Norman Egypt

I found in the deep archives of SHWI a thread discussing the possibility of a Norman Egypt. My interest was piqued, so I started writing.

Note: This is in mixed format, with some fake accounts, some third person narratives, and some just plain TL.


The Chancellor’s and Holy Man’s father was named Geoffrey, and their mother Emma; both slender in rank and wealth, but abundant in virtue and cleverness. They were born in Flanders, and lived in Melfi. It was there that Simon and Raymond lived out their youth. Raymond as he began to grow to manhood, he began to follow more prudent ways of life, and began to study, learn and exercise the rudiment of more subtle conceptions. Simon was apprenticed to the Guiscard Duke Robert to pay off a debt that Geoffrey owed to the Duke.

Hugo Gilbertus, Historia Sicilia, c. 1335. English translation by Robert FitzRoy.

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OTL
ATL

Minor P.O.D. A merchant family from Flanders, the de Montay's, move to Melfi in Southern Italy. Their two sons come into the services of Robert Guiscard de Hauteville, Duke of Apulia. Everything is more or less the same as IOTL until Guiscard's invasion of the Byzantine Empire in 1081.

1050: Twin boys, Simon and Raymond, are born to Geoffrey and Matilda de Montay in Flanders.

1051: The Montay's pack up and leave from Flanders to escape creditors. They travel to Melfi, in southern Italy, where they have relatives. Geoffrey becomes a cloth merchant

1063: Simon enters the service of Robert 'Guiscard' de Hauteville, the Duke of Apulia.

1066: Raymond enters the priesthood

1071: Simon proves himself at the sieges of Bari and Palermo.

1076-77: Simon fights in the siege of Salerno.

1079: Raymond, a prominent supporter of the Pope in the Investiture Controversy, is appointed bishop of Venosa. Simon is granted a small fief in Apulia

1081: Guiscard sails against the Byzantine Empire. He achieves a key victory over the Emperor at Durazzo. Both Montay brothers act as Guiscard's administrators.

1082: Guiscard takes they key Macedonian fortress at Kastoria.

Major P.O.D.: Byzantine emissaries meet with Guiscard, and convince him to withdraw from Byzantium, and attack Fatimid Egypt.

***

Never trust a Greek bearing gifts. Proverb

Kastoria, April 109
Robert stared across the Macedonian plain. He had wished to seize the glory of Constantinople, but the corpulent ambassador from Alexius had convinced him that there was greater glory to be had. The Norman in him loved the idea of a surprise attack. The Caliph would never expect legions of Franks charging down the Nile, paid for by Byzantine coin, and supported by Byzantine and Venetian ships.

The ink had barely dried on the parchment when the Duke began to make preparations. The fifteen thousand or-so men under his command might be enough to best a host of effeminate Greeks, but to take Egypt from the Saracens would be an entirely different matter. For that reason, he had sent Bohemond and Count Simon back across the Adriatic to gather more men to the cause. The Duke himself would stay in Kastoria, hiring Greek and Slav mercenaries.

To maintain the trustworthiness of the Greeks, something that was quite difficult to achieve, Guiscard would leave garrisons at Kastoria and
Dyrrhachium. Indeed, like the light shining from they great lighthouse, the future seemed bright for the Duke of Apulia.

***


The foul stink of men and horses filled the nostrils of Raymond de Montay.

"War is not the most pleasant of escapades," he said to the towering figure of Duke Robert on his right.

"Nay," replied the Duke "But we the small band of faithful shall overcome the multitude of faithless, none the less,". The the right of the Duke, fully suited in main and carrying a hefty spear, was his wife Sichelgaita. The formidable Lombard lady often rode into battle at the side of her husband.

Raymond peered out of his helmet at the Mohammedan lines forming outside the city. He then took a look behind him at the pillars of smoke arising from the transport galleys. Duke Robert, ever the fox, had ordered the oars burned, like William the Bastard back in Normandy.

The Norman army assembling behind them was not at all was Duke Robert characterized it to be. It was not very faithful, as both Greek heretics and even Saracen levies from Sicily filled its ranks. It was hardly small, containing over fourty thousand men in total, with fifteen thousand besieging Damietta. The recruiting efforts of Bohemond and himself had been wildly successful. Normans, Lombards, and Frenchmen all flocked to fill the ranks of Guiscard. Hundreds of knights had flocked from Toulouse in particular, raising the ire of the lord William there.

The force opposingthem had the same numbers, but no cavalry. Their ranks were filled with conscripted serfs and men from the deep of Sudan. The two opposing forces began to exchange volleys. Raymond was surprised at the ferosiousnes of the arrows from the Sicilian Saracens. The missiles tore wide gaps in the poorly armored Egyptian lines.

After a time of volleying, Duke Robert sounded for the infantry to charge. The longer shields of the Franks proved superior, and they soon gained the upper hands in the battle, pushing the Egyptians back toward the city walls. At that point, the cavalry were ordered to charge the Egyptian ranks. The Egyptian first line collapsed back into the second, and the second into the third, causing much chaos. the Franks exploited this chaos, and soon the Egyptians were in full rout.

By the end of the day, Raymond was drenched in blood, but the jewel of the Nile had been taken.


***

Thoughts? How long do you think a Norman campaign with 45,000 troops and naval support would take to conquer Egypt?
 
AD 1084 -- Robert Guiscard frees Pope Gregory VII.

?If King Robert is off Crusading what happens to poor Pope Gregory VII in his campaign against Henry the Emperor.?

?What happens to Sicily when Henry comes calling?
 
?If King Robert is off Crusading what happens to poor Pope Gregory VII in his campaign against Henry the Emperor.?

?What happens to Sicily when Henry comes calling?
Duke Robert. And Henry's attack was instigated by Alexius to get Guiscard the hell out of his empire. Since Alexius instead devotes the time and effort to a joint conquest of Egypt, it is reasonable that Henry's invasion is delayed at least a few years.

If you are interested in the Normans in S. Italy, you should definitely check out Normans in the South and Kingdom in the Sun by John Julius Norwich. While not scholarly works at all, they still serve as a good introduction.
 
Originally posted by The Sicilian
Thoughts? How long do you think a Norman campaign with 45,000 troops and naval support would take to conquer Egypt?

More than the fatimid army, the normans should be prepared to an intervention of the selyuquis armies, at the time of the POD, selyuquis under Maliksah and his veteran iranian vizir Nizam al-Mulk are surely the most powerful islamic state in the region of the Middle East, in fact the selyuquis had played a game of dominion of the Middle East against the fatimids and the selyuquis looked Egypt with gains of conquest it.

So having account of the fact that the fatimids are in disarray and that it is clear that a norman kingdom in Egypt could give far more troubles than the fatimid Egypt for the selyuqis, I think that normans could not only confront fatimids armies, in fact his intervention could surely cause a selyuqui intervention, so the normans would be confronting the most powerful state of the Middle East.

So in any case surely a long, long campaign.
 
I like this idea :) Its unusual and interesting and both are good !

Best Regards
Grey Wolf
Thanks!
More than the fatimid army, the normans should be prepared to an intervention of the selyuquis armies, at the time of the POD, selyuquis under Maliksah and his veteran iranian vizir Nizam al-Mulk are surely the most powerful islamic state in the region of the Middle East, in fact the selyuquis had played a game of dominion of the Middle East against the fatimids and the selyuquis looked Egypt with gains of conquest it.
IIRC, they were concentrated in Anatolia, after Manzikert and such. Who was the dominant pwoer in Syria and Palestine (staging ground for an invasion of Egypt)
So having account of the fact that the fatimids are in disarray and that it is clear that a norman kingdom in Egypt could give far more troubles than the fatimid Egypt for the selyuqis, I think that normans could not only confront fatimids armies, in fact his intervention could surely cause a selyuqui intervention, so the normans would be confronting the most powerful state of the Middle East.
But remember, the Normans have the Byzantines on their side, who would most likely be thirsting for blood after Manzikert.

So in any case surely a long, long campaign.
Perhaps. Thank you for your input though.

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On a different note, Guiscard has now inherited the Patriarchate of Alexandria, one of the five members of the old pentarchy. Theoretically independent of both Rome and Constantinople, this could lead to the enforcement of some 'non-standard' practices.

I think the Normans would learn from their experience in Sicily, and would tolerate the presence of Muslims, Jews and non-Catholic Christians (In Sicily the Greek Orthodox, in Egypt the Coptics). Of course, they don't have much of a choice.

There is a possibility that the crusaders will learn from the Normans in Egypt and Sicily, and enforce a similar toleration in their states. This could lead to some longer-lasting Crusader states.
 
January 1083: The forces gathered by Guiscard, Bohemond and Raymond de Montay gather at the Nile delta. The force splits in two, with one third under Bohemond assaulting Damietta, and two thirds under Guiscard assaulting Alexandria. Alexandria is taken after a two week siege in a pitched battle, during which the Egyptian lines collapse under a Norman cavalry assault. Damietta is opened up to bohemond three days later by a Copt traitor inside the city.

Febuary 1083: Robert consolidates his hold over the delta as he prepares for the attack on Cairo. He invests Simon de Montay with the Patriarchate of Alexandria, after reluctant letters of confirmation from the Pope and Byzantine Patriarch. Simon adopts the name Matthew. 5000 more men from Provence arrive in port.

March 1083: Guiscard and Bohemond link up for a combined assault on Cairo. The Fatimids make their final stand there by gathering all the forces they can summon to outside the capital. Outnumbered three to five, the left flank of the Norman army, composed of Slav levies and Lombard conscripts, collapses under assault from Sudanese horsemen. Seeing this, the Lomabrd wife of Guiscard, Sichelgaita, grabs a standard bearing the cross and rallies the fleeing troops. The Frankish horsemen punce on the confused Fatimids, and the battle turns into a rout. Guiscard enters Cairo in triumph the following day.

April 1082: Guiscard receives his letter of investiture of the Kingdom of Egypt from the Pope. He appoints Bohemond as Prince of Alexandria, effectively heir to Egypt. With Bohemond left in charge of Lower Egypt, Guiscard continues his march down the Nile, taking city after city with little resistance from the crushed Fatimids.

***

After the overthrow of the Fatimids, King Robert had one of the most densely populated places in the Mediterranean to rule. To help him do this, Robert followed his brother Roger’s example in Sicily; he incorporated to useful parts of the Muslim bureaucracy, and filled in the gaps where the harmful parts were cut out. He established the Patriarchate as the successor to the office of Imam, a sound idea considering the clerical genius of Patriarch Matthew. Simon de Montay was appointed chancellor.

The urban properties, such as shops, bathhouses, and caravanserais were redistributed. They went from being owned by the defunct imam to being equally split between the offices of government and the public. The rent for property was lowered on Ramadan for Muslims, and Easter for Christians. Certain types of property were awarded to knights that had served Guiscard well. For instance, a certain Jordan of Salerno, a Lombard mercenary who helped turn the tide at the Battle of Cairo, acquired the majority of oil presses in the capital.

Normans of Egypt
. Tancredo Chen. New Melfi University Scriptorium, 1996.
 
Love the timeline:), looks realistic to me, but hey what do I know:eek::D
Im sorry for not proof reading it guys. Now that I've looked it over, I can see some glaringly obvious errors. :(

Once I'm done with the century, I'll edit/expand it. Thanks for the appreciation Valdemar :)
 
A year of events:


May 1083: The oasis city of Fayoum and the linen manufacturing village at Bani Swaif are taken. Raymond de Montay is given the title ‘Duke of Crocodilopolis’. The Latin diocese is reestablished.

June 1083: Guiscard prays at Samalut, where Joseph, Mary and Jesus were thought to have been. Patriarch Matthew establishes a Latin monastery there. Minya surrenders latter that month.

July 1083: Guiscard sweeps down to Asyut. The many Copts of the city throw open the gates and welcome the new Christian overlords.

August 1083: Gusicard enters Abydos.

September 1083: Guiscard takes Luxor.

October 1083: Guiscard takes Esna.

November 1083: Guiscard arrives at the end of Fatimid authority on the Nile: Aswan. There he faced the last vestige of the Fatimid Caliphate; the former vizier, Badr al-Jamali. Guiscard, who’s forces have been depleted by attrition and garrisoning captured cities, calls upon the Christian Nubian kingdoms for assistance. The King of Dongola, Solomon, rides forth at the head of an army to aid Guiscard. They take Aswan and the first cataract, completing the Christian reconquest conquest of Egypt.

He meets with King Solomon, and representatives from the King of Alodia in the south, to write a treaty of alliance. Guiscard receives recognition from the Nubian kings, and, in turn, he recognizes their independence. He begins his march back to Cairo, at the head of a great caravan.



The polygamist infidel king[1] rode at the head of a great procession, a train of donkeys, horses and camels stretching as far as one could see unaided. The backs of the beasts were loaded with treasure and loot from up and down the Nile; gold and silver from Nubia, and the most excellent silk and weaved cloth from India. It was like a traveling feast, for the sultan gorged himself on dates and fine meats daily. He received presents from the lords of every town and city he passed through.

Anonymous Arab chronicler, 11th Century.

[1] Polygamist, because he, as a Catholic, believes in the Trinity.

December 1083: Guiscard arrives back in Cairo, only to receive word of major rebellions in Apulia and Calabria, under the leadership of Jordan of Capua. Jordan claims the ducal titles of Apulia and Calabria. Roger, Count of Sicily, temporarily suspends the conquest of the isle to sail to Calabria. He achieves success in Calabria, marching up to the river Crati.

January 1084: Guiscard is forced to stay in port in Alexandria due to weather, although this gives him a chance to gather his forces. He manages to collect 8,000 knights, foot soldiers, and mercenaries.

Febuary 1084: Guiscard departs from Egypt and sails for southern Italy. He arrives just in time, as most of the peninsula has fallen to the rebellion. Despite this, the Saracen regiments under Roger have proved their worth.

March 1084: Guiscard falls upon the rebels with a vengeance. Numerous towns and cities are sacked if they don’t surrender.

April 1084: Guiscard captures Capua. He battles Jordan at Cannae and achieves a crushing victory. Jordan is captured and executed for treason.

May 1084: Disaster begins to loom on the horizon for the Normans in Egypt and Italy. In Anatolia, the Seljuk sultan, Malik Shah, begins to mobilize his forces for a campaign against the Christians in Egypt. In Germany, the Emperor Henry IV begins to march down the Alps, intent on ousting Pope Gregory VII from power.

Are things going too fast?
 
The polygamist infidel king[1] rode at the head of a great procession, a train of donkeys, horses and camels stretching as far as one could see unaided. The backs of the beasts were loaded with treasure and loot from up and down the Nile; gold and silver from Nubia, and the most excellent silk and weaved cloth from India. It was like a traveling feast, for the sultan gorged himself on dates and fine meats daily. He received presents from the lords of every town and city he passed through.

Anonymous Arab chronicler, 11th Century.

[1] Polygamist, because he, as a Catholic, believes in the Trinity.
He has multiple wives because he's Catholic!?!?

At a wild guess you meant polytheist.
 
I also like the Timeline so far.

However, I wonder whether the Norman empire is not too far stretched: conquering Egypt and then, next year, leaving it and reconquering its Italian belongings seems quite a challenge to me...
 
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