Seated By the Left Hand of God
The Western Schism leads to a permanent division of the Catholic Church and two Papal lines. Much like the Sunni and Shia, the Christian world is divided between those who follow the Papacy of Avignon and those who follow the Papacy of Rome. This culminates in holy conflict and division similar to what we see in the Middle East.
There's No Such Thing as a Setting Sun
Colonialism manages to continue, with the British maintaining their Empire and making it profitable, eventually forming a sort of Imperial Federation of Dominions under the watchful eye of the British Isles. British India, for example, becomes the Dominion of India. Meanwhile, the French and other major colonial powers try to follow suite in order to maintain their Empires, against the backdrop of those who cry to be let free.
8 Miles to Perdition