There was no Yugoslavia in 1999. There was only Serbia with pretensions.
Montenegro was part of Yugoslavia and still was.
How is the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia unpopular among its members? Greece, I can udnerstand since they sympathize with Serbia, but Italy? Moreover, why France and Germany opposed it in the first place if some of their warplanes had actually taken part in the bombing? There's also the part on how NATO warplanes had bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, leading to a few unpleasantries between the West and the PRC, and let's not forget the Pristina Airport incident that would have easily turned into yet another conflict if General Clark acted a bit more rashly than usual.
There was no Yugoslavia in 1999. There was only Serbia with pretensions.
Joe Biden had a bunch of nasty comments on the Serbs too, but his comments are extremely harsh and offensive compared to Chirac.
Not to mention that FRY still had Arkanovi Tigrovi in Kosovo, though they may have withdrawn already. If Yugoslavia doesn't give up, this may have had an effect on Arkan since I am not sure if he would survive the assassination which killed him a year after the Kosovo War, leading to Ceca's withdrawal from public life.
2. Under what mandate would Croatia, as a back then non-NATO member, contribute besides of satisfying her personal urge for vengance?
That’s pretty much the entire history of Yugoslavia, from inception through to collapse.There was no Yugoslavia in 1999. There was only Serbia with pretensions.
While it's certainly possible that the Bosnian Croats and Muslims were planning to use the confusion of the war to destroy Srpska, I have serious doubts that NATO would want to support another civil war in a territory they had occupied. How could such a war help them them in defeating Yugoslavia, anyway?I'll have to dig up old newspapers and some articles published during the Mesić presidency. As far as I remember the Bosnian Croats and Muslims were covertly preparing for a ground offensive with Croatian support and waiting for NATO greenlight. From what can be gathered NATO HQ was only days away from giving a green light when Yugoslavia finally relented.
So the Croatian government was hoping that they would be rewarded with Herzegovina for their help?Unofficially, the motives of the Croatian government would be to extend their influence in BiH, quite possible leading to an annexation of Herzegovina, with a semi-puppet Bosnia, which is given the Republika Srpska.
I don't know about Italy, but I remember that the war was very unpopular in the new Eastern European members of NATO (perhaps not Poland, including the former East Germany. In Hungary, there was particularly a fear that the Hungarian minority in Vojvoidina would negatively impacted by any ground war, so Hungary might not very keen to actually participate in such an offensive.Serbia and Montenegro not giving up is in my humble opinion borderline ASB.
3. This may be just a personal opinion but I see absoluteley no reason why NATO would go for a ground invasion as time was working against Serbia and Montenegro. The VJ was a very competent fighting force and the morale was almost constantly high, but it doesn't mean anything when the economy and the civilian infrastructure are as good as dead. As for the military operation, instead of sending their own soldiers to their deaths NATO has thousands of Albanians willing to join the KLA and serve as cannon fodder. They would just have to wait until Serbia's economy collapses and everything else is a chain reaction. EDIT: There would have also been an unpleasant political fallout in case of a ground invasion. IIRC the US and the UK were in favor while Frace, Germany and Italy were against it. In some NATO members the bombing itself was very unpopular (Greece and Italy for example).
While it's certainly possible that the Bosnian Croats and Muslims were planning to use the confusion of the war to destroy Srpska, I have serious doubts that NATO would want to support another civil war in a territory they had occupied. How could such a war help them them in defeating Yugoslavia, anyway?
Well, such a civil war would distract Serbian attention, weakening Serbia proper.
So the Croatian government was hoping that they would be rewarded with Herzegovina for their help?
Also, Srem was historically part of Croatia. Wasn't there some desire to regain this territory?
Most likely, yes.
I don't know about Italy, but I remember that the war was very unpopular in the new Eastern European members of NATO (perhaps not Poland, including the former East Germany. In Hungary, there was particularly a fear that the Hungarian minority in Vojvoidina would negatively impacted by any ground war, so Hungary might not very keen to actually participate in such an offensive.
The part about the Hungarians is probably right, but if NATO could convince the Hungarians that the offensive would be quick (once they build some bridges and get tanks across), and that the Hungarians could safeguard the Vojvodinans, they would support the offensive. At least that way they KNOW that the Magyars will be safe.
fillerThe part about the Hungarians is probably right, but if NATO could convince the Hungarians that the offensive would be quick (once they build some bridges and get tanks across), and that the Hungarians could safeguard the Vojvodinans, they would support the offensive. At least that way they KNOW that the Magyars will be safe. filler filler
And also destabilize Bosnia again. Though that's probably not somethingWell, such a civil war would distract Serbian attention, weakening Serbia proper.
With Srem being mostly Serbian, that probably won't end well...Most likely, yes.
As Kalamona pointed out, the only way to this would be by annexation of Vojovodina (or at least the Hungarian territories there). And I think that many European members of NATO would object to a war based on irredentism and revenge.The part about the Hungarians is probably right, but if NATO could convince the Hungarians that the offensive would be quick (once they build some bridges and get tanks across), and that the Hungarians could safeguard the Vojvodinans, they would support the offensive. At least that way they KNOW that the Magyars will be safe.
Probably not the whole of Vojvodina - the Croats would be trying to take Srem. Most likely, the Hungarian majority areas. But if the Croats actually get away with annexing Srem, then they might try for annexing Bachka.(Bridges do not needed, not until the Danube (and Belgrade))
That means one thing and one thing only: the return of Vojvodina to Hungary.
2 mins later the shit hits the fan - the Balkan Clusterfuck evolves to a new level.
As Kalamona pointed out, the only way to this would be by annexation of Vojovodina (or at least the Hungarian territories there). And I think that many European members of NATO would object to a war based on irredentism and revenge.
To be honest, you usually don't need a mandate when you're on NATO's side, look at the Coalition in Iraq.
Unofficially, the motives of the Croatian government would be to extend their influence in BiH, quite possible leading to an annexation of Herzegovina, with a semi-puppet Bosnia, which is given the Republika Srpska. Marko is quite right on his comments about the Croatian military. Between the end of the Bosnian War and 2000, the Croat military got a lot of funding and training and was quite well equipped. By contrast, the Russians had given the Serbs nothing much but moral support. The Serbian military was bled white, and it's not ASB to have the Croats fight their way into Beograd (although personally I think NATO forces from Hungary would get there first). But this is a bad thing. More war crimes are bound to happen in that scenario. Finally the youth of most Balkan states are losing the hate. In this scenario, the hate would be much stronger, especially amongst the Serbs. It would be a Balkan analogue to Post WWI-Germany. Probably worst in intensity, considering Balkan nationalism. In the long term, it destabilises the Balkans, opening up a whole new can of worms.
I also heard a theory that one of the reasons Tuđman halted the offensive towards Banja Luka was to keep the Republika Srpska as some kind of a "necessary evil" as without the Srpska the Muslims would have become too powerful which would have put the Bosnian Croats in an uncomfortable position. Does someone know about this?