Table of Contents
Look to the West : The Timeline
This is the ninth page of the simplified timeline overview for Look to the West.
Part 9: The Democratic Experiment (1834-1849)
1834:
January - Though the Dutch Republic itself may be lost, Dutch forces under Hendrik van Nieuwenhuizen and Admiral de Vries complete their conquest of the Portuguese Brazilian region of Maranhão and reign supreme.
Around this time the last Wilderness black rebels are crushed in Virginia by Virginian forces. Caesar Bell, their leader, is never caught and his body his never found, ensuring he will become a legend to future leaders of black slave rebellions.
February - Start of the Congress of Brünn, which decides the outcome of the Saxon/Polish-Austrian war.
The naval Battle of Bornholm is fought between the Danes under Admiral Vilhelm Polder and the Russians under Admiral Nikolai Senyavin. Although the latter Swedish Civil War mostly saw minor Danish naval victories over the Russians, this battle is the only one popularly remembered, and it is a Russian victory. Senyavin is noted for using new tactics and technologies to his advantage, including the new skalpel (scalpel) rifled cannon capable of penetrating Danish steamships' armoured boilers.
March - The Kingdom of the Three Sicilies is officially proclaimed as a single unitary state.
As a gesture of goodwill, the Saxons formally hand Henry Frederick of Prussia back over to Wilhelm von der Trenck and his remaining supporters in Hanover. Henry Frederick has abdicated all claims to the Prussian throne and wishes to create a new life for himself. He leads his remaining Prussian troops with the Hanoverians in an attack on the VRD, which is disintegrating thanks to civil war between supporters of Dornberger and Brüning.
Portuguese and Meridian negotiators meet on the Azores and sign the Treaty of Angra, known in Portugal as the Tearful Treaty. This dismembers Portuguese Brazil, creating the Meridian puppet states of the Cisplatine, Riograndense and Pernambuco Republics, awards much of the interior (notionally) to the UPSA and New Spain, and leaves Portugal with less than half (albeit the most valuable parts) of pre-war Brazil.
April - The Congress of Brünn concludes. Bohemia (and Silesia) becomes a kingdom under Augustus II of Saxony's brother Xavier Albert, as Albert II–finally receiving a royal dignity on his third attempt after Poland and Bavaria. The Austrians actually retain a sizeable remnant of the former definition of Bohemia. The Poles gain Krakau, Teschen and some other Galician and Silesian territory. The status of Bavaria remains undecided until the Congress of Brussels two years later: in the meantime it is officially a Saxon-Austrian condominium, and in practice subject to total anarchy.
After solving a dispute in Oudh (Awadh), Nurul Huq is able to persuade the British East India Company to set up a Governing Council in Bengal made up of both Europeans and natives to advise the Governor-General.
With the election schedules having synchronised, Virginia both elects its House of Burgesses and has its second gubernatorial election. Incumbent Sir James Henry and his Magnolia Democrats remain in power largely due to a fragmented and divided opposition, with him winning only a 37% plurality in the gubernatorial election.
May - Russian winter soldiers (made up largely of penal battalions comprised of Constantine supporters from the late civil war) occupy Finnmark in northern Norway.
Around this time the last bandits and rogue mercenaries in Britain left over from the Inglorious Revolution are subdued by government forces.
June - With the Flemings having overrun the bulk of the Dutch Republic, Oren Scherman attempts to betray his supporters and escape. However, Manfred Landau–having learned that Scherman had ordered his death–takes his men and some of Admiral Forgues' elite soldiers and garottes Scherman in the night. Forgues allows Landau and his men to take the remaining ships and flee to the UPSA as he wants. Forgues also rescues Stadtholder William VII from where Scherman had had him under house arrest (and, it is suspected, abused him).
Heinrich Friedrich Hohenzollern, AKA Henry Frederick Owens-Allen, former King in Prussia, arrives in the ENA where he will live in exile in Virginia.
July - A Russian / Stockholm Conspiracy attack on Trondheim is bloodily repulsed by Norwegian militiamen. The Battle of Trondheim will be an iconic moment in the development of Norwegian nationalism.
Marshal Forgues surrenders to the Flemish Army in Groningen. The Flemish conquest of the Dutch Republic is now complete.
The Virginian doctor and social reformer Alexander Disney finds an abandoned asylum where a group of deaf children had been fending for themselves since the Virginia Crisis, 'living as savages', yet had created their own unique new sign language to communicate. His study of them has an important impact on the science of linguistics.
August - Battle of Gävle in Sweden, with a Danish offensive being halted by Russian and Stockholm Conspiracy forces.
End of the Franco-Italian “Nightmare War” with the Peace of Cuneo. The peace is largely in the French's favour, restoring the pre-1794 border, but is far less dramatic than many considered that such a bloody conflict would produce. Both countries wish to focus on their other enemies or rivals–France on Flanders and Italy on Naples and the Saxons. As part of the agreement, France expels Victor Felix of Sardinia, who ends up in the Bernese Republic.
September - Battle of Karlstad in Sweden. The Russians and their Stockholm Conspiracy allies throw back the Danish army. This reversal, coupled to the problem of residual Schmidtists in Danish Germany and the fact that Denmark still holds most of the richest and most valuables parts of Sweden, encourages the Danish government to consider ending the war.
The “Damascene Conversion” of Wilhelm Brüning. Brüning had become frustrated and depressed with how successful his opponent Dornberger had been in trying to seize control of the divided VRD, having witnessed people assuming Dornberger was Schmidt thanks to previously acting as his 'voice', and happily believing the charismatic Dornberger when he claimed Schmidt said things quite contrary to what Schmidt had recorded in the books and pamphlets anyone could read. This makes Brüning doubt his democratic principles that the people are worthy to rule themselves, and together with a pragmatic reading of his endangered position, he decides to go over to the Hanoverians and their Saxon allies. He assists them in crushing the VRD remnant under Dornberger.
Having ended the Italian front of the war, Bonaparte sends the now freed-up troops to join the war against Flanders. However he miscalculates, with many men traumatised by the 'Nightmare War' and driven to breaking point by this new round.
Frederick II of Great Britain returns to London after touring his ravaged country, being shocked by the damage of the civil war and helping rebuild his support among the common people. Having gauged the mood of the country to be restless and wishing to appease radical political interests, Frederick informs the Privy Council that he favours an election held under universal suffrage and the secret ballot.
October - Death of Michael Elchingener. Having so long dominated Swabian politics, his death throws the court into a flux and leads to the reluctant decision by King Frederick IV that the territories ruled by the Confederation Society cannot be regained.
William Wyndham, who opposes King Frederick's proposed universal suffrage election, is approached by an establishment group known as the Bond Street Conspiracy, who want his support to launch a coup against the radicals. Wyndham agrees to everything they say, then leaves and immediately calls upon Llewelyn Thomas and his militia to arrest all the conspirators. The incident makes both Wyndham's reputation of incorruptible loyality and Thomas' of decisive action.
The Empire of New Spain sends fleets to the Philippines and Castilian Formosa. The colonies are handed over by their former Portuguese overlords.
November - An ill-judged French attack aimed at Liége is bloodily repulsed by the Flemings, who are well dug in there. A particularly iconic moment of horror is when French troops accidentally kill Walloon refugees fleeing the Flemings.
December - Peace of Vilnius between Russia / Stockholm Conspiracy Sweden and Denmark / Loyalist Sweden. The peace is motivated by Denmark wishing to concentrate on German affairs, observing the Saxons shifting the makeup of postwar Germany to their liking and wishing to intervene. The peace leaves the status of Sweden deliberately vague and this will not be definitively settled until the Congress of Brussels. The loyalist Swedish government governs from Stockholm, while (ironically) the Stockholm Conspiracy claims to govern from Upsala, but in practice from Helsingfors.
1835:
January - The formal end of the “Swiss War”, with the Treaty of Zürich, though the battle lines had not moved for months in any case: Swabia surrenders almost half of her former Swiss territories to the new Switzerland of the Confederation Society, which becomes known as the “Bernese Republic”. John Byron III decides to settle there and writes many iconic works romanticising the 'Old Switzerland, most notably The White Mountains.
Bonaparte visits a field hospital on the Flemish Front nd is shocked by the horrors of modern warfare, making him reconsider his position. This together with public discontent over the course of the war and criticism from the Triumvirate leads him to pursue peace.
February - Albert Dornberger is killed, impaled on a Saxon bayonet–an image which will become iconic in neo-Schmidtist movements later on. With his death the VRD, already on its last legs, effectively ceases to exist.
Even an Optel message from Maximilian II of Flanders agreeing for a ceasefire arrives, Bonaparte dies at the age of 70 from heart failure caused by overwork.
In Africa, the Fulani jihadists led by Abu Nahda conquer the Hausa city of Bida, only the latest in a series of successful conquests over the past eight years. Abu Nahda refuses the title of Caliph, only referring to himself as 'the Amir'. He passes policies of limited tolerance but tax discrimination against non-Fulani-style Muslims. He now rules an empire stretching from Lake Chad to the borders of Oyo and Dahomey.
March - André Malraux resigns from the Triumvirate, saying the time of national crisis has now passed, and calls for fresh elections and peace with Flanders. Bleu and Blanc leaders Claude Devigny and Émile Perrier reject this and vow to continue the war. Although the Blancs are the larger party in the Grand-Parlement, the King's continued refusal to deal with Perrier means that Devigny becomes Prime Minister as a compromise. He launches a new offensive against Flanders, dubbed the offensive parthe (Parthian Offensive) as it is the parting shot. His intention is to claim all of Wallonia (against criticism of Bonaparte having 'abandoned' the Walloons) and win patriotic votes from those he fears would otherwise support the Rouges.
April - End of the Parthian Offensive in disaster, with little territory captured and many lives spent. The Dutch Stadtholder William VII even urges his people to support the Flemings against the French. Low morale on the exhausted French's part, while the Flemings are fighting in the defence of their own country, and the two sides being evenly matched in technology and tactics, all play a part in the defeat. There are rumours of French mutinies and Charles IV of Spain, viewing France's weakness, starts making noises about adjusting the Franco-Spanish border. In response to all this, even Devigny throws in the towel and calls for peace.
May - Great Britain holds one of the most dramatic and important elections in her history, spread over two weeks in May and June. For the first time, every adult man can cast a vote, and that vote is secret. However, the old constituencies and political system are still used, so most constituencies have two seats with both the winner and runner-up being elected.
June - The results of Great Britain's election are remarkable but initially misunderstood. The Whig label is made virtually meaningless overnight with almost all identifying with it failing to win seats, Wyndham's New Tories do impressively well, the Phoenix Party surprisingly holds onto a fair few seats, but a huge majority is won by what commentators initially see–mistakenly–as a unified group of Radicals and Radical-leaning independents. David Thompson, leader of the titular Radical Party, becomes Prime Minister and attempts to govern.
July - The Kingdom of the Three Sicilies adopts a new simplified flag, a horizontal tricolour of red, yellow and blue.
August - The long, awkward business of the Congress of Brussels opens in an attempt to make sense of the Popular Wars and create a postwar European settlement.
In Great Britain the Thompson Ministry collapses after barely a month, with the “Purple Radicals” from working-class societies being unimpressed with the lukewarm and often overly idealistic policies of Thompson and the bourgeois “Green Radicals”. The backbench Purples vote down Thompson's budget. The King suggests the Radical group elect their own leader rather than have him choose a new Prime Minister, which leads to the surprise of Llewelyn Thomas (rather than the more erudite Purple leaders such as Peter Baker) becoming leader and Prime Minister. Thompson, his lieutenant Hartington and their Green supporters officially break with the Purples; the latter become known as the People's Alliance or Populist Party.
October - Death of King Gabriel of Peru. He is succeeded by his son Francis, who adopts more moderate policies looking towards the UPSA, and follows through on some of the agreements with the Meridians relaxing restrictions on the Tahuantinsuya that his father had dragged his heels on.
November - Recognising that the Dutch East and West India Companies (VOC and GWC) had become unpopular with the Dutch people, Maximilian II proclaims their nationalisation and merger with the Ostend Company, effectively declaring his intent to seize Dutch colonies around the world. The Lords Seventeen of the VOC refuse this and several of them escape to the colonies.
1836:
January - The Anglo-French inventor Joseph Lardent first demonstrates a steerable (dirigible balloon) that incorporates a small steam engine as the power source. Though his demonstration is impressive, economies of scale mean the project remains only a curiosity for the moment.
Alf Stotts returns to Carolina after years of serving in foreign armies, having made his fortune during the Sino-Siamese War. He is initially shunned by high society for his crude habits and dislike of Andrew Eveleigh.
February - The Continental Parliament passes the Parliamentary Reapportionment Act (1836) which adds many more seats to the Continental Parliament and helps equalise the number of voters per MCP better. Crucially this means that restrictions on suffrage from the Confederations whille reduce their Parliamentary representation, so it starts a move towards universal (white male) suffrage across the Empire in those areas which do not already have it.
General Simon Bishop of the Royal Africa Company sets out from Katunga (Oyo City) with a mixed (and fractious) army of Dahomeans, Yoruba and RAC Jaguns to combat the encroachments of Abu Nahda's Fulani.
March - As part of the negotiations at the Congress of Brussels, the Danes trade Danzig to Poland in exchange for Brandenburg-Stettin, which was Polish-occupied.
Prime Minister Llewelyn Thomas announces a Constitutional Convention for Great Britain to be held in Birmingham. The next election will be delayed until 1840 as a result.
A German Populist exile, Bernd Kehlmann, attempts to kill Henry Frederick Owens-Allen in Virginia but only succeeds in killing his bodyguard Hans Frege. Owens-Allen decides to leave Fredericksburg and go adventuring in the west.
April - One of the most contentious issues of the Popular Wars is resolved at the Congress of Brussels, with Bavaria being made an independent kingdom under Victor Felix of the House of Savoy, who becomes Victor I.
Battle of Rabba in West Africa between the RAC-led allied army under Simon Bishop and Abu Nahda's Fulani jihadis. The Royal Africa Company is defeated, prompting the Retreat from Rabba and the annexation of Nupe to Abu Nadha's empire.
May - The “Maucler Letter” is published–a fake, but supposedly based on real events, it claims that the French diplomats at Brussels tried to trade away part of Lorraine to Swabia. The letter is used by Rouge Party propagandists, with many ordinary people and veterans furious at the Blanc-Bleu establishment casually trading away lands they suffered and died to conquer. Resentment flows through France, building to a crescendo.
June - After almost a year of tense negotiations, the Congress of Brussels concludes. The Europe of the Democratic Experiment era has been constructed.
July - The French Army mutinies, partly due to the Maucler Letter but mostly due to rumours that the government is planning to cut their war pensions. Encamped mutineers are met by King Charles X at Beauvais, and he shocks the world by bowing to them and making July 12th “the Soldiers' Day”, on which all Frenchmen, aristocrats or no, must defer to veterans. He also gives veterans the right to vote, effectively defusing the crisis.
August - King Charles X dissolves the French Grand-Parlement and calls a fresh election. In what is confusingly known as the “Blue Election” (due to blue-uniformed soldiers voting), the Bleus and Blancs are crushed and André Malraux becomes Prime Minister, leading the Rouges as France's first majority government. The People's Kingdom period begins.
Following the Retreat from Rabba, the failure of the RAC army is blamed on a number of ruling figures, including Philip Lawrence who is forced to step down as President of the Board of Directors and instead becomes Resident at the court of the Oba of Lagos. Frederick William Yates is elected President by the Board and he appoints the recently returned Philip Hamilton to head a new army against the Fulani.
September - Governor of the Cape Colony Adriaan Rhenius, hearing of the loss of the Dutch Republic, proclaims the continuation of the Republic in exile. His intention is to rule all the exilic Dutch colonies worldwide from Kaapstad, but this proves unsuccessful and the state he founds becomes known as the Cape Republic.
After an incident with a confiscated Greek ship that escalated out of control, war breaks out between Hapsburg Greece and the Janissary Sultanate.
October - The Portuguese, having licked their wounds after their defeats in the Popular Wars, send an expeditionary force to Guyana to try and reconquer the country from the exilic Dutch. The new French government, in response to both this and Maximilian II's nationalisation of the VOC and GWC, proclaims the Malraux Doctrine and warns it will help defend the exilic Dutch around the world, though initially just through supplying weapons.
1837:
January - In a massive shock, the secret provisions of the Treaty of Lima are revealed and the price the New Spanish paid for Meridian help in the Reconquista becomes apparent: Meridian fleets arrive in Spanish Formosa and the Philippines and the Spanish hand over both colonies to the UPSA. Rather than becoming formal Meridian territory, the “Adamantine Philippine Company” is chartered to rule over them.
February - Election in the UPSA. Riding the success of the acquisition of the former Spanish Pacific colonies, Rámon Almada, the Adamantine candidate, is elected in the first round with 51%. The Colorado candidate comes in second and the Amarillo in third. This result causes the Amarillos to reorganise and modernise themselves, while the Colorados become complacent.
The British Constitutional Convention commences in Birmingham.
March - David Levitin, leader of the exilic Crimean Jews in Sinope, is persuaded to be crowned “David II of the Kingdom of Israel in exile”. Abdul Hadi Pasha and the Sultan attend the coronation.
April - Sultan Amangkurat V of Mataram, having bided his time during the Popular Wars, chooses the Dutch's moment of weakness to launch his war of reconquest in an attempt to expel the Dutch from Java. His Portuguese-trained army inflicts several defeats on the exilic Dutch forces there.
Sultan Murad VI of (Abdul Hadi Pasha's faction of) the Ottoman Empire issues the Edict of Bursa, which begins the Devrim or Reform period in which the Ottomans seek to modernise their governance and military capabilities.
May - The Carolinian General Assembly passes laws instituting universal white male suffrage and the creation of an elected Governor.
September - Pablo Sanchez leaves Spain and emigrates to the UPSA, the country whose future he will go on to define.
October - General election in the ENA results in gains for the Radicals and Patriots and the first three Supremacist Party MCPs being elected. The Radical-Neutral government continues. Mo Quedling is re-elected as an independent after breaking wit hthe Radical Party. At the same time, John Alexander is elected first (elected) Governor of Carolina as an independent.
November - Lord Hancock secures agreement with New Spain and Russia on the borders of the Drakesland Colony (or at least those parts near to the seaboard).
1838:
February - The Portuguese give up their failed attempt to reconquer Guyana and withdraw.
Conclusion of the British Constitutional Convention in Birmingham, which produces the most radical shakeup of the country's governance for eight centuries.
March - Death of Jangir Khan of the Kazakh Khaganate. A civil war between claimants for his successor breaks out, with intervention by Russia and to a lesser extent Persia.
April - First recorded riot of Meridian workers against immigrants from the Cisplatine Republic undercutting their wages by working for less.
The Bornu capital of Gazargamo in Africa rises up in rebellion against its Fulani overlords, proclaiming a new mai (king).
Legislative election in Virginia sees the Magnolia Democrats manage to win a narrow majority in the House of Burgesses, helped by Governor Henry's populism on limiting working hours.
Henry Frederick Owens-Allen arrives in Drakesland, his exploits on a wagon train in saving it from disasters having made him firmly popular with the settlers. He goes on to visit California
May - The Malraux government in France reforms government by replacing the old Revolutionary square Thouret départements with restored provinces (with some modifications) each divided into electoral circonscriptions.
The exilic Dutch in Guyana, having defeated the Portuguese with unofficial help from France and the UPSA, proclaim the Guyana Republic. The ramshackle state is in the shared sphere of influence of both the UPSA and New Spain.
June - The First Sino-Siamese War concludes with the French-brokered Treaty of Hanoi. The Feng Chinese win, securing Yunnan Province and acquiring a small part of Daiviet. This shatters Siam's image of invincibility and leads to rebellions from Siam's vassals, aided by the Burmese.
For some time, Emperor Ferdinand VII of New Spain has been slowly dismantling the Casta system in the face of opposition from established Peninsular interests. His announcement of the ending of the use of the Maya people for indentured labour causes this opposition to escalate into an all-out rebellion, the Mérida War. The Carolinian adventurer George Washington Alexander is one of many Carolinians to help fight for Ferdinand.
November - Henry Frederick Owens-Allen returns from his western adventure (having journeyed back by sea around the Horn) and begins writing a book.
1839:
January - Abu Nahda and the Fulani withdraw from Rabba in order to crush the rebellion in Gazargamo.
An Imperial Commission led by Lord Hancock reports on the future of the Drakesland colony and how it should be integrated into the ENA. Almost as a footnote, Hancock notes that the ENA flag might have to change to reflect another Confederation being added. This ignites the 'Flag War' dispute in the Continental Parliament, exposing the deep divides between the parties over what the future of the ENA should look like.
February - New Granadine writer Rodrigo Campos publishes Política, in which he formalises and defines the Meridian-derived “Metallic Spectrum” for describing political positions (doradist, argentist, cobrist). However these terms had already been in common circulation for many years.
Britain adopts the Constitution of 1839 in line with the recommendations of the Constitutional Convention. This includes radical ideas such as the disestablishment of the Church of England, the abolition of the House of Lords (and effectively removing all legal presence of peerages) and the creation of two elected Houses, the House of Representatives and the House of Knights. House of Representatives constituencies are made equal in size, single-member, and the number of MPs increased to 969. Knights are elected directly from counties and number around 500. The Army is severely limited in size, a national police force is banned and all local government is abolished–leading to an infamously lawless climate in some parts of Britain in this period.
March - Governor-General Frederick Freehouse of Cygnia attempts to create a neutral capital for the new Legislative Council at Cochrane, but there is too much opposition from the two colonies of New Kent and New Virginia. Instead the capital will rotate between Norfolk and New London.
Death of King Charles IV of Spain, only seven years after his restoration to the throne. He is succeeded by his son as Ferdinand VII, who immediately starts causing trouble due to having grown up in the Americas and having contemptuous views of European Spaniards.
Philip Hamilton and the RAC army fight their way back to Rabba, which is declared a free city by its ruler.
April - In response to the new British Constitution, William Wyndham founds the Regressive Party when he gives his famous 'Way Back Speech'.
Death of American Radical Lord President Eric Mullenburgh from a heart condition. He is temporarily succeeded by Neutral Party leader Derek Boyd.
Governor Henry of Virginia wins a third term despite failed attempts by the opposition to present a single alternative.
George Washington Alexander almost bloodlessly captures a band of rebels at Tizimín, dealing a huge blow to the anti-Ferdinand rebellion. He is feted both at home and in New Spain for his accomplishment.
May - The Malraux government in France reforms the colonial government of French Antipodea (Pérousie), introducing limited elections. The population at this point stands at around 200,000.
In the ENA, the Radical Party caucus elects John Vanburen as their leader and he becomes Lord President. Boyd steps down amid criticism from his own party, which has more seats than the Radicals. Vanburen immediately begins pushing for the Neutrals and Radicals to merge into a new Liberal Party.
June - Oldenburg is made into an exclave of Billungia rather than a colonial possession of Denmark / Scandinavia.
October - As the ban on unrestricted immigration to California has proved unenforceable, it is quietly dropped by the New Spanish authorities.
Legislative elections in the UPSA. Manfred Landau, German immigrant and former ally of Pascal Schmidt, enters the Cortes as a Colorado.
November - Lord President Vanburen of the ENA holds a vote on merging the Neutrals and Radicals into a Liberal Party. Only half the Neutrals join him. Neutral leader Derek Boyd resigns in protest and a by-election is called in Tennessee.
December - In the ENA, the Whigs win the Tennessee by-election, wiping out the government's fractious majority even if all the Neutrals continue to vote with the estranged new Liberal Party.
1840:
January - In Virginia, Portsmouth College (later the University of Portsmouth) is founded as a more modern and radical alternative to William and Mary in Williamsburg.
February - Augustus II of High Saxony reforms the Diet to make it elected, but based on a three-class franchise.
In the ENA, the government falls and an early election is called.
Abu Nahda crushes the Bornu rebellion in Gazargamo (though a few rebels flee to Wadai) but then must turn around once again as Philip Hamilton's army threatens his recent gains in the Hausa lands.
March - The New Tynwald on the Isle of Man votes to make the island a republic, severing all links with the British monarchy.
Henry Frederick Owens-Allen publishes Opening the West: The Future of America, a book about his adventures over the past year or so.
The Mérida war peters out with the defeat of the rebels. George Washington Alexander converts to Jansenist Catholicism to marry his New Spanish bride. With the freeing of the indentured Maya henequen workers, he suggests they be replaced with Negro slaves imported from Carolina. This creates further economic ties between Carolina and New Spain.
April - In France the Rouges under André Malraux easily win a second term in power.
General election in the ENA produces a complex hung parliament, with limited successes for the new Democratic and newish Supremacist parties. The old Neutral Party is dead. Due to infighting between its remnants and the Liberals, the Patriots win a bare majority on a rather small national voteshare. Nathaniel Crowninshield becomes Lord President.
May - As part of their ongoing attempt to bring the former Dutch colonies under their authority, the Belgians succeed in conquering Tasmanstad in Antipodea.
June - Formation of the Isolationsgebiet (“cordon sanitaire”), an alliance between Denmark/Scandinavia, Belgium and Swabia aimed at opposing the formation of a Saxon-led unified Germany.
July - Flanders dispatches a large naval force to the Cape Republic in an attempt to seize it.
November - After the armies of Philip Hamilton and Abu Nahda confront each other across the Nahda, the two agree to meet in a meeting hosted by the Etsu Nupe and hammer out a peace treaty. The Treaty of Rabba recognises the Fulani's new empire but opens it up to trade with the RAC, as well as opening up the RAC lands to Fulani missionaries.
1841:
January - Often mistakenly given as the publishing date for Pablo Sanchez's Unity Through Society (actually published 1843) as it was largely based on lectures he gave in this year.
Mayor of Boston Edward M. Taft publishes a codified rulebook for the growing sport of diamondball.
February - Flemish forces successfully take Kaapstad from the Cape Republic exilic Dutch. However, this does not result in the surrender of the Republic as they had hoped. Adriaan Rhenius shifts the capital to Orangestad and the Dutch exiles successfully resist Fleming expansion over the following years, restricting them only to the western Cape. The Cape becomes divided between the Flemish colony in the west, the Cape Republic in the middle and the Americans in Natal in the east.
In Carolina Alf Stotts is visited by Harris Peters and Xu Lingzhi, who tour the Confederation with him and help set up new trade links. This helps make Stotts' name and thanks to John Alexander and Lord Fingall, Stotts is knighted.
March - American writer Errol Robinson publishes The Venator, the first of a new wave of Automaton Literature following the upheavals of the Popular Wars, and drawing on new themes of the dilemmas of identity–it stars an automaton employed to hunt down others of its rebellious kind on human orders.
April - The New Spanish begin building a railway network, including a branch linking to the isolated Californian cities.
In the UPSA, there is a leak of secret government negotiations with the Guyana Republic to sell and lease Brazilian territory to the latter–this makes economic sense but is exploited by the opposition Unionist Party for national pride reasons.
As part of the Hapsburg Greece-Janissary Sultanate war, the Greek Navy invades the island of Euboea. After this success they also take several of the Cyclades.
May - End of the Java War, with Amangkurat V's Sultanate of Mataram having reconquered considerable territories and reduced the Dutch to only the western half of the island, though not succeeding in Amangkurat's ultimate dream of expelling them altogether.
In Louisiana the Duc d'Aumont dies. He is succeeded as Grand Duke of Louisiana by his son Jean-Luc, acclaimed by the people. In France, Prime Minister Malraux is criticised for his limp response to this coup de main.
June - The revolts against Siam by its vassals conclude, with Siam having put most of them down save for losing part of Pegu to Burma. This eventually leads to Siam directly annexing the vassals.
As part of the civil war in the Kazakh lands, a Russo-Kazakh force serving Jangir Khan's son Iskander defeats the Persian garrison providing a boot on the neck of the Khan of Khiva which becomes part of the reunited Kazakh Khaganate, itself under increased Russian influence.
In the Kingdom of Ireland, James Roosevelt's Radical Party loses power after nine years as Prime Minister, partly due to controversy over the British Populist government cutting off food aid. He is replaced by Nicholas Cogan and the Patriots, who are little different at this point in terms of ideology or policies.
July - Gold is discovered at Balérat in French Antipodea (Pérousie), leading to a goldrush and a wave of immigration that rapidly boosts the colony's population.
In response to the embarrassing Persian defeat at Khiva, Grand Vizier Nader Sadeq is assassinated and Zaki Mohammmed Shah abdicates in favour of his brother Jafar Karim Shah. Zaki Mohammed retires to a life of monastic writing in Persian-influenced Muscat.
September - The remaining Dutch in Java and the rest of the East Indies proclaim the Batavian Republic, led by Hendrik Cuypers.
1842:
February - The UPSA finalises the sale and lease of former Brazilian land to the Guyana Republic.
Economic strife in Virginia partly caused by Governor Henry's attacks on bank monopolies. There is a run on the bank in which Henry's government manages to safeguard poor Virginians' savings, but much of the banking establishment relocates to New York and the economy suffers as a result.
March - In Louisiana, Grand Duke Jean-Luc d'Aumont allows the creation of an elected advisory council.
April - The first true cyclogun is developed in the UPSA by Anibal Vélaz, a Jansenist Catholic priest and mechanical hobbyist who uses it to defend colonial parties in the Patagonian steppes from native attacks. The original weapon is limited in scope but it inspired the Fuerzas Armadas to pursue the technology, in particular by Carlos Giménez who develops a steam-powered version.
May - According to sporting legend, the game of H-ball is invented when two teams from the public schools of Harrow and Winchester meet to play football, only to find that they use very different interpretations of the game, and produce a compromise.
April - Legislative election in Virginia. In the wake of the bank runs, the Magnolia Democrats lose their majority in the House of Burgesses. The opposition-controlled House soon passes a law implementing a two-round system for gubernatorial elections to prevent a repeat of Governor Henry's winning on a plurality. It also limits Governors to two consecutive terms. In the wake of the election, Henry Frederick Owens-Allen begins writing politically-tinged criticism of Governor Henry.
June - Though not an officially sanctioned operation, enthusiastic Greek naval officers and freebooters attack Janissary-controlled Crete. The authorities in Crete reject the Janissaries and appeal for help from Abdul Hadi Pasha.
July - A sitting Virginian Independent MCP (a former Neutral) in Missouri province defects to the Democratic Party.
September - The Ottoman navy, the Donanmasi, intervenes in Crete. The Greeks end up with Chania and the western quarter of the island but the rest becomes part of Abdul Hadi Pasha's Ottoman Empire, as does Cyprus.
December - The Hapsburg Greece-Janissary Sultanate war concludes with the Greeks having obtained Attica and Boeotia and the Janissaries further weakened, barely even acknowledge in the peace treaty as mere rebels against Abdul Hadi Pasha's authority.
1843:
February - Freedom Dashwood, son of Joseph Dashwood, marries Marie-Anne Boucher, daughter of the important Métis trader Jean-Baptiste Boucher. This helps Dashwood gain influence within the Thirteen Fires Confederacy as it slowly metamorphoses into a Republic incorporating the Métis and many new Indian tribes.
March - Legislative election in Carolina, the first under new rules which although allowing universal white male suffrage change to a 'general ticket' system intended to shut out parties other than the Whigs. This succeeds, but the system's aristocratic planter creators are shocked when the tickets are manipulated out from under them by more middle-class and Burdenist interests within the Whig Party.
April - The rabble-rouser Faruq Kalam, who preaches a return to (his interpretation of) the core principles of Islam for the Neo-Mughal Empire, is imprisoned by the Governor Sindh.
May - Tasmanstad in Antipodea is reconquered by the Dutch East India Company from the Belgians after the latter are defeated in their attempted siege of Jakarta.
Election to the New York Assembly breaks the cosy old arrangement between the Patriots and Liberals, with the Supremacists gaining many seats and forcing the Patriots and Liberals to form a coalition to remain in power.
Faruq Kalam is freed from prison by his supporters, who kill the Governor of Sindh in the process. Perhaps having suffered under torture, he never shows his face again, but claims the Mahdinate and leads his followers into the Great Jihad that will set India alight. Their first goal is to overthrow the corrupt Neo-Mughal Empire and they successfully defeat its army in a number of battles.
June - Emperor Rudolf III of Austria reaches his majority. He immediately announces that he will proceed with the new constitutional settlement he has been working on.
In the wake of a wave of particularly violent football matches in Britain, Hugh Percy (former Duke of Northumberland) publishes a rulebook which bans or restricts many of the more violent commonplace acts. Dubbed 'Percy Rules Football' and later 'Authority Football', this eventually becomes the global standard.
July - Salamanca Riots in Spain over the University of Salamanca inviting visiting speakers who criticise Columbus and Spanish policy in the Americas, including Cherokee leader John Vann and Carolinian Burdenist Stephen Pinckney. Vann is killed and Pinckney takes his experiences back to Carolina.
August - Following a scandal over the largely lawless former penal colony being hijacked as a base by Barbary pirates preying on American shipping, the General Court of New England agrees to annex Cloudsborough (northern Newfoundland) to the Confederation of New England as a non-voting territory.
Around this time John Vanburen first moots the idea of a Constitutional Convention to decide the future course of the ENA. However, many people forget this later on and assume that the idea began with the Supremacist Party.
In Italy (North Italy), King Leopold gives the vote for his Consiglio Rappresentante advisory body to all army veterans, copying the French model.
September - King Sunthon of Siam declares himself Emperor and directly integrates Siam's rebellious vassal states of Tonkin, Luang Prabang, Tran Ninh, Vientiane and the remainder of Pegu into a Siamese Empire.
Elections in the UPSA see the Unionist Party's Manuel Vinay win the presidency in a shock result that involved a successful anti-immigration scare campaign, infuriating Pablo Sanchez into more engagement with politics.
October - Death of the Dansheng Emperor of Feng China. He is succeeded by his third son as the Jixu Emperor. This leads to some minor revolts in Ningbo and Hanzhou, which (wrongly) convinces Beiqing China that the Feng dynasty is about to collapse.
1844:
January - Start of the First Riverine War with the Beiqing Chinese invasion of the Feng south.
February - After becoming disgusted with Lord President Crowninshield's failure to recognise his party's vulnerability, Patriot election coordinator Edmund Grey resigns his seat of Albany Province and retires. The resulting by-election is won by the rising Supremacist Party.
March - In the ENA's Continental Parliament, all the remaining former Neutral Independent MCPs representing Carolina seats join the Whig Party, which has effectively transformed Carolina into a one-party state.
Peter Molnár's eldest son István, who has grown up in Fyodorsk in Yapon, decides to return to his birthplace of Erythrea and work there.
April - Actual publishing date of Pablo Sanchez's Unity Through Society, though it is often misstated as 1841 due to being largely based on lectures Sanchez gave in that year.
In Virginia Governor Henry stands for a fourth term under the new two-round system. To the surprise of many, the two who proceed to the second round are Henry and the Whig-Patriot unity candidate Henry Frederick Owens-Allen, former King in Prussia.
May - General election in the ENA. A confused and fragmented result sees the Liberals win a small plurality and the Patriots, Supremacists and Whigs all tied for second place. The Democrats are almost wiped out. The Whigs win every seat in Carolina and none outside it. Of the independents, Jethro Carter loses his seat, while Mo Quedling keeps his. Supremacist leader Matthew Clarke rejects a coalition and is removed by his own backbenchers soon afterwards. Patriot leader and incumbent Lord President Nathaniel Crowninshield resigns, replaced by Foreign Secretary Simon Studholme who agrees to form a coalition with Vanburen of the Liberals. His price is continuing as Foreign Secretary, which ultimately hampers the ENA's foreign relations.
June - David Lockwood publishes Play Up And Play the Game, a satire of Eton and other British public schools set in the 'good old days' before the Jacobin Wars. The book proves quite popular, and is the origin of the idiom “Ponsonby Minorism”: Ponsonby Minor is the smallest and one of the youngest boys in the school and is bullied by bigger and older boys, initially making him a sympathetic character. However as soon as an even younger and smaller boy joins the school, Ponsonby Minor promptly joins the others in bullying him. The point is that people in a bad situation can remain content if there is nonetheless someone even worse off they can look down on.
In the second round of the Virginian gubernatorial election, Henry Frederick Owens-Allen narrowly defeats Governor James Henry's attempt for a fourth term.
July - The Great Eastern Railway opens, joining the major cities of the Arc of Power in the ENA (Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Williamsburg and Fredericksburg).
August - After the Bleus and Blancs are again defeated by Malraux's Rouges in the French general election, Georges Villon rises to power as leader of the opposition, radically creating a new combined National Party or 'Verts'.
September - The Georgetown Tragedy. In the ENA, a tragic accident on the new Great Eastern Railway kills three MCPs, William Forrest and Lewis Hester of the Patriots and John Allerdyce of the Liberals. The accident leads to a minor upsurge in Sutcliffism led by Mo Quedling. The resulting by-election for the slain MCPs' shared constituency splits three ways, with the Supremacists, Liberals and Patriots all winning a seat each.
November - Start of the Timor War, in which the Portuguese are humiliatingly defeated by the exilic Batavian Dutch.
1845:
February - Jules Clément publishes Eden, pas Babylone, a seminal Sutcliffist work in which phlogiston theory is used to criticise the incessant industrialisation of France and the creation of new 'Eden Cities' is advocated. It becomes a key influence upon the new National Party (Verts).
March - Pablo Sanchez publishes Pax Aeterna.
April - Alf Stotts is promoted to General despite the opposition of many upper-class members of the Carolinian officer corps. These forces still get him assigned to the fever isles of the West Indies but he is soon back.
May - The Belgian chemist Anton Vermeylen discovers the powerful new explosive Xylofortex [nitrocellulose] which is successfully kept a state secret until the Unification War.
June - Georges Beauchamp publishes a scientific romance tale, A Selenitic Signal (English title) which involves a futuristic Moonbase using giant country-sized Optel tiles to signal to Earth. This is held up as an illustration of how no-one saw new communication technologies like Lectel coming.
August - Quedling-Swinney debates at Portsmouth College in Virginia over the nature of slavery, with Mo Quedling taking the anti side and Gerald Swinney the pro side. The affair cements Quedling's status as an abolitionist in the public imagination.
September - The Portuguese are ejected from the island of Timor by the Batavian Dutch.
1846:
March - Formation of the Human League, an American and later international society dedicated to the abolition of the death penalty and inspired by the speeches of Mo Quedling.
April - In China, the First Battle of Wuchang (of the First Riverine War) is won by the Beiqing against the Feng, largely because the Feng were dependent on unreliable Zhejiang conscripts.
The Pânico de '46 (Panic of '46) breaks out in Portugal, ultimately caused by general public dissatisfaction with John VI's authoritarian rule but specifically ignited by news of Portugal's embarrassing defeat at the hands of the exilic Dutch in Timor. The Pânico revolt is crushed but many of the revolutionaries flee to Spain. Cardinal Luís de Saldanha da Silva criticises John's actions in a letter.
May: In the penultimate annual election to Parliament in Populist-ruled Britain, the 'Scottish Party' of Donald Black wins 25 out of Scotland's 91 parliamentary seats while the Populists take heavy losses.
Death of Pope Clement XVII after 13 years on the papal throne. The Conclave to decide his successor drags on for months, being one of the longest in history.
George Washington Alexander has been employed by New Spanish Prime Minister Adolfo Montero for some time in putting out fires across the country. Montero now decides to send him to California to examine the situation there; Alexander reports on the enormity of the brewing crisis.
June: Death of Llewelyn Thomas, President of Britain, at the age of 53. His ruling Populist Party is thrown into chaos and is unable to agree on a replacement, while Ned Green is temporarily affirmed as acting president. The party fragments into bitterness, with Foreign Secretary Peter Baker leaving the party when he is not elected leader.
An attempt to elect Cardinal Luís de Saldanha da Silva as Pope fails when his letter condemning John VI of Portugal is exposed by his enemies.
July: Pablo Sanchez publishes Towards a Universal Hierarchy, one of his less well known books.
Election in the Kingdom of Ireland produces a hung parliament with the extremist reactionary Whig-Tories holding the balance of power. Both main parties refuse to work with them, leading to the formation of a shaky minority Radical government under Thomas Burgh.
September - Turn of the tide in the First Riverine War as General Gao Enmao conquers Wuchang via clever false flag operations.
October - Start of the Aceh War, where Siam (with help from the Batavian Dutch) takes over Aceh. The Batavians gain access to the rich Acehnese pepper trade.
The fragmented Populist government in Britain falls after it is unable to pass a budget and a second election is held. William Wyndham becomes President of a minority Regressive Party government. His first act is to restore elections to being triennial rather than annual.
November - Death of the Duke of Mornington, Ireland's Lord Deputy for decades. King Frederick II goes to Ireland to decide his succession, leaving Hugh Percy (former Duke of Northumberland) as Regent in Britain.
President-General Vinay of the UPSA sends a military mission to better enforce the national will on the wayward Moronite colony on Tierra del Fuego, only for the mission's leader to be killed by a Moronite sniper with an American rifle. This sours relations between the UPSA and ENA.
December - The British Parliament passes the Local Government Act (1846) which reverses the abolition of local government by the Populists and creates new elected County Corporates.
After seven months of deadlock, the Papal Conclave finally reaches a conclusion. Rejected candidate Saldanha helps engineer the election of Filippo Corazzi, who becomes Innocent XIV, one of the most divisive and controversial Popes in history.
King Frederick appoints the Duke of Mornington's younger grandson Arthur as his successor to the Lord Deputyship of Ireland, giving him the title Duke of Dublin. His black sheep older brother William (Liam) succeeds to the dukedom of Mornington and becomes known as the Bad Duke, selling most of his inheritance to fund his high living and foreign adventures.
1847:
February - French Prime Minister André Malraux suffers a minor stroke that impairs his ability to speak. His government struggles on for a while by having others speak in his place, but this is criticised by opposition leader Villon in his 'Disgrace' speech before L'Aiguille.
King Frederick II returns to Britain only to learn that Lord Fingall, Lord Deputy of America, has died. He promptly reinstates Percy as reagent and travels to America to decide a replacement.
March - First election to the new County Corporates in Great Britain (initially just England and Wales).
Death of King Valdemar I of Norden. He is succeeded by Frederick I.
April - French Prime Minister Malraux resigns on the 17th. He is succeeded, after five ballots, by Controller-General Dupuit. Dupuit's Rouvroyiste positions (even describing the Rouges as the Adamantine Party) angers the Artaudiste faction and the government soon falls as they break away under Eugène Rochereau. Rochereau's men become known as the Noirs due to red flags made with cheap dye darkening to black.
In Ireland, Thomas Burgh's shaky Radical minority government collapses. The new Lord Deputy, Lord Dublin, presides over an early election which sees Burgh retain his position after winning a small majority.
May - General election in France after the fall of Dupuit's government. Villon's National Party (Verts) gain power and begin implementing a number of reforms including the creation of new provinces with provincial parliaments.
Death of Charles II of Low Saxony. He is succeeded by his son Charles III, who is rather alarmed at the state his father has left the treasury in through unwise investments. He tries to split the pain of paying off the debts across the country as much as possible, but this still sparks anger against him.
June - Coup in Corea by Prince Yi Yeong, toppling the weak King Uijong. An ensuing war scare with Beiqing China sees the recruitment of new soldier and mercenaries, but in the end this is a damp squib with only a few skirmishes. As a consequence many of the demobilised soldiers and mercenaries join the RPLC's mercenary corps and go on to fight in California a few years down the line.
August - New French Prime Minister Villon decides to tackle the troublesome Louisiana problem, seeking to end its autonomy and use of slavery. His demands are rejected by Grand Duke Jean-Luc, prompting the sending of French military forces to enforce his will of law.
October - While touring the ENA, Emperor Frederick II attempts to patch things up with the Carolinians, but the latter are scandalised by his queasy reaction when served by a scarred slave at a dinner.
1848:
February - In the ENA, Emperor Frederick II returns to Fredericksburg and opens the Continental Parliament; as the Lord Deputyship remains vacant he delivers the Speech from the Throne himself. He proclaims a Constitutional Convention, which polarises the country: the Liberals and Supremacists are for it, the Patriots and Whigs against it. Parliament is dissolved and a fresh election is held.
March - Unable to entirely conquer the rebel VOC / Batavian Republic lands in northern Antipodea, the Belgians set up the settlement of Maximiliaanstad to control the western half.
The Bougray Incident: French forces seeking to bring Grand Duke Jean-Luc to heel and suppress the West Indian slave trade stop the ship Bougray, which turns out to be carrying slaves purchased from Carolina. A Carolinian is injured in the process, sparking anger in Carolina. This ultimately leads to the formation of the Concordat of slaveholding nations to resist encroachment by other powers.
In California, George Washington Alexander leads forces to put down rebels who turn out to have connections with the ENA: the Battle of the Fords of Salinas. Eustace Clarke, son of former Supremacist Party leader Matthew Clarke, is among them and is slain in the fighting. Alexander himself is killed soon afterwards by Russian rebels equipped with American guns.
April - Election in the ENA fought almost entirely over the issue of Reform (whether to hold a Constitutional Convention). Not long before voting begins, news arrives of the deaths of Clarke and Alexander in California. The whole country is shocked, but tellingly has very different opinions on who the bad guy was in the battle. On hearing the news of the death of his son, the already declining John Alexander passes away. The election results show the Supremacists narrowly leading the Liberals, the Patriots gaining slightly from being the 'party of No' (losing many seats and gaining many others) and the Whigs once again having all the seats in Carolina and none elsewhere. A Supremacist-Liberal coalition government led by Peter Martin is formed, with Liberal leader Vanburen returning to the backbenches and the Liberals being led by Thomas Whipple.
In New Spain, Emperor Ferdinand launches the Campaña de Represión against rebels in California. Non-Carolinian Americans are particularly targeted and subject to discrimination and humiliation.
May - In India, Emperor Mohammed Shah II of the Neo-Mughal Empire is slain on the battlefield near Delhi by the Mahdi's forces.
June - The Meridians propose to the British East India Company that Formosa be united under a single government subject to both powers' influence. This is accepted and the Republic of Formosa is formed soon afterwards.
Final collapse of the Janissary Sultanate when Sultan Mehmed V dies. The Janissaries try to pass the throne to Devlet VI, formerly of Crimea, but he secretly arranges for the reuniting of the Ottoman lands under Murad VI and Abdul Hadi Pasha.
Gubernatorial election in Carolina to replace the deceased John Alexander. In a three-way contest, pro-separation businessman Belteshazzar Wragg wins on a plurality.
The American Constitutional Convention is called in Fredericksburg. On June 19th the Whigs threaten to walk out of the first session. Clement Clay and Thomas Whipple use a procedural trick to note that if they do, the abolition of slavery will be enforced on them. This nearly works, but when the Whig leader Joseph Hairston hesitates, an extremist young Whig MCP Iain Sinclair starts a riot in which Hairston is killed. This is the last straw for the Carolinian government, which on June 25th issues the Proclamation of Secession.
Neo-Mughal Emperor Mohammed Shah II's son opportunistically takes the throne under the name Nadir Shah II and declares he is following the Mahdi. This ensures the Mahdi's mujahideen will go elsewhere under Imperial auspices and damage other regions rather than the Empire: specifically the hated Ferengi-influenced south…
July - The newly formed National Football Authority in Great Britain endorses Percy Rules (henceforth known as Authority Football) as the only legal version, with a crackdown on violent football variants.
On July 16th Governor Owens-Allen and the House of Burgesses of Virginia issue a Resolution of Neutrality, stating Virginia will not allow troops to cross its territory as Carolina's secession escalates the ENA towards civil war.
August - On August 11th the American Continental Parliament issues a Resolution of Peace and Unity condemning and denying Carolina's secession and criticising Virginia's neutrality.
September - Luís Carlos Cruz writes a letter to Pablo Sanchez in which he uses the phrase 'the Democratic Experiment', which will eventually be used by historians to describe this era.
On September 5th, Emperor Ferdinand VII of New Spain recognises independent Carolina. The ENA government swiftly declares war on New Spain and orders Virginia to send troops to California as a way of forcing Owens-Allen to clarify his neutrality and blink first. The troops are sent.
October - The Second Spanish Revolution breaks out, with revolutionaries that General Blake had formerly aided (as a weapon against Portugal) turning on and assassinating him. Uprisings break out in many cities.
On October 12th, Mo Quedling speaks at Portsmouth College in Virginia in which he praises Owens-Allen's neutrality and condemns the idea of war to free slaves, saying nothing justifies it and it will not lead to a happy outcome for anyone. Because Quedling has credentials as an abolitionist and someone who despises Owens-Allen, his words have more impact than they might. He proclaims the formation of the Pacific Society, an anti-war group.
At the end of the month, news of the risings in Old Spain leads King-Emperor Ferdinand VII to send a fleet with some of New Spain's best regiments to subdue it. Due to later events, this will turn out to be the entirety of New Spain's military commitment to tackling the revolt.
November - On the third of the month the Madrid Declaration is made by the revolutionaries of the Second Spanish Revolution. The declaration rejects King Ferdinand VII but otherwise is very vague, referring to 'a Free Spanish State', which reflects the heterogenous nature of the revolutionaries (divided between absolute monarchists, constitutional monarchists, Adamantine republicans and Jacobin republicans).
General Sir Lawrence Washington III deploys the first ENA troops to California via the southerly Santa Fe-Gila trail overland route.
On the 30th, Admiral Barker sets out with an American fleet for Charleston hoping for a surprise descent on the rebel capital while his ally Matthew Clarke achieves parliamentary backing for it. In the end Parliament votes against even as the attack goes ahead, and Naughtie and Maclean's inaugural Lectel test means most of the members of the rebel government are able to escape Charleston before it is conquered. An inauspicious start to the Great American War proper.
December - With the former Janissary Sultanate reconquered by Abdul Hadi Pasha (save some losses to the Hapsburgs in the chaos of its collapse), the Turkish Time of Troubles is generally regarded as having come to an end.
While the American government dithers about whether to disown Admiral Barker's actions or build on them, General Trevor William Jones baldly tells them that he will go to support Barker whether they like it or not. His troops arrive in Charleston in the nick of time to prevent its recapture by the reorganising Carolinians, who have moved their capital to Ultima.