=====  2001: A Space-Time Odyssey  =====

This page covers major events and dates in the 2001: A Space-Time Odyssey 
Timeline by [[offtopic:SpaceGeek]] and [[offtopic:Michel Van]].

=== Key Dates ===

==== 1957 ====

**October 4:** the Soviet launch Sputnik 1, the first artificial Satellite into Space 

**December 6:** the USA try to launch Vanguard 1, the Rocket explode over launch pad life on US TV, the Incident was label in world press as "kaputnik". 

==== 1958 ====

**during the year:** Sergei Khrushchev get a job at OKB-1 of Sergei Korolev

**May 23:** the USA launch successful "Explorer 1" into Earth Orbit 

==== 1959 ====

**January 2:** The Soviet Union launch "Luna-1" toward the Moon 

==== 1960 ====

**February 13:** France detonates its first atomic bomb.

**October 24:** Successful first launch of Soviet R-16 ICBM.

==== 1961 ==== 



**January 20:** John F. Kennedy is inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States of America.

**February:** in meeting of COSPAR the europeans came to agreement for join-venture Space program under 
agency "European Space Research Organization" and "European Launcher Development Organization"

**February 9:** An IL-18 plane carrying the nominal Head of State of the USSR, Leonid Brezhnev, strays into French Algerian airspace. The plane is accidentally shot down by French fighter jets, killing all on board. A major international crisis ensues between the Soviet Union and France. de Gaulle decides to pursue closer relations with NATO to avoid a more serious confrontation with the USSR.

**March:** the climax of french Soviet crisis, Former french prime minister Michel Debrè sacrificed him self, by going to Soviet embassy in Paris and giving himself up, 

**April:** The UN releases its report on the shooting down of Brezhnev’s IL-18, blaming lack of communications between the Soviets and French and pilot error.

**April 12:** Vostok 1 is launched; Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human being in space. Gagarin orbits the Earth once in a 108-minute flight.

**April 17:** The Bay of Pigs invasion, which is easily defeated by Fidel Castro’s Cuba. Nikita Khrushchev declared that Cuba is now under the nuclear protection of USSR


**May 5th:** Launch of Mercury Redstone-3 (//Freedom 7//) with Alan Shepard on board for fifteen minute suborbital mission. First American manned spaceflight.

**May 25:** In a speech in front of a special joint sitting of Congress, President Kennedy declares  "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth."

**June 1:** Khrushchev authorises draft work for a booster and spacecraft capable of landing and returning cosmonauts from the surface of the Moon. 

**June 23:** USSR create "Ministry of General Machine-Building Industry" it's Space Agency  

**July 21:** Mercury Redstone-4 (//Liberty Bell 7//) launched with Virgil "Gus" Grissom on board. Second suborbital Mercury mission.

**August:** The Soviet R-16 ICBM becomes operational and deployment.

**August 6:** Vostok 2 launched with Gherman Titov for a one-day mission in Earth orbit.

**August 13:** East Germany begins constructing the Berlin Wall. Beginning of the Berlin Wall crisis.

**August 29:** Mercury Redstone-5 (//Freedom 7//) with John Glenn on board launched. Third and final suborbital Mercury flight.

**September:** The UN begins its investigation into the shooting down of an airplane carrying the UN Secretary-General over Congo by Belgium mercenaries.

**October 27:** Standoff between US and Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, Berlin. High point of the Berlin Crisis.

**November 9:** X-15 reaches speed of Mach 6.04.

**November 18:** U.S. President John F. Kennedy sends 18,000 military advisors to South Vietnam.
==== 1962 ====


**January 26:** Ranger 3 is launched to study the Moon, it later misses the Moon by 22,000 miles.

**February 10:** Gary Powers is released by the USSR as part of a prisoner exchange with the United States. Powers had flown a U-2 spyplane over the Soviet Union and was shot down.

**February 20:** Mercury-Atlas 6 (//Friendship 7//) launched. John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth. Glenn also becomes the first human to travel to space twice.

April 26, The Ranger 4 spacecraft crashes into the Moon.

**May 24:** Mercury-Atlas 7 (//Aurora 7//) launched, carrying Scott Carpenter. Carpenter repeats Glenn's three orbits of Earth before returning safely to Earth.

**July 17:** Flight No-62 of X-15 sets altitude record of 95.9 kilometres. Pilot Robert M. White qualifies for USAF Astronaut Wings by crossing 80 kilometre threshold. White’s flight would be followed by thirteen other X-15 flights that crossed this barrier.

**August 11:** Launch of Vostok 3, carrying first two-person crew to Earth orbit (Pavel Popovich, Vladimir Komarov). First flight of Vostok 3KD spacecraft. Komarov conducts the first human spacewalk, which nearly ends in disaster.

**August 12:** Launch of Vostok 4, three-man crew breaking Vostok 3's record set the day before (Andrian Nikolayev, Boris Volynov, Valery Bykovsky). Vostok 4 passes to within 6.5 kilometers of Vostok 3 on its first orbit. 

**August 15:** Vostok 3 and 4 successfully return to Earth. Popovich and Komarov set four-day spaceflight record.

**October 3:** Mercury Atlas-8 (//Sigma 7//) launched with Walter M. Schirra on board. Schirra's nine-hour flight tests the endurance of the Mercury spacecraft; it returns in perfectly operating condition.

**November 9** X-15A-2 damaged in crash landing. The crash prompted immediate talk of improving the X-15 design by adding delta wings and upgraded engines in light of a (baseless) rumour that the Soviet Union was designing its own spaceplane.


==== 1963 ====

**Early 1963?:** CIA reconnaissance satellites show an increase in activity at OKB-1 factory and the beginning of further construction work at Baikonur. With President Kennedy banning U-2 flights, the CIA looks at other options for its surveillance programs.

**May 15:** Mercury Atlas-9 (//Faith 7//) with Gordon Cooper launched on a one-day mission in Earth orbit.

**May 16:** A series of technical failures forced Cooper to manually land //Faith-7//. Although successful debate raged within NASA whether to continue the Mercury program or end it and focus on Gemini. Eventually it was decided to continue with Mercury, given with the already long lead the Soviets had on the Americans.

**July 20:** First Mach 3 test flight of the A-12 Oxcart.

**August 5:** The Partial Test Ban Treaty is signed by the UK, USA and USSR. The three nations agree to prohibit the testing of nuclear weapons everywhere except for underground.

**August 25:** Launch of Vostok 5. Valery Bykovsky completes eight-day endurance flight and safely returns on 2 September.

**August 27:** Launch of Vostok 6, with Valentina Tereshkova, Valentina Ponomaryova and Irina Solovyova. Vostok 6 launched the first women into space for a one-day mission, performing a second rendezvous with Vostok 5 and coming within 4.5 km of each other.

**November 22:** President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. His Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson is inaugurated as the 36th President of the United States.

**December 10:** Cancellation of USAF Dyna Soar project.

**September-December:** Vostok 7 flight, with Boris Volynov. Vostok 7 is launched into an elliptical orbit with an apogee of just over 1,000 kilometres. Volynov becomes the first human being to see the Earth as a whole from space, returning after ten days in orbit.
==== 1964 ====

**No Date** Italy, Netherlands, Belgium Join ESDO, while Australia cooperate in ELDO

**March 30:** The democratically-elected President of Brazil, Joa Goulart, is overthrown in a military coup d’etat.

**April 4:** Vostok 7 launched with Boris Volynov. in high elliptical orbit of 200 x 1000 km.
for a 10 day mission of intensive bio-medical experiments. 

**April 4?:** Vostok 8 launched with Pavel Belyayev and Yevgeni Khrunov.
Vostok 7 travelled in the same elliptical orbit that Vostok 7 did, but the mission only lasted a single day. Belayev performed the Soviets’ second spacewalk, with none of the problems encountered on Vostok 3.

**April 12:** Gemini 1 (unmanned) launched into Earth orbit. First flight of the Gemini spacecraft.

**April 20:** President Johnson and Premier Khrushchev announce plans to reduce production of materials for making nuclear weapons.

**July** the first Nositjel-3 is roll out and launch successfully.

**August 4:** Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Two US Navy destroyers are supposedly fired upon by North Vietnamese vessels. As a result the US adopts the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, leading to deeper involvement in the Vietnam War.

**October 16:** China detonates its first nuclear weapon.

**October 14:** First Deputy Premier Alexander Shelepin and KGB Chairman Vladimir Semichastny are arrested for conspiring against Khrushchev. Both are sentenced to seventeen years’ imprisonment and barred from any political activity.
==== 1965 ====
**No Date** Vostok-9 fly as "Kosmos-57" with three dog on board, 

**March 19** Vostok-10 launch for 19 day Mission 

**March 23** Vostok-10 and Gemini 3 are in orbit, firs time USA and USSR mission are synchronous.

**June 3** Gemini 4 is launch with James McDivitt and Edward H. White, First US-EVA in orbit.

**July** first Test launch of Nositjel-2 bringing a Proton satellite into orbit. 

**August 21** Launch of Gemini 5 with Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Rendezvous experiment failed, doProblems with the fuel cell onboard Gemini 5. 

**October:** Upgraded X-15 design first dropped from a B-52, 

**December 4** Launch of Gemini 7 with Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, first rendezvous with a spacecraft Gemini 6

**December 14** Launch of Gemini 6 with Walter Schirra and Tom Stafford, first rendezvous with a spacecraft Gemini 7, 14 day mission.
==== 1966 ====

Mao Zedong start The Cultural Revolution in China 

**January 14** Sergei Pavlovich Korolev died during operation in Moscow.

**February 2** Nick Piantanida parachuted from out ballon in 123,500 feet hight. the first private attempt at this.

**February 22** Vostok-12 is launch with Georgi Beregovoy and Georgi Petrovich for record braking mission of 21 days in space. 

**March** the Politburo designated Sergei Khrushchev as new Head of OKB-1

**March 16** Launch Gemini 8 with Neil Armstrong and David Scott, first docking in space, mission abort do failure in RCS.

**May 22** Launch of Vostok 13 the final Vostok spaceflight. with Yevgeni Khrunov and Anatoli Voronov for a 20 day mission, testing new equipment or Soyuz and EVA hardware. final use of R-7 rocket.

**Summer** on Biggin Hill International Air Fair presented the Soviet a complete Vostock R-7 Rocket, Labeling it a discontinued model.

**June 3** Gemini 9 is launch, with Tom Stafford and Eugene Cernan, GATV failed to orbit,Rendezvous with malfunction ATDA.

**July 18** Gemini 10 is launch, with John Young and Michael Collins,  & docking with GATV


**September 12** Gemini 11 is launch. with Charles Conrad and Richard Gordon, docking with GATV	

**October** Tass reported the New Soviet rocket naming them Soyus and Proton, 

**November 11** launch of Gemini 12 the final Gemini mission. with James A. Lovell and Edwin Aldrin, Rendezvous with GATV and new record on EVA of 5 hours and 33 minutes.

**December 14** Kosmos 134 launch attempt, N3 soyuz rocket explode on Pad after SAS launch. 1 men killed.
==== 1967 ====

**January 27** during the Plugs-Out Test on manned SA-204, died  
Gus Grissom, Ed White and Robert Chaffee in a Fire inside the Apollo Capsule,  
The Apollo Program comes to halt of 21 months.

**Spring** the Chinese Cultural Revolution escalated into civil war 
The Situation escalate In industrial City of Wuhan as there Mao Zedong is killed by Red Guards by mistake.

the "30 day crisis" a battle over control of People’s Republic of China. 
the winner is the Chinese People’s Liberation Army under commando of Marshall Lin Biao, 

**September 27** unmanned Zond 4 launch flying within 2,000 kilometers of the Moon.

**October** Marshall Lin Biao restored law and order in China

**November** In Moscow happen a special meeting of MoM, to determine the future of Soviet Space program. they outline space station, advance launder mission and manned flight to Mars, this Program is called Galatika (Galaxy) 

**November 09** Apollo 4 First test of Saturn V

**November 15** X-15 Testpilot Michael Adams dieds as his X-15 went out of control and crash.

**November 27** Launch of manned Soyuz 1 with Sergei Komarov

**November 30** Launch of manned Soyuz 2 with Bykovsky, Khrunov, Yeliseyev. 
First soviet docking in Orbit, EVA were Khrunov and Yeliseyev went to Soyuz 1, first crew transfer in Space! 

**December 28** An A-12 crashes during takeoff at RAF Mildenhall in Great Britain, known as “the Mildenhall Forest incident.” All A-12 flights are suspended and the Oxcart is succeeded by the SR-71 Blackbird.
==== 1968 ====

**beginn of year** North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh dies, begin of power struggle in vietnamese Politburo  between  Pro China forces  and Vietnamese Nationalist.

**January** Apollo 5 unmanned Test Lunar Module 

**April 4th** Apollo 6 the second test flight Saturn V show problem. 

**June**  Lunokhod 1 the first moon rover land on Moon 

**July** N1-L5 launch, rocket destroy after malfunction on engine 4

**September** Lunokhod 2 successfully landed on Moon in same region where Lunokhod 1 lost contact with Earth

**September 15** Launch of manned Zond 8 (7K-L1 mission 1) to moon 

**September 18** Bykovskiy and Rukavishnikov are first humans who fly by the moon 

**September 21:** NASA administrator James Webb resign, do Soviet victory with Zond 8

**October** N1-L6 Launch despite problem the N1 is operational 

**October 11** Soyuz 5 & 6, manned rendezvous/docking, EVA crew exchange, four cosmonauts. Crew Shatalov, Volynov, Shonin, Volkov 

**Same date** Apollo 7 launch 

**October 22** Apollo 7 return to Earth 

**November 10** launch of Zond 9 with with Kolesnikov and Popovich around the Moon

**December** Apollo 8 goes in Moon Orbit 
==== 1969 ====
**Jaunary 20** Zond 10 launch with Kolesnikov and Popovich around the Moon

**February ** Lunokhod 3 landed in Oceanus Procellarum 

**March** Last test flight of N1 rocket called official Luna 

**June** Zond-11 Mission with Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Gorbatko in Moon Orbit, landing of unmanned LK

**July 4** Vladimir Milhaylovich Komarov landed as First human in history on the Moon.(Zond-12)

**Same Day** President Nixon fires NASA Administration Thomas O. Paine because of this.

**July 8** Zond 12 crew return save to USSR 

**July 18** Chappaquiddick incident, Senator Edward "Ted" Kennedy dieds in car accident.

**July 20** Niel Armstong sept as second human on Moon (Apollo 11)

**September** Nixon take George E. Mueller as New Administrator of NASA 

**September** Vice president Spiro Agnew presented the Space Task Group result on Study what NASA had to do next, there called it: The Intergraded Program Plan

**September** President Nixon take The Intergraded Program Plan Who get Name ODYSSEY Program 

**November 14** Mission of Apollo 12 to Surveyor 3 landing site.
==== 1970 ====

**January** Lunokhod 4 landed on the lunar surface

**Beginn April** Zond 13 is launch bring LK backup to Lunokhod 4

**April 11** Apollo 13 is launch with Lovell, Mattingly, Haise

**April 13** Apollo 13 report "Houston, we have a master alert here"

**April 17** Crew of Apollo 13 land save in pacific 

**April 22** Oleg Makarov land on Moon with Zond 14 celebrate Vladimir Lenin 100th Birthday

**April** ESC Meeting they started the selection of ELDO Europa-3 

**November 4** in the ESC meeting in Brussels, Australia, Britain and Italy left ELDO.

**unknown Date** the group The "Don't Make a Wave Committee" made a meeting about there Future and Goals, they vote for armed fight and Rainbow Warrior become first eco terrorist group

==== 1971 ====

**January 31** Apollo 14 is launched with Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell and Stuart Roosa 

**February** Lunokhod 5 lands on Moon 

**February 05** LM land on Moon  Alan Shepard first human to play golf on moon 

**February 09** Apollo 14 land save in pacific

**March 10** Launch of Zond 15 with Lev Dyomin and Gennadi Sarafanov

**March 17** landing of LK near Lunokhod 5 and Luna 13 landing site, Sarafanov drill core sample and collect piece of Luna 13 probe, end of EVA he play with Football.

**March 20** Zond 15 land in Soviet union.

**April** Lunokhod 6 crash on the lunar surface, delaying the Mission of Zond 16

**May** Lunokhod 7 landed in Mare Crisium

**June 29** The Zond 16 LK land on Moon 

**July 29** Apollo 15 LM land near crater Censorinus at Mare Tranquillitates

**August 12** Caspar Weinberger responsible for US budget, try last effort at Nixon on the subject of NASA budget reduction. 

**September 11** Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev died of a hearth attack in Moscow Hospital.
Alexei Kosygin become his successor 

**November 5** ELDO  Test launch Europa-2 (F11) from French Guiana was a fiasco
==== 1972 ====

**Begin 72** Production starts for the new Saturn Rockets 

**February** Lunokhod 8 land in Mare Fecunditatis to collect sampels over next two months.

**April 16** Launch of Apollo 16 with legendary John Young, Charles Duke and John Swigert.

**April 21** Apollo 16 LM land on Moon 

**May 13** launched the Luna rocket with Boris Volynov and Vitaly Zholobov in Zond 17. 

**May 19** during EVA to LOK, Zholobov lost the Sample container 

**May 22** Zond 17 "The Empty handed Mission“ return to USSR

**September 5–6** "The Munich Miracle" a group of Terrorist try unsuccessful to kidnap the Israeli Olympic team, 

**December 20** ESC Metting in Brussel, about the Future of the European Spaceflight program. 

**December 21** ESC Meeting ELDO become part of ESRO, Europa-3 rocket is stop in favor of Phoenix 
==== 1973 ====

**May 11** Soviet launch there first space station Salyut 1 

**May 14** Soyuz 7 is launch and dock at Salyut 1

**June 14** Soyuz 7 mission ended after 30 days

**July** Soyuz 8 is launch and dock at Salyut 1

**July 14** Zond 19 is launch to the Moon 4 cosmonauts in space 

**August** After Soyuz 8 left Salyut 1, Cosmos 557 dock for 3 months at Salyut 1

**October 6** The Yom Kippur War, a coalition of Arab started surprise attack against Israel

**December** Apollo 19 unmanned test of Saturn VB. 

**December 12** Zond 20 launch to Moon 
==== 1974 ====
 
**No Date** US company PepsiCo. becomes the first American company to sell products in the Soviet Union.

**February** ELDO became a sub-branch of ESRO

**February** MARS 6 reach, Mars lander lost 

**March** MARS 7 reach Mars Lander operate 60 minutes and deployed a small rover PROP-M. 

**April** French president George Pompidou died in office, succeeded by Valèry Giscard d’Estaing.

**April** IBM present the 8080 the first 8-bit microchip 

**May 18** India successfully tested successful their first Atomic Bomb. 

**May 23** Pioneer 12 is launch on Saturn IC to Jupiter

**May 30** Application Technology Satellite-6 is launch 

**June** New president Valèry Giscard d’Estaing terminate the Phoenix launch vehicle program.

**June** Salyut 2 is launch 

**June 26** The world's first Barcode is scanned in an American Supermarket on package of Chewing Gum.

**July 3** Soyuz 9 is send To space station Salyut 2

**July 20** Turkey invade Cyprus later establishing the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 

**August** Zond 21 launch first Geologist Cosmonaut Fyodor Kuznec to the Moon

**August 7** Soyuz 9 return to earth 

**September** Soyuz 10 launch to Salyut 2

**September** Apollo 20 launch to Moon 

**October 15** NASA launch Second space station "Spacelab" 

**October 16** Spacelab 2 is launch for 3 months mission to Spacelab.

**December** Zond 22 launch second Geologist Cosmonaut Yevenly myrgjol Sapozbik to the Moon

**December 2** Pioneer 11 reach Jupiter successful fly by to Saturn. 

**December 10** Helios 1 German first deep space probe is launch.

**December 16** Return of Spacelab 2 Mission, the station hibernate until next year mission 
==== 1975 ====

**During this year** the USSR conduct several test with a New Generation ICBM the R-36.

**January** Spacelab 3 is launched with Robert Crippen, Henry Hartsfield and astronomer Karl Gordon Henize for a 90 day stay on Spacelab.

**April 20** Launch of Apollo 21 the last mission of Apollo program.

**May 14** Zond 23 was launched to the moon, last Zond mission and first Woman to Moon 

**May 19** Sevtlana Yevgenyvna Savitskaya conduct first EVA and First Moon landing by Woman

**June 27** Pioneer 12 arrive at Jupiter, it's catapult the Probe 80° over ecliptic toward the sun.

**August 1** Spacelab-4 is launch with Thomas P. Stafford, Robert Parker, Anthony W. England 

**August and September** Two Saturn ICs sent the Viking Orbiter/Landers on route to Mars.

**December 10** Richard Nixon get Nobel Peace price for efforts in disarmament of Cold war.

==== 1976 ====

**During this year** Switzerland conducted it's first nuclear weapons test

**July** Democratic National Convention in New York City, John Glenn is nominated for presidential nominee.

**August**, Republican National Convention in Kansas City. John Connally is nominated for presidential nominee

**November 2** US presidential election is won by democrat John Glenn

==== 1977 ====




==== 1991 ====



==== 1992 ====


==== 2005 ====