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What if Pelagius of Asturias had been defeated by the Arabs at Covadonga and the nascent Asturian state had been absorbed along with the last Christian redoubts in Hispania?
How would subsequent history have progressed?
Would Al-Andalus have lasted much longer and as a united polity?
Or would the Taifa conflicts have still fractured it?
Even in the event of fracture, would Islamic Spain still have been conquered at some point or would it have likely remained a collection of Muslim nations into the alt modern era?
Without Christian kingdoms in the north as a thorn in its side, would Al-Andalus have had more opportunity to look outwards?
How would its relationship with the Christian states of Europe have evolved?
Might it have colonized the Americas at some point?