for the rampant unemployment and faltering economy. Former President Theodore Roosevelt again postpones his planned African safari to go on a nationwide speaking tour, even bigger than his 1916 tour. His fifty-nine state tour, including Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, would last eight months, and is cited by modern historians as the main reason for the Whig rout of the Democrats in the 1922 congressional elections in November.


In 1922, just seven months after the start of the Great Depression, the Whig Party gained control of Congress after a six-year absence, most running a campaign of blaming the Democrats for the rampant unemployment and the failing economy. Their first act is to repeal the Fourteenth Amendment, allowing Presidents to serve as many terms as the American public will elect them to. Most in Congress can see through the obvious maneuvering and know who the Whigs will select for the 1924 presidential election.


Theodore Roosevelt takes the oath of office (again) as the twenty-third President of the United States in March of 1925.
 
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To avoid any confusion in my next update, I'm posting the major political parties and platforms of the United States. The next update is coming soon, but I will leave this for a day or two just to see if anyone has objections or comments that will force me to change something.

Whig Party. Imperialist in foreign policy, favors economic intervetion when needed, mostly silent on the issue of civil rights for Hispanic and black Americans. Centered in the Northeast. Currently led by President Theodore Roosevelt.

Liberal Party. Formed in response to the Democratic loss in the 1924 presidential election. Ardently isolationist, favors heavy economic intervention, favors government protection of civil rights for Hispanic and black Americans. Based in Louisiana and the Far South (Sonora, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Vera Cruz, etc) and enjoys success in the Southwest as well. Currently led by Governor Huey Long of Louisiana.

Democratic Party. Anti-imperialist in foreign policy, laissez-faire in the economy, supporter of Jim Crow laws. Based in the Deep South. Currently led by Governor Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi.

The Republican and Socialist Parties exist, but that's about it.

I deliberately included only the issues that have a direct bearing on the next update or two. There are, of course, other important issues, but I didn't want to put them in just yet. Honestly, I'm not entirely sure where these parties would stand on them. Like I said, this to help avoid confusion in the next post, i.e. when I start talking about certain politicians being in different parties than OTL.
 
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Good update! I'm just a bit worried about Markov, his story seem the photocopy of Hitler's and that's pushing it.
 
1925-1934

1924-1934
The spring of 1924 brought with it hope for the American people. President Theodore Roosevelt facilitates radical changes, both in his Cabinet and Whig policy. In the modern historical view, it was not necessarily Theodore Roosevelt’s acts that brought America out of the Great Depression, but rather the people that he appointed to his Cabinet and as advisors. Surrounding himself with the most intelligent and sensible people he could find, including several that almost always disagreed with him, President Roosevelt set to work on repairing the economy. His first Cabinet appointment is the Secretary of the Treasury, bringing oil magnate and former political enemy John D. Rockefeller out of retirement for his wealth of economic knowledge. Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor and Aviation Company, is named as Secretary of the Interior. General John Pershing and Charles Evans Hughes were both named as Secretary of War and State, respectively. President Roosevelt is accused of nepotism when he creates the Cabinet-level Department of Civil Affairs, headed by former Assistant Secretary of the Navy and cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt. The President also creates the Department of Securities and Exchanges, under the authority of Wall Street investor and major campaign contributor Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.

The first part of Roosevelt’s strategy is immediate relief. The Emergency Banking Act reopened banks across the nation, provided they were declared sound by the Secretary of the Treasury. Roosevelt also took the American dollar off of the gold standard and began spending in deficit to finance his recovery programs. Deficit spending was extremely controversial in Congress, with Roosevelt facing opposition from the minority Republican Congressmen and a substantial faction of the Democrats, who haven’t agreed on policy in almost a hundred years. The recovery aspect of Roosevelt’s Second Square Deal creates numerous organizations, most notably the Civilian Conservation Corps, to give unemployed young men a chance to both work for a reasonable wage and improve the American landscape with roads, bridges, hospitals, etc. These organizations fall under the authority of Secretary of Civil Affairs Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Social Securities Act of 1926 provides for retirement benefits once citizens reach a certain age. Other programs deal with medical insurance, unemployment benefits, and supplemental incomes to impoverished families. The last part of the President’s strategy, reform, is designed to prevent another depression. Part of Roosevelt’s reform plan has been realized with the creation of the Department of Securities and Exchanges, and he takes it a step further, reforming the banking system drastically and providing a precedent for dealing with such a crisis.

The Republic of the Ukraine breaks away from the Russian Empire following the Great Depression. Faced with massive riots elsewhere, Nicholas II cannot bring the Ukraine back into the fold. Although he never recognizes the Ukraine as a separate entity, the National Socialist Russian Worker’s Party uses this as yet another example of the monarchy’s inability to govern the Russian people. The Holy Roman Empire is the first to recognize the young republic, with the United Kingdom following suit days later.

Chinese nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-shek overthrow the Guangxu Emperor in 1925. The Chinese National Fascist Party, a successor party to the Kuomintang, quickly consolidates their power across all of China. It would take five years to completely subdue the remaining loyalist and communist forces.

Less than a year after the independence of the Ukraine, the National Socialist Russian Worker’s Party gains a great number of seats in the State Duma in 1926. 21% of the Russian representatives belong to the NatsiParty. While this is not a majority, it is enough for them to push numerous bills through the Duma, all of which Nicholas II refuses to make law. This only adds fuel to the fire, bringing more and more supporters into the NSRWP.

In the U.K. general elections of 1927, the Labour and Conservative Parties split Parliament. Prime Minister Ramsey MacDonald, overwhelmed by the Great Depression, offers to resign his position. After some persuasion by King George V, MacDonald continues as Prime Minister, this time at the head of a United Government, a coalition of Labour, Conservatives, and Liberals. To pacify the Conservatives, MacDonald names Francis Buonaparte, 5th Duke of Exeter as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Winston Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough as Home Secretary. Shortly after the formation of the United Government, MP Oswald Mosley, 6th Baronet of Ancoats, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, introduces his plan to solve the unemployment issue. His plan is considered too radical by most, but Chancellor Buonaparte sees some potential in the young MP and names him as Financial Secretary to the Treasury. Buonaparte would have a moderating influence on Mosley for the remainder of their political careers.

By 1928, Dr. Albert Einstein is no longer the tutor to the Holy Roman Imperial family. His youngest pupil, Frederick, third son and fourth child of Henry VIII, has reached the age of 18 and no longer requires Dr. Einstein’s services. The esteemed Doctor is immediately swamped by offers from virtually every university in Europe, and even a few in America. He eventually accepts a position at the University of Berlin as co-Chair of the Physics Department, along with Werner Heisenberg. Within a year, the partnership turns fruitful, as the two physicists succeed in splitting the atom. Both see the possible applications of the energy released by the act enlist the help of other physicists to make their dream a reality.

A year after taking office, Home Secretary Winston Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough turns his attention to the growing unrest in the colonies, specifically the Middle East. Unrest in the aftermath of the Great Depression is only one facet of the problem, as Churchill would soon discover. Racial and ethnic tensions have given rise to outright riots in Damascus, Baghdad, Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, as well as numerous other cities within the British Middle East. Churchill appoints archaeologist and British Army officer Major T. E. Lawrence as Lieutenant Governor-General of Arabia in 1928 and also places him in charge of redefining the borders of the British Mandates, with respect to cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences.

In the U.S. Presidential election of 1928, the successes of the Second Square Deal assures the incumbent President of an easy victory. Vice President Calvin Coolidge remains on the ticket, despite his growing opposition to the President’s economic policies. Many in the Democratic Party deride the President’s fourth term as the “Reign of Roosevelt”, yet this is not enough to detract from the unarguable fact that the economy is beginning to turn around.

Upon his release from prison in 1928, Vladimir Markov’s Natsi Party finally succeeds in holding a majority of the Duma seats. Markov is named Prime Minister of the new government by the Party representatives and their allies, taking power from the aging Prime Minister Paul von Rennenkampf. When Tsar Nicholas II refuses to accept the ministry of Markov, the Natsi Party stages a coup. Quickly taking control of Moscow with their paramilitary force, the Гром батальоны, they send messages to Party faithful in other cities. Soon, the entire country is under their control. Nicholas II flees with his family, hoping to request asylum in the Union of Kalmar from King Gustav VI Vasa. Unfortunately, Nicholas II was killed at Murmansk while providing a distraction for his family to escape. Nicholas’ young son becomes Tsar of all Russias, Tsar Peter IV, in exile.

Holy Roman Emperor Henry VIII dies in 1929, marking the end of an era that saw the Empire militarize and modernize radically. Henry VIII’s son assumes the throne as Wilhelm II. The favorite pupil of Dr. Albert Einstein, young Wilhelm possesses the same zeal for futuristic technology as his father, yet has the inborn intelligence to understand advanced physics and mathematics that his father lacked. When Emperor Wilhelm II heard of Dr. Einstein’s research into harnessing the power of the atom, the Emperor responded by fully funding the doctor’s projects, on the condition that the military applications are explored first. Dozens upon dozens of the best physicists, mathematicians, chemists, and engineers flock to the University of Berlin to become a part of this nuclear project. The project is soon joined by the young Werner von Braun, an engineering undergraduate who impressed Dr. Einstein with his ability.

After consolidating power in the government, Prime Minister Vladimir Markov must now secure his power in his own party. Markov and other Natsi leaders see the paramilitary wing of the Party, particularly its leader, Gregori Rohm, as growing too powerful and too devoted to the socialist ideology. The massive purge, known as the “Day of the Short Swords”, reestablishes Markov’s complete power over the State. He proves this by suspending civil liberties indefinitely as well as creating the new position of “лидер” (Leader), merging the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government into one position. Josef Golubov is named Prime Minister of Russia; Ivan Khmelnov is selected to head the newly streamlined Гром батальоны (Thunder Battalions) and Okhranka (Secret Police), as well as the Ministry of the Interior; and Vasily Golovin is elected President of the Duma and heads the Russian Aviation program. Markov spends massive amounts of capital on the military, especially the air force and armored programs.

1930 would also see a slightly new government in the Holy Roman Empire. Baron Manfred von Richthofen, called the “Red Baron” for his preference for the color red, becomes Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, the first for Emperor Wilhelm II. Richthofen understands the Russian threat and watches events involving Vladimir Markov accordingly.

In early 1931, Chiang Kai-shek turns China’s attentions outward, to the east. The people of China have been swept up in the wave of nationalist propaganda and demand that the government restore the lands lost in the Sino-Japanese War to China. Kai-shek is only too happy to oblige and declares war on Japan in March 1931. Fascist China immediately begins to make gains against the Japanese, taking Korea by October 1931. China now holds the dagger pointed at the heart of Japan.

The U.S. presidential election of 1932 would involve more candidates winning electoral votes than any other election in American history. A total of five candidates competed for the prize; incumbent Theodore Roosevelt (Whig Party), Mississippi Governor Theodore Bilbo (Democratic Party), Louisiana Governor Huey Long (Liberal Party), Montana Senator Jeanette Rankin (Republican Party), and Norman Thomas (Socialist Party). The new Liberal Party of the United States, made up of former Democrats in favor of the New Deal and civil rights for minorities, is led by the charismatic and popular Governor Long, who has changed his home state of Louisiana far more than any other state in the union. His running mate, Senator José Doroteo Arango Arámbula of Chihuahua, pulls the states of the Far South and Southwest, with their large Hispanic populations. Texas is the surprise swing state of the election, giving its electoral votes to the Liberal Party. Theodore Roosevelt eventually wins the election, though not without some cause for worry. His son, Quentin, was his campaign manager for the election and would become White House Chief of Staff upon his father’s fifth term. Former Vice President Calvin Coolidge, convinced that he could gain the nomination, refused to be on the same ticket as Roosevelt due to their economic differences. He was sorely disappointed when the Whig Convention unanimously chose Roosevelt. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes is tapped to become the new Vice President.

The split of the Democratic Party was caused by several factors; the differing solutions to the economic crisis, foreign policy, and the cause of equal civil rights for all are chief among them. Mississippi Governor Theodore Bilbo becomes the leading voice for white supremacy within the Democratic Party, gaining favor with many white southerners. The Liberal Party, with its base in the Far South and Southwest, promises equal rights for all Hispanic citizens and maintains an isolationist stance.

With the failing health of Prime Minister Ramsey MacDonald becoming an issue, the United Government must select a new Prime Minister. The three main candidates are Conservative Winston Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough; Conservative Francis Buonaparte, 5th Duke of Exeter; and Liberal David Lloyd George. When Francis Buonaparte withdraws his name and swings his support to Churchill, the choice for Prime Minister is obvious.

In 1933, Markov’s Russia seeks to expand its borders by annexing the German Caucasus. Emperor Wilhelm II does not wish to sell the profitable land, but faced with his own Great Depression, is left with no choice. The Munich Agreement returns the Caucasus to Russia for an undisclosed price. It is only after Chancellor Richthofen had signed the agreement that he learned where Markov gained the funds to annex the land; the thousands of Jews and Muslims displaced by his Okhranka and their confiscated property. Where these Jews and Muslims have been sent is a mystery the Chancellor seeks to discover.

The new British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough, repeatedly demands that the Holy Roman Empire not sell the Caucasus to the Russians, for fear that Markov and his fascist ideology would never be satisfied. Prime Minister Churchill demands that Russia return the territory as per the Treaty of Berlin. Russia, of course, refuses, and the two nations seem to be on the brink of war. This is only exacerbated by the Russian invasion of the Republic of the Ukraine. The Prime Minister begs Parliament for a declaration of war, warning that once the Russian war machine mobilized, all of Europe would feel the Russian heel. Parliament refuses, the main opposition out of his own party, led by MP Neville Chamberlain. Chamberlain reasons that the Ukraine was never a separate part of Russia, and thus, it is not a true invasion. It would take an act of even greater aggression to force Parliament to go to war.

In February of 1934, British geologists discover oil in the province of Arabia. The Ghawar oil field in eastern Arabia would produce virtually all of the British Empire’s oil for many years to come. This discovery would have a two-fold effect; one, it forced the British government to send massive reinforcements to the Middle Eastern provinces to protect the oil fields and; two, it ensured that the British government could never allow the Middle Eastern provinces their independence, no matter the cost.

In September of 1934, Vladimir Markov begins his plan of regaining the former glory of the Russian Empire, setting his sights first on the Holy Roman Duchy of Poland. The advanced Russian tanks and aircraft cross the border en masse, completely decimating the border guards, on 1 September 1934. A day later, the Holy Roman Empire declares war and mobilizes their massive army, including a portion of the Jewish Schutzstaffel. When fascist France comes to the defense of their western ally by declaring war on the Holy Roman Empire, the United Kingdom declares war on both France and Russia. Japan and China both join the fray, on the sides of the Allies and Axis, respectively. The Second Great War has begun.
 
Hmmm...very interesting. I didn't predict the sale of the Caucasus. It kind of makes the original transfer of sovereignty a bit pointless, unless it was a story device...but then of course, history does have its pointless actions.

I still fear Russia's power, but then the sound of a futuristic Germany (HRE) is also pretty interesting. Could it be in fact that the UK is being left behind, here? Although I guess you could argue that they were OTL too.

I'm also very interested in just how far the similarities between OTL and TTL will go. Surely there will be a divergence - you did after all say that Markov is totally different to Hitler - and that suggests that events will at some point radically change from being an analogy to OTL, but I wonder when that will be.

Looking forward to the next one.
 
Everyone, I regret to inform ya'll that this TL will be on hold for about another week or week and a half. I have another thread currently in progress on the ASB forum (For All The Marbles, if ya'll care to take a look. Please do :D) and I want to get it up to a point that I'm comfortable taking a break at. So, until then, this TL will be temporarily stopped. I'm sorry to all who have read and given input, I just can't handle two TL's at once.

Again, it's For All The Marbles on the ASB forum!
 
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